GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmedabad

Government Engineering College, Sector - 28, Gandhinagar

A
Prototype
On
HYBRID ENERGY GENERATOR MODEL
Under subject of
DESIGN ENGINEERING – IIB
B. E. III, Semester – VI
(Electronics and Communication)
Submitted by:

Group ID: - 424941

Sr. Name of student Enrollment No.

1 JANGID MANISH JAGDISHBHAI 200130111007

Prof.Nisarg K.Bhatt Prof.Tejas Seth

(Faculty Guide) (Head of Department)

Academic year
(2022-2023)
 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

 Arduino

Arduino is an open source, computer hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures microcontroller kits for building digital
devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world.
The project's products are distributed as open-source hardware and software, which are
licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General
Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software
distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled
form, or as do-it-yourself kits. Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors
and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output
(I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other
circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal
Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs from
personal computers.

Arduino/Genuine Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P

(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs),
6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, anICSP
header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller;
simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter
or battery to get started. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too much
about doing something wrong, worst-case scenario you can replacethe chip for a few
dollars and start over again. "Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the
release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version
1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to
newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the
reference model for the Arduino platform, for an extensive list of current, past or
outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.
 Figure (i) Arduino Uno Board

(i) Power USB- Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from
yourcomputer. All you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection

(ii) Power (Barrel Jack)

Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by
connecting it to the Barrel Jack.

(iii) Voltage Regulator

The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the Arduino
board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.

(iv) Crystal Oscillator

The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does Arduino
calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on top
of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz
or 16 MHz
(V, xvii) Arduino Reset

You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., starts your program from the beginning. You
can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the board.
Second, you can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET
(5).

(vi, vii, viii, ix) Pins (3.3, 5, GND,

Vin)3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt

5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt

Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.

GND (8) (Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be
used to ground your circuit.

VIN (9) − this pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power
source, like AC mains power supply.

(x) Analog pins- The Arduino UNO board has five analog input pins A0 through
A5. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or
temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be read by the
microprocessor.

(xi) Main microcontroller- Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11).
You can assume it as the brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the
Arduino is slightly different from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of
the ATMEL Company. You must know what IC your board has before loading up a
new program from the Arduino IDE. This information is available on the top of the IC.
For more details about the IC construction and functions, you can refer to the data sheet.
(xii) ICSP pin- Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the
Arduino consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred
to as an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an "expansion"
of the output. Actually, you are slaving the output device to the master of the SPI bus.

(xiii) Power LED indicator- This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino
intoa power source to indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light does
notturn on, then there is something wrong with the connection.

(xiv) TX and RX LEDs- On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and
RX(receive). They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital
pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. Second, the TX
and RX led (13). The TX led flashes with different speed while sending the serial data.
The speed of flashing depends on the baud rate used by the board. RX flashes during
the receiving process.

(xv) Digital I/O- The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6
provide PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work
as input digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive
different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labelled can be used to generate
PWM.

(xvi) AREF- AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an
external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog
input pins.

Microcontroller- ATmega2560

Operating Voltage -5V

Input Voltage (recommended)- 7-12V

Input Voltage (limit)- 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 15 provide PWM output)

Analog Input 16 .
 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of electronic display module
used in an extensive range of applications like various circuits & devices like mobile phones,
calculators, computers, TV sets, etc. These displays are mainly preferred for multi-
segment light-emitting diodes and seven segments. The main benefits of using this module
are inexpensive; simply programmable, animations, and there are no limitations for
displaying custom characters, special and even animations, etc.

LCD 16×2 Pin Diagram: -

The 16×2 LCD pinout is shown below.

Figure(ii) LCD Pinout

i) Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to connect the GND
terminal of the microcontroller unit or power source.
ii) Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used to connect
the supply pin of the power source.
 iii) Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the display, used to
connect a changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V.
iv) Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or data register,
used to connect a microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0 or 1(0 = data mode,
and 1 = command mode).
v) Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read or writes
operation, and it is connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get either 0 or 1 (0 =
Write Operation, and 1 = Read Operation).
vi) Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute Read/Write
process, and it is connected to the microcontroller unit & constantly held high.
vii) Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display. These pins are
connected in two-wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-wire mode. In 4-wire mode,
only four pins are connected to the microcontroller unit like 0 to 3, whereas in 8-
wire mode, 8-pins are connected to microcontroller unit like 0 to 7
viii) Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V
ix) Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND.

Features of LCD16x2: -
The features of this LCD mainly include the following.

 The operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7V-5.3V

 It includes two rows where each row can produce 16-characters.
 The utilization of current is 1mA with no backlight
 Every character can be built with a 5×8-pixel box
 The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets & numbers
 Is display can work on two modes like 4-bit & 8-bit
 These are obtainable in Blue & Green Backlight
 It displays a few custom generated characters
 POTENTIOMETER

A potentiometer is a manually adjustable variable resistor with 3 terminals. Two of the

terminals are connected to the opposite ends of a resistive element, and the third terminal
connects to a sliding contact, called a wiper, moving over the resistive element. The
potentiometer essentially functions as a variable resistance divider. The resistive element can
be seen as two resistors in series (the total potentiometer resistance), where the wiper position
determines the resistance ratio of the first resistor to the second resistor. If a reference voltage
is applied across the end terminals, the position of the wiper determines the output voltage of
the potentiometer.

