Chapter 7

ARDUINO PROGRAMMING
 Introduction

◼ The Internet of Things (IoT) is a scenario in which objects, animals or people are provided with
single identifiers and the capability to automatically transfer and the capability to automatically
transfer data more to a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
communication
◼ Arduino Board:
➢ An Arduino is actually a microcontroller based kit.
➢ It is basically used in communications and in controlling or operating many devices.
➢ Arduino UNO board is the most popular board in the Arduino board family.
➢ In addition, it is the best board to get started with electronics and coding.
➢ Some boards look a bit different from the one given below, but most Arduino’s have
majority of these components in common.
➢ It consists of two memories- Program memory and the data memory.
➢ The code is stored in the flash program memory, whereas the data is stored in the data
memory.
➢ Arduino Uno consists of 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset button
Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control
more of the physical world than your desktop computer.

It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple

microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing
software for the board
Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other
microcontroller platforms

The Arduino software runs on Windows, and Linux operating systems.

The Arduino software is published as open source tools, available for extension
by experienced programmers
 ATMega168/328
 16MHz crystal/filtering capacitors
 Onboard power regulators
 FTDI USB <-> Serial Chip
 Hardware
 ATMega168/328
 The ‘brains’ of the Arduino
 Program is loaded onto the chip
 Runs main loop until power is
removed
 16Mhz Crystal
 The ‘heartbeat’ of the ATMega chip
 Speed of crystal determines chip speed
 Possible to over/underclock depending on
application
 ATMega series has onboard oscillator; less
precise
 Allows your Arduino to
communicate with your computer
over a simple USB link
 Only necessary for communicating
with USB
 5 Volt and 3.3 Volt Regulators
 Filtering capacitors
 Automatic switching between
external and USB Power
 Leave it out if you have a filtered
5 Volt power supply
 Circuit Board
 Headers
 USB port
 Sockets
There are many different Arduino variations on the market, from small boards
like the Arduino mini to large boards like the Arduino MEGA. All have certain
features in common:
•Digital input/output pins (some double as PWM pins)
•Analog input/output pins
•Serial communication pins
•In-system programming pins (ISP)
•Compatibility with Arduino software
❖ C like syntax, but simplified
❖ Abstracts the pin naming to numbers
❖ Easy to learn, yet powerful
❖ Lots of example code
❖ Easy to reuse C-code from other projects
❖ Libraries can be written in C++
❖ Lots of libraries available
◼ 1.Power USB
Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer. All you need to do is
connect the USB cable to the USB connection (1).
2.Power (Barrel Jack)
Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by connecting it to the
Barrel Jack (2).
3.Voltage Regulator
The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the Arduino board and
stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.
4.Crystal Oscillator
The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does Arduino calculate time?
The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on top of the Arduino crystal is
16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.
5,17.Arduino Reset
You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the beginning. You can reset the
UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the board. Second, you can connect
an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).
◼ 6,7,8,9.Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)
• 3.3V (6) - Supply 3.3 output volt
• 5V (7) - Supply 5 output volt
• Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.
• GND (8)(Ground) - There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be
used to ground your circuit.
• Vin (9) - This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power
source, like AC mains power supply
10.Analog pins
The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can read
the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and
convert it into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor
◼ 11.Main microcontroller
Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the brain of
your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly different from
board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You must
know what IC your board has before loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE.
This information is available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC
construction and functions, you can refer to the data sheet.
◼ 12.ICSP pin
Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino consisting of
MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as an SPI (Serial
Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an "expansion" of the output.
Actually, you are slaving the output device to the master of the SPI bus.
◼ 13.Power LED indicator
This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power source
to indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn
on, then there is something wrong with the connection.
14.TX and RX LEDs
On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive).
They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital
pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication.
Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes with different speed
while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud
rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.
◼ 15.Digital I/O
• The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to
work as input digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output
pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labeled “~”
can be used to generate PWM.
16.AREF
• AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an
external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the
analog input pins.
 Program an Arduino

◼ ➢ The most important advantage with Arduino is the programs can be

directly loaded to the device without requiring any hardware programmer to
burn the program.
➢ This is done because of the presence of the 0.5KB of Bootloader which
allows the program to be burned into the circuit.
➢ All we have to do is to download the Arduino software and writing the
code.
➢ The Arduino tool window consists of the toolbar with the buttons like
verify, upload, new, open, save, serial monitor.
➢ It also consists of a text editor to write the code, a message area which
displays the feedback like showing the errors, the text console which
displays the output and a series of menus like the File, Edit, Tools menu.
 Steps to program an Arduino

