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IOT
Unit 1

Introduc on to Internet of Things –Defini on and Characteris cs of IoT

Internet of Things refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles,

home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, and network connectivity, allowing them to collect and
exchange data. The IoT enables these devices to interact with each other
and with the environment and enables the creation of smart systems and
services.
Some examples of IoT devices include:
 Wearables such as fitness trackers and smartwatches.
 Healthcare devices such as patient monitoring systems and wearable
medical devices.
 Industrial systems such as predictive maintenance systems and
supply chain management systems.
 Transportation systems such as connected cars and autonomous
vehicles.
IoT systems are typically composed of several components, including IoT
devices, communication networks, gateways, and cloud-based data
processing and storage systems. IoT devices use sensors and other
technologies to collect data, and then send that data to the cloud for
analysis and storage. The cloud also provides a centralized platform for
managing and controlling IoT devices and networks.
IoT development involves a wide range of technologies, including wireless
communication protocols, cloud computing, big data analytics, machine
learning, and security technologies.
Characteristics of the Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) is characterized by the following key features
that are mentioned below.
1. Connectivity
Connectivity is an important requirement of the IoT infrastructure. Things of
IoT should be connected to the IoT infrastructure. Anyone, anywhere,
anytime can connect, this should be guaranteed at all times.
2. Intelligence and Identity
The extraction of knowledge from the generated data is very important.
Each IoT device has a unique identity. This identification is helpful in
tracking the equipment and at times for querying its status.
3. Scalability
The number of elements connected to the IoT zone is increasing day by
day. Hence, an IoT setup should be capable of handling the massive
expansion. The data generated as an outcome is enormous, and it should
be handled appropriately.
4. Dynamic and Self-Adapting (Complexity)
IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to changing contexts and
scenarios. Assume a camera meant for surveillance. It should be
adaptable to work in different conditions and different light situations
(morning, afternoon, and night).
5. Architecture
IoT Architecture cannot be homogeneous in nature. It should be hybrid,
supporting different manufacturers ‘ products to function in the IoT network.
IoT is not owned by anyone engineering branch. IoT is a reality when
multiple domains come together.
6. Safety
There is a danger of the sensitive personal details of the users getting
compromised when all his/her devices are connected to the internet. This
can cause a loss to the user. Hence, data security is the major challenge.
Besides, the equipment involved is huge. IoT networks may also be at risk.
Therefore, equipment safety is also critical.
For more, refer to Challenges to IoT.
7. Self Configuring
This is one of the most important characteristics of IoT. IoT devices are
able to upgrade their software in accordance with requirements with a
minimum of user participation. Additionally, they can set up the network,
allowing for the addition of new devices to an already-existing network.
8. Interoperability
IoT devices use standardized protocols and technologies to ensure they
can communicate with each other and other systems. Interoperability is one
of the key characteristics of the Internet of Things (IoT). It refers to the
ability of different IoT devices and systems to communicate and exchange
data with each other, regardless of the underlying technology or
manufacturer.
9. Embedded Sensors and Actuators
Embedded sensors and actuators are critical components of the Internet of
Things (IoT). They allow IoT devices to interact with their environment and
collect and transmit data.
Sensors are devices that can detect changes in the environment, such as
temperature, light, sound, or movement. allowing them to collect data about
the environment.
Actuators are devices that can interact with the environment, such as
turning on lights, opening or closing doors, or controlling the speed of a
motor. allowing them to perform actions based on data collected by
sensors.
Together, sensors and actuators allow IoT devices to collect data about the
environment, process that data, and take action based on the results.
10. Autonomous operation
Autonomous operation refers to the ability of IoT devices and systems to
operate independently and make decisions without human intervention.
IOT Protocols
Certainly! The Internet of Things (IoT) encompasses a vast network of
interconnected devices that communicate and exchange data seamlessly.
To enable this communication, various IoT protocols have been developed.
Here are some notable IoT protocols:

1. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport): MQTT is a

lightweight, publish-subscribe protocol designed for constrained devices
and unreliable networks. It follows a hub-and-spoke architecture, where a
central broker facilitates communication between publishers and
subscribers. MQTT is widely used in IoT applications due to its efficiency
and low bandwidth requirements.

2. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol): CoAP is a specialized web

transfer protocol designed for resource-constrained devices in IoT
networks. It follows a client-server model, similar to HTTP, and is optimized
for low-power and low-bandwidth environments. CoAP uses UDP as its
underlying transport protocol and offers a lightweight messaging format.

3. AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol): AMQP is an open

standard protocol for message-oriented middleware. It enables the
communication between devices and applications in a reliable and
interoperable manner. AMQP provides features like message queuing,
routing, and broker-based communication, making it suitable for both IoT
and enterprise messaging scenarios.

4. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Although primarily used for web

communication, HTTP has found its place in the IoT landscape. It allows
devices to exchange data over standard web protocols, making it easy to
integrate with existing web services and infrastructure. However, HTTP's
high overhead makes it less suitable for resource-constrained devices.
5. Zigbee: Zigbee is a wireless communication protocol designed for low-
power, short-range applications. It operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band
and follows a mesh network topology. Zigbee is commonly used in home
automation systems, smart lighting, and industrial automation due to its low
power consumption and support for large-scale deployments.

6. LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network): LoRaWAN is a low-

power wide-area network protocol designed for long-range communication
between IoT devices and gateways. It enables long-range connectivity
while minimizing power consumption, making it suitable for applications like
smart cities, agriculture, and asset tracking.

7. Bluetooth and BLE

Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology that uses short-wavelength,
ultrahigh-frequency radio waves. It had most commonly been used for
audio streaming, but it has also become a significant enabler of wireless
and connected devices. As a result, this low-power, low-range connectivity
option is a go-to for both personal area networks and IoT deployments.

8. Cellular
Cellular is one of the most widely available and well-known options
available for IoT applications, and it is one of the best options for
deployments where communications range over longer distances. Although
2G and 3G legacy cellular standards are now being phased out,
telecommunications companies are rapidly expanding the reach of newer
high-speed standards -- namely, 4G/LTE and 5G. Cellular provides high
bandwidth and reliable communication. It's capable of sending high
quantities of data, which is an important capability for many IoT
deployments. However, those features come at a price: higher cost and
power consumption than other options.
9. Wi-Fi
Given its pervasiveness in home, commercial and industrial buildings, Wi-Fi
is a frequently used IoT protocol. It offers fast data transfer and is capable
of processing large amounts of data. Wi-Fi is particularly well suited within
LAN environments, with short- to medium-range distances. Moreover, Wi-
Fi's multiple standards -- the most common in homes and some businesses
being 802.11n -- give technologists options for deployment. However, many
Wi-Fi standards, including the one commonly used in homes, is too power-
consuming for some IoT use cases, particularly low-power/battery-powered
devices. That limits Wi-Fi as an option for some deployments. Additionally,
Wi-Fi's low range and low scalability also limit its feasibility for use in many
IoT deployments.

IoT communica on models

It is important and useful to understand how various IoT devices
communicate with each other. Communication models used in IoT have
great value. The IoTs allow people and things to be connected any time,
any space, with anything and anyone, using any network and any service.

Types of Communication Model:

1. Request & Response Model –

This model follows a client-server architecture.
 The client, requests the information from the server. This request is
usually in the encoded format.
 The server Categories the request, and fetches the data from the
database This data is transferred in an encoded format to the client.
The client, in turn, receives the response.
 This model is stateless since the data between the requests is not
retained and each request is independently handled.
2. Publisher-Subscriber Model –
This model comprises three entities: Publishers, Brokers, and Consumers.
 Publishers are the source of data. It sends the data to the topic
which are managed by the broker. They are not aware of consumers.
 Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the
broker.
 Hence, Brokers responsibility is to accept data from publishers and
send it to the appropriate consumers. The broker only has the
information regarding the consumer to which a particular topic
belongs to which the publisher is unaware of.
3. Push-Pull Model –
The push-pull model constitutes data publishers, data consumers, and data
queues.
 Publishers and Consumers are not aware of each other.
 Publishers publish the message/data and push it into the queue. The
consumers, present on the other side, pull the data out of the queue.
Thus, the queue acts as the buffer for the message when the
difference occurs in the rate of push or pull of data on the side of a
publisher and consumer.
 Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producer and
consumer. Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations
where there is a mismatch between the rate at which the producers
push the data and consumers pull the data.