Figure(iii) Potentiometer

Use of Potentiometer: -

The potentiometer is an instrument used for measuring the unknown voltage by comparing it
with the known voltage. It can be used to determine the emf and internal resistance of the
given cell and also used to compare the emf of different cells. The comparative method is
used by the potentiometer.
 Jumper wires

The term "jumper wire" simply refers to a conducting wire that establishes an electrical
connection between two points in a circuit. A jump wire is an electrical wire, or group of
them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end, which is normally used to interconnect
the components of a breadboard or other prototype or test circuit, internally or with other
equipment or components, without soldering.

Figure(iv) Jumper wire

 Push Button

A push button switch is a mechanical device used to control an electrical circuit in which the
operator manually presses a button to actuate an internal switching mechanism. They come in
a variety of shapes, sizes, and configurations, depending on the design requirements.

Figure(v) Push Button

BLOCK DIAGRAM: -

Figure(vi) Block Diagram

Working: -
In this project we have used four push buttons for four different candidates. We can increase
the number of candidate but for better understanding we have limited it to four. When any
voter press any of four buttons then respecting voting value will increment by one each time.
After whole voting we will press result button to see the results. As the "result" button is
pressed, Arduino calculates the total votes of each candidate and show it on LCD display.

Circuit of this project is quite easy which contains Arduino, push buttons and LCD. Arduino
controls the complete processes like reading button, incrementing vote value, generating
result and sending vote and result to LCD. Here we have added five buttons in which first
button is for BJP, second for INC, third is for AAP, forth is for OTH means others and last
button is used for calculating or displaying results.

The five push buttons are directly connected with pin 15-19(A1-A5) of Arduino with respect
to ground. A 16x2 LCD is connected with Arduino in 4-bit mode. Control pin RS, RW and
En are directly connected to Arduino pin 12, GND and 11. And data pin D4-D7 is connected
to pins 5, 4, 3 and 2 of Arduino.
 SIMULATION: -
*Note: -
For Better understanding about Microcontroller based voting machine, we have
use Tinker card online simulator. We can also use simulator like multisim,
Proteus and etc.

Link of Simulator: -
https://www.tinkercad.com/things/2gxj9Ik3rnY-copy-of-e-voting-machine-
using-arduino/editel?tenant=circuits

Circuit Diagram: -

Figure(vi)-Represent initial condition of the Voting machine

Figure(vii)-Represent Voting machine is ready to use

Figure(viii)-Represent voting machine showing Result

 Simulation Code: -

#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);

#define S1 7
#define S2 6
#define S3 5
#define S4 4
#define S5 3
int vote1=0;
int vote2=0;
int vote3=0;
int vote4=0;
void setup()
{
pinMode(S1, INPUT);
pinMode(S2,INPUT);
pinMode(S3,INPUT);
pinMode(S4,INPUT);
pinMode(S5,INPUT);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.print(" Electronic ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" Voting Machine ");
delay(4000);
digitalWrite(S1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(S2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(S3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(S4, HIGH);
digitalWrite(S5, HIGH);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(1,0);
lcd.print("A");
lcd.setCursor(5,0);
lcd.print("b");
lcd.setCursor(9,0);
lcd.print("C");
lcd.setCursor(13,0);
lcd.print("D");
}
void loop()
{
lcd.setCursor(1,0);
lcd.print("A");
lcd.setCursor(1,1);
lcd.print(vote1);
lcd.setCursor(5,0);
lcd.print("B");
lcd.setCursor(5,1);
lcd.print(vote2);
lcd.setCursor(9,0);
lcd.print("C");
lcd.setCursor(9,1);
lcd.print(vote3);
lcd.setCursor(13,0);
lcd.print("D");
lcd.setCursor(13,1);
lcd.print(vote4);
if(digitalRead(S1)==0)
vote1++;
while(digitalRead(S1)==0);
if(digitalRead(S2)==0)
vote2++;
while(digitalRead(S2)==0);
if(digitalRead(S3)==0)
vote3++;
while(digitalRead(S3)==0);
if(digitalRead(S4)==0)
vote4++;
while(digitalRead(S4)==0);
if(digitalRead(S5)==0)
{
int vote=vote1+vote2+vote3+vote4;
if(vote)
{
if((vote1 > vote2 && vote1 > vote3 && vote1 > vote4))
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("A is Winner");
delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
}
else if((vote2 > vote1 && vote2 > vote3 && vote2 > vote4))
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("B is Winner");
delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
}
else if((vote3 > vote1 && vote3 > vote2 && vote3 > vote4))
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("C is Winner");
delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
}
else if(vote4 > vote1 && vote4 > vote2 && vote4 > vote3)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("D is Winner");
delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
}
else
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print(" Tie Up Or ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" No Result ");
delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
}

}
else
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("No Voting ... ");
delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
}
vote1=0;vote2=0;vote3=0;vote4=0,vote=0;
lcd.clear();
}

}
 REFRENCES
Web-Link: -

[1] :- https://www.thingbits.in/products/standard-lcd-16x2-
display#:~:text=A%2016x2%20LCD%20means%20it,%2C%20namely%2C%2
0Command%20and%20Data.

[2] :- https://how2electronics.com/smart-electronic-voting-machine-using-
arduino/

[3] :- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8300781

[4]:-
http://www.ieeeprojectmadurai.in/IEEE%202019%20IOT%20BASEPAPERS/4
_VOTING%20MACHINE.pdf