◼ ➢ Programs written in Arduino are known as sketches. A basic sketch

consists of 3 parts
1. Declaration of Variables
2. Initialization: It is written in the setup () function.
3. Control code: It is written in the loop () function.
➢ The sketch is saved with .ino extension. Any operations like verifying,
opening a sketch, saving a sketch can be done using the buttons on the
toolbar or using the tool menu.
➢ The sketch should be stored in the sketchbook directory.
➢ Chose the proper board from the tools menu and the serial port
numbers.
➢ Click on the upload button or chose upload from the tools menu. Thus
the code is uploaded by the bootloader onto the microcontroller
 Basic Adruino functions are:

◼ ➢ digitalRead(pin): Reads the digital value at the given pin.

➢ digitalWrite(pin, value): Writes the digital value to the given pin.
➢ pinMode(pin, mode): Sets the pin to input or output mode.
➢ analogRead(pin): Reads and returns the value.
➢ analogWrite(pin, value): Writes the value to that pin
➢ serial.begin(baud rate): Sets the beginning of serial communication by
setting the bit rate.
Connect Arduino to your PC
 External LED Example

◼ So far, we have just used the Arduino itself

◼ Typically, we want to connect external
components like LEDS, Temperature Sensors, etc.
◼ Let's start by using and program an external LED
◼ External LED Example
◼ What do we need?
◼ Breadboard
◼ LED
◼ Wires
◼ Resistor (e.g., 𝑅 = 270Ω)
◼ Wiring
Code
 Create Functions

◼ So far, we have used built-in functions like digitalWrite(), delay(), etc.

◼ Like other Programming Languages it is also possible to create and use your
own Functions
◼ Let's “improve“ the LED example by creating some Functions
 Serial Monitor

◼ The Arduino works like an embedded system where you download the code
to the device, and then it runs independently of your Computer
◼ You can remove the USB cable and only connect a Power Supply (or using
a 9V Battery)
◼ This means an Arduino application has no Graphical User Interface and you
cannot use a Mouse or a keyboard to communicate with the program
◼ You use the Serial Monitor when Debugging Arduino programs or when
you want to show data or values from your program. You need to have
Arduino connected to your PC (using the USB cable) in order to use the
Serial Monitor.
Sensors and Actuators
 Sensors

◼ A Sensor is a converter that

measures a physical size and
converts it to a signal that can
be read by an instrument,
data acquisition device, or an Arduino in our case
◼ Examples: Temperature
sensor, Pressure sensor, etc.
◼ We use Analog In pins and Digital In pins for reading data from Sensors into the
Arduino
 Actuators

◼ An Actuator is a kind of motor that

moves or controls a mechanism or
system.
◼ It is powered by an energy source,
typical electric current, hydraulic fluid
pressure, or air pressure, and converts
this energy into motion.

◼ Examples: Engine, Pump, Valve, etc. We use Digital Out pins for
controlling the Actuators from the Arduino. Note! Arduino UNO has no
Analog Out pins
 Temperature Sensor Example

◼ In this example we will use a small

temperature sensor to read the
temperature in the room.
◼ The Temperature Sensor is called “TMP36”
• In this example we will use one of the
"Analog In" ports on the Arduino board
◼ Nesessary Equipment
◼ Arduino
◼ Breadboard
◼ TMP36
◼ Wires (Jumper Wires)
 TMP36

◼ TMP is a small, low-cost temperature sensor and cost about $1 (you can buy
it “everywhere”)
Wiring
 Temperature Conversion

◼ We want to present the value from the sensor in degrees Celsius:

◼ 1. The function analogRead() gives a value between 0 and 1023 (Arduino UNO has a
built-in 10-bit ADC, 2^10=1024)
◼ 2. Then we convert this value to 0-5V.
◼ 3. Finally, we convert to degrees Celsius using information from the Datasheet
presented on the previous page (𝑦 = 100𝑥 - 50)
◼ 4. The we can, e.g., show the Temperature value in the Serial Monitor
 Arduino Programming

◼ We have already created and used Variables

◼ We have also created and used Functions
◼ Basically, Arduino Programming is very similar to other Programming
Languages, so we can also use For Loops, While Loops, create and use
Arrays, If..Else, etc