4. Exclusive Pair –
 Exclusive Pair is the bi-directional model, including full-duplex
communication among client and server. The connection is constant
and remains open till the client sends a request to close the
connection.
 The Server has the record of all the connections which has been
opened.
 This is a state-full connection model and the server is aware of all
open connections.
 WebSocket based communication API is fully based on this model.
Iot Communica on APIs
In IoT, there are 2 communication APIs –
 REST Based Communication APIs
 Web Socket Based Communication APIs
Web service can either be implemented using REST principles or using
Web Socket Protocol –
1. REST Based Communication API :
REpresentational State Transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles
by which you can design web services and web APIs that focus on a
system’s resources and how resource states are addressed and
transferred. REST APIs follow the request-response communication model.
The REST architectural constraints apply to the components, connectors,
and data elements, within a distributed hypermedia system.
2. Web Socket Based Communication APIs :
Web Socket APIs allow bi-directional, full-duplex communication between
clients and servers. It follows the exclusive pair communication model. This
Communication API does not require a new connection to be set up for
each message to be sent between clients and servers. Once the
connection is set up the messages can be sent and received continuously
without any interruption. WebSocket APIs are suitable for IoT Applications
with low latency or high throughput requirements.
Similarities between REST API and WebSocket API:
 Both REST API and WebSocket API are used to build APIs for web
applications.
 Both REST API and WebSocket API are standardized interfaces that
enable communication between the server and client.
 Both REST API and WebSocket API can be customized to suit the
specific needs of a particular application or system.
 Both REST API and WebSocket API can be secured using various
authentication and encryption methods.

Difference between Rest API and Web Socket API :

S.NO. REST API WEB SOCKET API

It is Stateless protocol. It will not It is Stateful protocol. It

1.
store the data. will store the data.

It is Bi-directional.
It is Uni-directional. Only either Messages can be
2.
server or client will communicate. received or sent by both
server or client.

3. It is Request-response model. It is Full duplex model.

It is suitable for real-time

HTTP request contains headers like
4. applications. It does not
head section, title section.
have any overhead.
S.NO. REST API WEB SOCKET API

New TCP connection will be set up Only Single TCP

5.
for each HTTP request. connection.

Both horizontal and vertical scaling

Only vertical scaling (we
(we can add many resources and
6. can add resources only
number of users both horizontally
vertically).
and vertically).

It depends upon the IP

It depends upon the HTTP methods
7. address and port number
to retrieve the data..
to retrieve the data

It is slower than web socket web socket transmits

8. regarding the transmission of messages very fastly than
messages. REST API.

It does not need memory or buffers It requires memory and

9.
to store the data. buffers to store the data.

Internet of Things (IoT) Enabling Technologies

IoT(internet of things) enabling technologies are
1. Wireless Sensor Network
2. Cloud Computing
3. Big Data Analytics
4. Communications Protocols
5. Embedded System
1. Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) :
A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors which are used to
monitor the environmental and physical conditions. A wireless sensor
network consists of end nodes, routers and coordinators. End nodes have
several sensors attached to them where the data is passed to a coordinator
with the help of routers. The coordinator also acts as the gateway that
connects WSN to the internet.
Example –
 Weather monitoring system
 Indoor air quality monitoring system
 Soil moisture monitoring system
 Surveillance system
 Health monitoring system
2. Cloud Computing :
It provides us the means by which we can access applications as utilities
over the internet. Cloud means something which is present in remote
locations.
With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from anywhere like
databases, webservers, storage, any device, and any software over the
internet.
Characteristics –
1. Broad network access
2. On demand self-services
3. Rapid scalability
4. Measured service
5. Pay-per-use
Provides different services, such as –
 IaaS (Infrastructure as a service)
Infrastructure as a service provides online services such as virtual
machines, servers,storage and data center space on a pay per use
basis. Major IaaS providers are Google Compute Engine, Amazon
 Web Services and Microsoft Azure etc.
Ex : Web Hosting, Virtual Machine etc.
 PaaS (Platform as a service)
Provides a cloud-based environment with a very thing required to
support the complete life cycle of building and delivering West web
based (cloud) applications – without the cost and complexity of
buying and managing underlying hardware, software provisioning and
hosting.
 Ex : App Cloud, Google app engine
 SaaS (Software as a service)
It is a way of delivering applications over the internet as a service.
Instead of installing and maintaining software, you simply access it
via the internet, freeing yourself from complex software and hardware
management.
Ex : Google Docs, Gmail, office etc.
3. Big Data Analytics :
It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data.
Collection of data whose volume, velocity or variety is simply too massive
and tough to store, control, process and examine the data using traditional
databases.
Big data is gathered from a variety of sources including social network
videos, digital images, sensors and sales transaction records.
Several steps involved in analyzing big data –
1. Data cleaning
2. Munging
3. Processing
4. Visualization
Examples –
 Bank transactions
 Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles
 E-commerce and in Big-Basket
  Health and fitness data generated by IoT system such as a fitness
bands
4. Communications Protocols :
They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity
and linking to applications. Communication protocols allow devices to
exchange data over the network. Multiple protocols often describe different
aspects of a single communication. A group of protocols designed to work
together is known as a protocol suite; when implemented in software they
are a protocol stack.
They are used in
1. Data encoding
2. Addressing schemes
5. Embedded Systems :
It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special tasks.
It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking units
(Ethernet Wi-Fi adapters), input output units (display keyword etc. ) and
storage devices (flash memory).
It collects the data and sends it to the internet.
Embedded systems used in
Examples –
1. Digital camera
2. DVD player, music player
3. Industrial robots
4. Wireless Routers etc.
IoT Levels – Deployment Templates
Developing an IoT Level Template system consists of the following
components:

