IOT

ASSIGNMENT
SOLUTION

Submi ed by : HEMANG JASWANI

2K21/EE/130
Ques. 1 : Compare Cyber Physical sensor with IOT
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) sensors both play
critical roles in gathering and transmitting data from physical environments, but they
serve distinct applications, structures, and goals. Here's a comparison of the two:

1. Purpose and Application

 CPS Sensors: CPS sensors are typically embedded within systems that interact
closely with the physical world, such as in manufacturing, transportation,
healthcare, and energy management.
 IoT Sensors: The Internet of Things primarily focuses on connecting various
devices to the internet to collect data and communicate with other devices or a
centralized cloud.

2. Architecture and Design

 CPS Sensors: Instead, they may operate within closed, secure, and often critical
environments where failure or delay can have severe consequences.
 IoT Sensors: Communication protocols (like MQTT, HTTP, or CoAP) are generally
lightweight and internet-based, and data might be processed in the cloud rather
than locally.

3. Data Processing and Response Time

 CPS Sensors: CPS sensors might be integrated with edge computing devices to
minimize latency and allow for immediate data processing without relying on
external networks.
 IoT Sensors: Typically, IoT data is processed in batches, with larger latencies
acceptable in many applications.

4. Security and Privacy Requirements

 CPS Sensors: They may employ complex, robust encryption and dedicated
security protocols to prevent unauthorized access and to ensure safe operation.
 IoT Sensors: Many IoT systems prioritize ease of use and integration, sometimes
sacrificing stringent security in the process.

5. Connectivity and Interoperability

  CPS Sensors: CPS devices typically do not require constant internet connectivity
but focus more on real-time, reliable communication within a local network.
 IoT Sensors: They often connect through wireless standards like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
or cellular networks, making them highly interoperable and accessible.

6. Use Cases

 CPS Sensors: Examples include sensors in industrial robotics, autonomous

vehicles, healthcare equipment (like MRI machines), and smart grids.
 IoT Sensors: Examples include home automation devices (e.g., smart
thermostats), wearable health monitors, environmental sensors, and inventory
trackers.

Summary Table

Aspect CPS Sensors IoT Sensors

Purpose Real-time control in critical systems Data collection and communication
Architecture Local, robust, low-latency protocols Cloud-focused, internet-based, scalable
Data Edge or local processing for immediate
Processing response Often cloud-based, suitable for delayed responses
Security Strong, strict protocols Improving but historically less secure
Connectivity Limited to specific networks Internet-based, widely interoperable
Smart homes, wearables, environmental
Use Cases Industrial automation, autonomous systems monitoring

Ques. 2 Compare wireless sensor Network with IOT.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) both involve networks
of sensors that monitor and transmit data, but they have different architectures,
applications, and design principles. Here’s a comparison between WSN and IoT:

1. Purpose and Scope

  WSN: WSNs are collections of sensor nodes that gather data from physical
environments and transmit it within a network, often for a specific, localized
purpose.
 IoT: IoT is a broader concept encompassing any device that connects to the
internet to send and receive data, potentially linking countless devices across
various environments.

2. Network Structure and Connectivity

 WSN: These nodes communicate with each other, typically through a multi-hop
network, where data is passed from node to node to reach a gateway or central
hub.
 IoT: IoT devices often connect directly to the internet, with each device capable
of individually communicating with the cloud or other internet-connected
devices.

3. Data Processing and Storage

 WSN: This approach minimizes data transmission costs and conserves energy, as
WSN nodes typically have limited power and bandwidth.
 IoT: With advancements in edge computing, IoT devices can now perform local
data processing when needed.

4. Energy Efficiency and Power Consumption

 WSN: WSN protocols and hardware are optimized for low power consumption,
using strategies like sleep cycles and data aggregation to extend battery life.
 IoT: Energy efficiency is still important, but IoT devices may prioritize connectivity
and processing power over stringent energy constraints, depending on the
application.

