BITG 1113:
Array (Part 1)
LECTURE 8
1
Objectives :
To understand basic concepts of array.
To understand how to use arrays in the
program.
To know how to input values into array
and output values from array.
To know how to use array as function
parameter.
2
Concepts
• An array is a sequenced collection of elements of the
same name and the same type.
• It serve as an example of structured data types - they are
effectively just lists of variables all of the same data type
("int", "char" or whatever).
3
Example : An array of Numbers
4
Concepts
• When referring to which element in array, we use the
subscript concept
– E.g : numbers1 – number[1]
– This is also known as indexing the elements
• Loops can be used to read and write, also it can be
used to add, subtract, multiply and divide the
elements in arrays
• The subscript starts with 0
E.g : number[0] for the first element
5
Using arrays in C++
6
Read or Print
using index
Example of an array
flowchart
7
Declaring and defining arrays
• The general syntax for an array declaration is:
– <component type> < identifier name>[<size>];
– Declaration and definition tells the compiler the name of
the array, type of each element and size or number of
element in the array
• E.g : suppose we are writing a program to
manipulate data concerning the number of hours a
group of 6 employees have worked in a particular
week.
• We might start the program with the array
declaration:
int hours[6];
8
Declaring and defining arrays
9
Initialization
10
Inputting Values
• Is another way to fill the array
• Can be done using a loop – the most
appropriate is for loop
• E.g :
int scores[10];
for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++)
cin >> scores [i];
11
Outputting values
• Usually done by using a for loop
E.g :
for (i=0; i<10; i++)
cout << scores[i];
12
Assigning values
• Individual elements can be assigned values
using the assignment operator
– E.g : scores [4] = 23;
• We can copy an array to another array with the
same size and type but it is wrong to assign
one array to another :
– E.g : int num1[5]={1,2,3,4,5},num2;
num2=num1; //error
13
Assigning values
• Example : to copy elements of num1 into num2.
int num1[5] = {1,2,3,4,5}, num2[5];
for(int i =0 ; i<5;i++)
{
num2[i]= num1[i]; //correct
}
14
Example : Input and Output of an array
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int i, ary1[5]={2,4,6,8,10},ary2[5],ary3[5];
cout<<“Enter 5 numbers:\n”;
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
cin>>ary2[i];
cout<<setw(15)<<“ary1”<<setw(10)<<“ary2”<<setw(10)
<<“ary3”<<endl;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
ary3[i]= ary1[i]+ ary2[i];
cout<<setw(15)<<ary1[i]<<setw(10)<<ary2[i]
<<setw(10)<<ary3[i]<<endl;
} 15
}
Output :
Enter 5 numbers:
1
2
3
4
5
ary1 ary2 ary3
2 1 3
4 2 6
6 3 9
8 4 12
10 5 15
16
Example : Determine the minimum value
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int i, score[5], min; Output :
Enter 5 scores:
cout<<“Enter 5 scores:\n”;
85
for(i=0; i<5; i++) 60
cin>>score[i]; 55
78
min = score[0];
95
for(i=1;i<5;i++) The minimum score is 55
{
if(score[i]< min )
min = score[i];
}
cout<<“The lowest score is “ << min; 17
}
Exchanging values – the wrong way
18
Exchanging values – using temporary variable
19
Example : Exchanging values
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int temp;
int numbers[5] = {3,7,12,24,45};
cout << "Before exchange the value :"<< endl;
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
cout << numbers[i] << ' ';
temp = numbers[3];
numbers[3] = numbers[1];
numbers[1] = temp;
cout<<"\nAfter exchange the value :"<<endl;
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
cout << numbers[i] << ' ';
cout << endl;
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}
Array Applications
• Common statistical application using array
– Frequency distributions and histograms
• Frequency array
– Shows number of identical element in a series
of number
• Histograms
– A pictorial representation of a frequency array
21
Frequency array
22
Frequency histogram
23
Two dimensional array
• An array that consists of rows and columns
– In C++ it means an array of two-dimensional array
24
25
Two dimensional array
• Two dimensional array declaration
int table [5][4];
• First dimension specifies the number of rows in the array
• Second dimension specifies the number of columns in each row
• Initialization
int table [5][4] =
{0,1,2,3,10,11,12,13,20,21,22,23,30,31,32,
31,40,41,42,43};
int table [5][4] = {{0,1,2,3},{10,11,12,13},
{20,21,22,23},
{30,31,32,31},{40,41,42,43}};
int table [5][4] = {{0,1},{10},{20,21,22},{30},
{40,41,42,43}};
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Inputting Values
• for(r=0;r<5;r++)
for(c=0;c<4;c++)
cin>>table[r][c];
Outputting Values
for(r=0;r<5;r++){
for(c=0;c<4;c++)
cout<<table[r][c]<<“ “;
cout<< endl;
}
27
Accessing Values
• To access the element of a two dimensional array, the index of row
and column are used.
E.g : To print the element in the second row and the third column of
table.
int table [5][4] = {{0,1,2,3},{10,11,12,13},{20,21,22,23},
{30,31,32,31},{40,41,42,43}};
cout<<table[1][2];// print 12
• Individual elements can be initialized using the assignment
operator.
table[2][0] = 23;
28
Accessing Values
• Let us assume that we want to initialize our 5 x 4 array as shown below.
0 1 2 3
10 11 12 13
20 21 22 23
30 31 32 33
40 41 42 43
• The following code will perform the initialization :
- int table[5][4];
for(r=0;r<5;r++)
for(c=0;c<4;c++)
table[r][c]= r*10 + c ;
29
Example: Two Dimensional array
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int i,j,ary1[4][3];
for(i=0; i<4; i++){
cout << “Enter 3 numbers for row :"<<i+1;
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
cin>>ary1[i][j];
cout<<endl;
}
cout<<“Elements of ary1 is : ”<<endl;
for(i=0; i<4; i++){
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
cout<<ary1[i][j]<<setw(5);
cout<<endl;
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}
Output :
Enter 3 numbers for row 1 : 1 2 3
Enter 3 numbers for row 2 : 2 4 6
Enter 3 numbers for row 3 : 3 6 9
Enter 3 numbers for row 4 : 4 8 12
Elements of ary1 is :
1 2 3
2 4 6
3 6 9
4 8 12
31