1. Device: These may be sensors or actuators capable of identifying,

remote sensing, or monitoring.
2. Resources: These are software components on IoT devices for
accessing and processing. storing software components or controlling
actuators connected to the device. Resources also include software
components that enable network access.
3. Controller Service: It is a service that runs on the device and interacts
with web services. The controller service sends data from the device to
the web service and receives commands from the application via web
services for controlling the device.
4. Database: Stores data generated from the device
5. Web Service: It provides a link between IoT devices, applications,
databases, and analysis components.
6. Analysis Component: It performs an analysis of the data generated by
the lol device and generates results in a form which are easy for the
user to understand.
7. Application: It provides a system for the user to view the system status
and view product data. It also allows users to control and monitor
various aspects of the IoT system.

IoT Levels
IoT level 1
IoT systems have a single device that performs sensing or actuation, stores a.
analyses it, and hosts the application, IoT system-level-l is the best example
for modeling low complexity and low-cost solution where the analysis
requirement is not comprehensive and the data involved is not big.

Example: We can understand with the help of an eg. Let’s look at the IoT
device that monitors the lights in a house. The lights are controlled through
switches. The database has maintained the status of each light and also REST
services deployed locally allow retrieving and updating the state of each light
and trigger the switches accordingly. For controlling the lights and
applications, the application has an interface. The device is connected to the
internet and hence the application can be accessed remotely as well.
IoT Level-1

IoT level 2
A node performs sensing/actuation and local analysis. Data is stored in the
cloud. this level is facilitated where the data involved is big and the primary
analysis is not comprehensive.

Example: Cloud-based application is used for monitoring and controlling the

IoT system A single node monitors the soil moisture in the field Which is sent
to the database on the cloud using REST APIS. The controller service
continuously monitors moisture levels.
IoT Level-2

IoT level 3
At this level, the application is cloud-based. A single node monitors the
environment and stores data in the cloud. This is suitable where data is
comprehensive and analysis 1 computationally intensive.

Example: A node is monitoring a package using devices like an

accelerometer and gyroscope. These devices track vibration levels. controller
service sends sensor data to the cloud in the rear time using WebSocket APL.
Data is stored in the cloud and visualized using a cloud-based application.
The analysis component triggers an alert if vibration levels cross a threshold.
IoT Level-3

IoT level 4
At this level, Multiple nodes collect information and store it in the cloud. Local
and rent server nodes are used to grant and receive information collected in
the cloud from various devices. Observer nodes can process information and
use it for applications but not perform control functions, This level is the best
solution where data involvement is big, requirement analysis is
comprehensive and multiple nodes are required,

Example: Analysis is done on the cloud and the entire IoT system has
monitored the cloud using an application. Noise monitoring of an area
requires various nodes to function independently of each other. Each has its
own controller service. Data is stored in a cloud database.
IoT Level-4

IoT level 5
In this level Nodes present locally are of two types end nodes and
coordinator nodes End nodes collect data and perform sensing or actuation
or both. Coordinator nodes collect data from end nodes and send it to the
cloud. Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud. This level is best for WSN,
where the data involved is big and the requirement analysis is
comprehensive.

Example: A monitoring system has various components: end nodes collect

various data from the environment and send it to the coordinator node. The
coordinator node acts as a gateway and allows the data to be transferred to
cloud storage using REST API. The controller service on the coordinator node
sends data to the cloud.
IoT Level-5

IoT Level 6
At this level, the application is also cloud-based and data is stored in the
cloud-like of levels. Multiple independent end nodes perform sensing and
actuation and send to the cloud. The analytics components analyze the data
and store the results in the cloud database. The results are visualized with a
cloud-based application. The centralized controller is aware of the status of
all the end nodes and sends control commands to the nodes.