5. Interoperability and Standards

 WSN: Protocols like Zigbee, 6LoWPAN, and proprietary standards are common in
WSNs, focusing on reliable data transfer within a limited network.
 IoT: IoT emphasizes interoperability across a wide range of devices,
manufacturers, and protocols, aiming for easy integration and scalability.

6. Security and Privacy

  WSN: WSNs often use lightweight security protocols focused on network
integrity and data privacy, but they may lack sophisticated, centralized security
measures.
 IoT: IoT devices often integrate more robust security protocols, like encryption
and authentication mechanisms, though they can also vary widely in security due
to the range of devices and manufacturers involved.

7. Use Cases

 WSN: Examples include forest fire detection, precision agriculture, military

surveillance, and habitat monitoring.
 IoT: IoT use cases are broader, covering smart homes, connected vehicles,
industrial IoT, healthcare monitoring, and smart cities.

Summary Table

Aspect WSN IoT

Broader connectivity for data collection and
Purpose Localized sensing for specific applications control
Network
Structure Self-contained, often multi-hop Internet-connected, direct or cloud-based
Data Processing Localized in-network processing Cloud or edge processing
Important but variable based on device and
Energy Efficiency Highly prioritized due to battery reliance application
Emphasis on universal standards for wide
Interoperability Limited, often uses specific protocols compatibility
Lightweight, limited due to resource
Security constraints Growing focus on robust, internet-based security
Consumer, industrial, healthcare, urban
Use Cases Environmental, industrial, military applications
Ques 3 : Collect informa on about various types of Gas Sensors
Available for IOT Applica ons

Gas sensors are widely used in IoT applications to monitor air quality, detect gas leaks,
and ensure safety in various environments. Different types of gas sensors are designed
to detect specific gases or groups of gases, each using distinct detection mechanisms.
Here’s an overview of the primary types of gas sensors available for IoT applications:

1. Electrochemical Gas Sensors

 Principle: Electrochemical sensors work by reacting the target gas with an

electrolyte in the sensor, producing a current that is proportional to the gas
concentration.
 Gases Detected: CO, H₂S, NO₂, SO₂, O₂
 Applications: Widely used in industrial safety applications, air quality monitoring,
portable gas detectors, and environmental sensors for urban IoT applications.
 Advantages: High sensitivity and selectivity, low power consumption.
 Limitations: Shorter lifespan and performance degradation over time due to
electrolyte drying.

2. Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Gas Sensors

 Principle: These sensors rely on the change in electrical resistance of a metal

oxide (like tin dioxide) when exposed to certain gases.
 Gases Detected: CO, CH₄, NH₃, H₂, ethanol, VOCs
 Applications: Common in indoor air quality monitors, industrial and automotive
applications, and residential gas leak detectors.
 Advantages: Low cost, wide range of detectable gases, robust and long-lasting.
 Limitations: High power consumption, sensitive to temperature and humidity
variations, and can have cross-sensitivity to other gases.

3. Infrared (IR) Gas Sensors

 Principle: Infrared sensors detect gases by measuring the absorption of infrared

light by gas molecules.
 Gases Detected: CO₂, CH₄, CO, and other hydrocarbons.
 Applications: Used in HVAC systems, air quality monitoring, industrial gas
analysis, and greenhouse monitoring.
  Advantages: Non-contact measurement, high selectivity for specific gases, long
lifespan.
 Limitations: Typically, larger and more expensive than other sensor types, and
affected by high humidity.

4. Photoionization Detectors (PID)

 Principle: PIDs use ultraviolet (UV) light to ionize volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) and certain gases.
 Gases Detected: VOCs, benzene, formaldehyde, and other hazardous organic
compounds.
 Applications: Widely used in environmental monitoring, industrial hygiene, and
hazardous area monitoring.
 Advantages: High sensitivity, especially for low concentrations of VOCs.
 Limitations: Limited to detecting gases that can be ionized with UV light, and
relatively high cost.