Example: Weather monitoring consists of sensors that monitor different

aspects of the system. The end nodes send data to cloud storage. Analysis of
components, applications, and storage areas in the cloud. The centralized
controller controls all nodes and provides inputs.
Domain Specific IoTs
IoT applications span a wide range of domains like:
 Home Automation
 Smart Cities
 Environment
 Energy systems
 Retail
 Logistics
 Industry
 Agriculture
 Health
 Lifestyle
Home Automation
Smart Lighting
Smart lighting for home helps in saving the energy by adapting the lighting
to the ambient conditions. Energy can be saved by sensing human
movements and their environment. Wireless and Internet connected lights
can be operated remotely using mobile or web application.
Smart Appliances
Smart appliances makes the management easier and also provide status
information to the users remotely. For example, a smart refrigerator can
keep track of items and notify the user when a item is low on stock.
Examples of smart appliances are TVs, refrigerators, music systems,
washing machines, etc.
Intrusion Detection
Home intrusion detection systems use cameras and sensors to detect
intrusions and for raising alerts. Alerts can be sound, SMS or email sent to
the user. An advanced system can even send an image or a short video
clip related to the intrusion event.
Smoke/Gas Detection
Smoke detectors installed at home can detect smoke and alert the users.
Smoke detectors use optical detection, ionization, or air sampling
techniques to detect smoke. Gas detectors can detect harmful gases like
CO or LPG. These detectors can send alerts in the form of email, SMS, or
voice.

Smart Cities
Smart Parking
Smart parking makes the search for parking space easier and convenient
for drivers. In smart parking, sensors are used for each parking slot, to
detect whether the slot is occupied or not. This information is aggregated
by local controllers and sent over the Internet to the database. Drivers can
use an application to know about empty parking slots.
Smart Lighting
Smart lighting systems for roads, parks, and buildings can help in saving
energy. Smart lighting allows lighting to be dynamically controlled and also
adaptive to the ambient conditions. Smart lights connected to the Internet
can be controlled remotely to configure lighting intensity and lighting
schedule.
Smart Roads
Smart roads equipped with sensors can alert the users about poor driving
conditions, traffic congestion, and accidents. Information sensed from the
roads can be sent via Internet to applications or social media. This helps in
reducing traffic jams.
Structural Health Monitoring
A network of sensors are used to monitor the vibration levels in the
structures. Data from the sensors is analyzed to assess the health of the
structures. By analyzing the data it is possible to detect cracks, locate
damages to the structures and also calculate the remaining life of the
structure.
Surveillance
Surveillance of infrastructure, public transport and events in cities is
required to ensure safety and security. City wide surveillance requires a
large network of connected cameras. The video feeds from the cameras
can be aggregated in cloud-based storage. Video analytics applications
can be used to search for specific patterns in the collected feeds.
Emergency Response
IoT systems can be used to monitor buildings, gas and water pipelines,
public transport and power substations. These systems provides alerts and
helps in mitigating disasters. Along with cloud-based applications IoT
systems helps to provide near real-time detection of adverse events.

Environment
Weather Monitoring
IoT-based weather monitoring systems use different sensors to gather
data. That data is sent to the cloud-based storage. The collected can be
analyzed and visualized with applications. Weather alerts can be
subscribed by users from such applications.
Air Pollution Monitoring
IoT-based air pollution monitoring systems can monitor harmful gas
emissions by factories and vehicles using gaseous and meteorological
sensors. The collected data can be analyzed to take decisions on pollution
control approaches.
Noise Pollution Monitoring
IoT-based noise pollution monitoring systems use a number of noise
pollution monitoring systems that are deployed at different places in the
city. The data on noise levels from the stations is collected on servers or in
the cloud. The collected data can be analyzed to generate noise maps.
Forest Fire Detection
IoT-based forest fire detection systems use number of nodes deployed at
various locations in the forest. Each monitoring node collects data about
ambient conditions. This data will be collected and analyzed for the
presence of fire and corresponding people will be alerted.
River Floods Detection
IoT-based flood monitor systems use number of sensor nodes to monitor
the water level. Data from the sensors is aggregated on the server or in the
cloud. Monitoring applications raise alerts in case of rapid increase in water
level or when rapid flow rate is detected.