5. Catalytic Bead (Pellistor) Gas Sensors

 Principle: These sensors detect combustible gases through a chemical reaction

on a catalytic bead, which heats up and changes its resistance based on the
concentration of gas.
 Gases Detected: CH₄, propane, hydrogen, and other flammable gases.
 Applications: Used in industrial safety for detecting explosive gases, combustible
gas monitoring in mining, oil and gas.
 Advantages: Effective for detecting a wide range of combustible gases, durable
and reliable in harsh environments.
 Limitations: High power consumption, sensitive to temperature and humidity,
and may be affected by certain poisons like silicones.

6. Acoustic Wave Gas Sensors

 Principle: These sensors detect gases by measuring the change in resonant

frequency of an acoustic wave due to the mass change when gas molecules
adsorb on the sensor surface.
 Gases Detected: VOCs, CO₂, NH₃, and other gases depending on the coating.
 Applications: Environmental monitoring, industrial gas analysis, wearable
devices.
 Advantages: High sensitivity, low power consumption, small size.
  Limitations: Limited gas selectivity and requires specific coatings for each type of
gas.

7. Optical Gas Sensors (Laser-Based)

 Principle: Optical gas sensors use laser spectroscopy to detect gases by

analyzing the light absorption of gas molecules at specific wavelengths.
 Gases Detected: CH₄, CO₂, NH₃, and other trace gases.
 Applications: Industrial monitoring, precision agriculture, greenhouse gas
monitoring, and IoT-based environmental sensing.
 Advantages: Highly sensitive and selective, fast response, capable of detecting
trace gases.
 Limitations: High cost, sensitive to environmental conditions.

8. Colorimetric Gas Sensors

 Principle: Colorimetric sensors detect gases by changing color due to a chemical

reaction between the gas and a color-sensitive material.
 Gases Detected: Ammonia, CO, NO₂, and other specific gases.
 Applications: Personal safety devices, indoor air quality monitoring, portable gas
detectors.
 Advantages: Visual indication of gas presence, low power, and easy integration
into IoT systems.
 Limitations: Typically single-use or limited lifespan, less precise, and can require
manual interpretation of results.

9. Electrostatic Field (or Ion Mobility) Gas Sensors

 Principle: These sensors detect gases by measuring the mobility of ions in an

electrostatic field, which is affected by the presence of specific gas molecules.
 Gases Detected: VOCs, ammonia, explosives.
 Applications: Environmental and industrial safety, hazardous substance
detection.
 Advantages: High sensitivity and ability to detect specific molecules at low
concentrations.
 Limitations: More complex, higher cost, and limited in detecting multiple gases
simultaneously.

Summary Table
 Sensor Type Principle Target Gases Applications Advantages Limitations
Electrochemical CO, H₂S, NO₂, Industrial safety, air High sensitivity, Shorter lifespan,
Electrochemical reaction SO₂, O₂ quality low power electrolyte dries
High power,
Change in electrical CO, CH₄, NH₃, Indoor air quality, gas temp/humidity
MOS resistance VOCs leak detection Low cost, robust sensitive
CO₂, CH₄, HVAC, industrial gas High selectivity, Larger, more
IR IR absorption hydrocarbons analysis long life expensive
Environmental, High sensitivity Limited to UV-
PID UV ionization VOCs, benzene industrial monitoring for VOCs ionizable gases
Industrial safety, Wide range of
Combustion on CH₄, propane, combustible gas combustible High power,
Catalytic Bead catalytic bead H₂ monitoring gases sensitive to poisons
Environmental, High sensitivity,
Acoustic Wave Acoustic resonance VOCs, CO₂, NH₃ wearable devices low power Limited selectivity
Greenhouse gas, Highly selective High cost, sensitive
Optical (Laser) Laser spectroscopy CH₄, CO₂, NH₃ industrial monitoring and sensitive to environment
Color change on Ammonia, CO, Indoor air quality, Visual indication, Single-use, less
Colorimetric reaction NO₂ personal devices low power precise
Electrostatic Ion mobility in an Hazardous substance
Field electrostatic field VOCs, ammonia detection High sensitivity High cost, complex