Energy
Smart Grids
Smart grid is a data communications network integrated with the electrical
grid. Smart grid technology provides predictive information and
recommendations to utilities, their suppliers and consumers, and how best
to manage power. Smart meters can capture real-time power consumption
and allows to manage power distribution remotely.
Renewable Energy Systems
Renewable energy sources (like solar and wind) produce variable output.
Variable output produces local voltage swings that can impact power
quality. IoT-based systems integrated with the transformers measures how
much power is fed into the grid.
Prognostics
Energy systems have a large number of critical components whose health
is essential for working correctly. IoT-based monitoring systems allows for
the data to be gathered about these critical components. Analysis of
massive amounts of data gathered by sensors can provide predictions for
the impending failures.

Retail
Inventory Management
The inventory in a store or warehouse can be managed by using IoT. The
products or items in the store can be attached with RFID tags. By using the
RFID tags, the RFID reader or software can automatically show the number
of items in the store or warehouse. If a product goes out of stock a
notification can be sent to the store owner automatically.
Smart Payments
Now-a-days new types of payments are coming into picture like QR codes,
NFC, contact less technologies etc. These technologies enables smart
payments.
Smart Vending Machines
A smart vending machine contains several items. A consumer can insert
money and get the item they want as shown in the image below. Several
sensors can be attached to these vending machines such that whenever an
item quantity is less, the owner of that machine will be automatically
notified so that the owner can be arrangements to get that item beforehand.
Also, the vending machines can maintain the history of the consumers. So,
when a consumer visits the vending machine next day, it can suggest the
same item that the consumer purchased before.
Logistics

Route Generation and Scheduling

While delivering packages to various locations, different sensors can be
fixed in those routes and they can be monitored remotely through an
application. By looking at the data sent by the sensors, the delivery
company can automatically know which routes are less congested and
schedule the delivery of packages in such routes.
Fleet Tracking
A delivery company will have several delivery personnel working with them.
Different people will use different vehicles for delivering the packages.
Sensors can be fixed to those vehicles and their location can be tracked to
know how long will it take to deliver the package.
Shipment Monitoring
The packages can be fixed with RFID tags or other form of remote tracking
sensors to send data periodically to a server via Internet. The delivery
company can use that data to track where the package is and update the
user about the remaining time that will be needed to deliver the package.
Remote Vehicle Diagnostics
A vehicle rental company can fix sensors into the vehicles before giving
them for rent to the customers. The company can check the data sent by
the sensors to know the current location of the vehicle and easily track
them.

Agriculture
Smart Irrigation
Irrigation refers to the watering of plants. By using different sensors like
temperature sensor, humidity sensor, soil moisture sensor, etc., data can
be collected about the soil and the environment and let the framer know
when to turn on the water sprinklers to provide water to the plants. This
process is illustrated in the figure given below.
Green House Control
A green house is an artificial field that can be grown inside buildings or on
the roof tops. It is a controlled environment in which several types of
sensors are fixed to gather data about the soil, environment and other
parameters.
The data from the green house is aggregated at a local gateway and sent
to the server via Internet. The data at the server is analyzed and
appropriate alerts are sent to the owner of the green house. This process is
illustrated in the figure below.

Industry
Machine Diagnosis & Prognosis
The machines used in the industry can be fixed with sensors. The data
from the sensors can be used to diagnose the machines. We can know if
the machine is working up to the expected performance or not. The data
analysis will also let the owner of the machine know when the life of
machine will be over.
Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
The quality of air for the working personnel inside the industry is also
important. Often times leakage of dangerous gases leads to the death of
industry personnel. Sensors can be fixed at different location to monitor the
working environment for any leakage of hazardous gases and notify the
appropriate personnel to deal with it.

Health
Health and Fitness Monitoring
With the advent of IoT remote healthcare has become an viable option for
attending to patients. There is no need for patient to visit hospital for every
minor health problem.
The doctor can attend to such patients from a remote location. Different
sensors can be fixed on near the patient to monitor the health vitals of that
patient. The data sent by the sensors is monitored by the doctor and
appropriate decisions are made.

Lifestyle
Wearable Electronics
Now-a-days there are different types of wearables available in the market
to monitor health and lifestyles. Some examples of such wearables are
smart watches, smart glasses, smart patches, smart garments, etc., as
shown in the below figure.

Disclaimer:
The writer is not responsible for any type false information or misleading
content in this pdf
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▄︻デɃꞨɃ══━一