Prompt Engineering – NLP and ML Foundations

Prompt engineering is like teaching a robot to do something specific. You use words
(or prompts) to tell it exactly what you want it to do.

Here are some tricks for good prompts:

 Be clear and specific: Tell the robot exactly what you want. For example, instead of
saying "Write a story," say "Write a story about a robot who wants to be a chef."
 Give it examples: Show the robot what you mean. If you want it to write a poem,
give it a poem as an example.
 Use keywords: Use words that are important to what you want. If you want a poem
about a dog, use the word "dog" in your prompt.
 Be creative: Try different ways of saying things. Sometimes, a small change can
make a big difference in the robot's response.

Remember: Prompt engineering is like playing a game. The more you practice, the better
you'll get at it!

Prompt engineering is the process of designing and optimizing prompts to guide AI

models to generate desired responses. It is a technique that helps AI chatbots and large
language models (LLMs) understand user queries and provide relevant answers.

Here are some prompt engineering techniques:

 Multimodal CoT prompting: Combines text and image information to create a more complete
reasoning chain and produce improved answers.
 Least-to-most prompting: Decomposes a complex problem into a series of simpler sub-
problems and solves for each of these sub-questions.
 Few-shot prompting: This technique provides the model with several samples of the task you
want it to perform before posting the actual query.

Other prompt engineering techniques include: In-context learning, Text-to-text,

Generated knowledge prompting, Self-consistency decoding, Complexity-based prompting,
Self-refine, Tree-of-thought, Maieutic prompting and Directional-stimulus prompting.
Anyone can use prompt engineering with natural language in generators like ChatGPT or
DALL-E.
Prompt engineering is the process where you guide generative artificial intelligence
(generative AI) solutions to generate desired outputs. Even though generative AI attempts to
mimic humans, it requires detailed instructions to create high-quality and relevant output.
 Prompt engineering is like giving a robot instructions. When you give it good instructions, it
can do amazing things!

Here are some benefits of prompt engineering:

 Get creative: You can use prompts to create new and interesting things, like stories,
poems, or even art.
 Learn new things: By experimenting with different prompts, you can learn more
about how language models work and how to use them effectively.
 Have fun: Prompt engineering can be a fun and rewarding way to spend your time.

Remember: The more you practice prompt engineering, the better you'll get at it!

Yes, prompt engineering can be a good career with a growing job market and the potential for
a rewarding career:

 Job market demand

The demand for prompt engineers is growing as companies use generative AI for content
creation, design automation, and other applications. This trend is expected to continue in
both the Indian and US markets.
 Career growth
Prompt engineering is the fastest-growing career in India, with a CAGR rate of 32.8%
forecast from 2024 to 2030.
 Rewarding career
Prompt engineering can be an exciting career path that allows you to explore AI language
models and technology, and help companies achieve their business goals.
 Collaboration
Prompt engineering requires collaboration across disciplines like linguistics, psychology,
and computer science.
Some skills that are important for prompt engineers include:

 Writing skills: Strong writing skills are a requirement for prompt engineering.
 Coding: Learning to code in Python can be helpful for prompt engineers.

As you consider a future in prompt engineering, you can research your options and reflect on
your career goals. You can also enroll in courses to refresh your skills, such as the Prompt
Engineering for ChatGPT course from Vanderbilt University.

Prompt engineering can be an exciting career path. You can explore AI language
models and technology in general, leverage your existing skills or interest in writing, and help
companies achieve their business goals.
 Prompt engineering is a powerful tool to help AI chatbots generate contextually
relevant and coherent responses in real-time conversations. Chatbot developers can ensure the
AI understands user queries and provides meaningful answers by crafting effective prompts.

NLP stands for Natural Language Processing. It's like teaching a computer to
understand and respond to human language.

Think of it like talking to a friend. When you talk to a friend, you use words and sentences to
communicate your thoughts and ideas. NLP helps computers do the same thing!

Here are some examples of what NLP can do:

 Translate languages: NLP can help computers translate text from one language to
another.
 Understand what you're saying: NLP can help computers understand the meaning
of what you're saying, even if you use different words or phrases.
 Generate text: NLP can help computers generate human-like text, such as articles,
poems, or scripts.

In short, NLP is all about making computers smarter and more helpful by teaching
them to understand and use human language.

Natural language processing (NLP) is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows
computers to understand, interpret, and manipulate human language. NLP is used in many
everyday products and services, including:

 Voice-activated assistants: NLP allows users to interact with voice assistants like Siri using
their regular speech.
 Email spam filters: NLP can identify spam in emails.
 Translation apps: NLP can translate foreign languages.
 Healthcare: NLP can help analyse health records and medical research papers to help make
better medical decisions.

NLP can also be used to automatically process large amounts of text and voice data
from various communication channels, such as emails, social media, and video. NLP can
analyse the intent or sentiment in the message and respond in real time.

Some other NLP tasks include:

 Sentence segmentation: Identifying the boundaries between sentences in a piece of text

 Speech segmentation: Separating a sound clip of a person speaking into words
 Text-to-speech: Transforming a text into a spoken representation
 Word segmentation: Dividing text into individual words or word fragments
 Natural language processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that
enables computers to comprehend, generate, and manipulate human language. Natural
language processing has the ability to interrogate the data with natural language text or voice.

ML stands for Machine Learning. It's like teaching a computer to learn from
experience. Instead of being programmed with specific rules, a machine learning model can
learn to identify patterns and make predictions on its own.

Here are some examples of machine learning:

 Image recognition: A machine learning model can learn to recognize objects in

images, such as cats, dogs, or cars.
 Speech recognition: A machine learning model can learn to recognize spoken words
and convert them into text.
 Recommendation systems: A machine learning model can learn your preferences
and recommend products or services that you might like.
 Fraud detection: A machine learning model can learn to detect fraudulent activity,
such as credit card fraud or identity theft.

In short, machine learning is a powerful tool that can be used to solve a wide variety
of problems.

Machine learning (ML) is used in many areas of our lives, including:

 Facial recognition: One of the most obvious examples of ML

 Product recommendations: Retailers use ML to anticipate what you might want to buy
 Email automation and spam filtering: ML influences how your inbox functions
 Financial accuracy: ML has helped the financial industry as more systems become digital
 Social media optimization: Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter use ML to
improve their functionality and user experience
 Speech recognition: ML algorithms help convert spoken language into text
 Fraud detection: ML is used to detect fraud, such as credit card fraud
 Virtual personal assistants: ML is used in virtual personal assistants like Siri, Alexa, and
Google Assistant
 Natural language processing (NLP): NLP allows machines to interact with human language
Other examples of ML include: Pattern recognition, Unsupervised learning, and Deep
learning.
 Common NLP Tasks

1. Text Classification:

 What is it? This is the task of assigning a category or label to a piece of text.
 Examples:
o Sentiment analysis: Determining whether a piece of text is positive, negative,
or neutral.
o Topic modelling: Identifying the main topics or themes in a document.
o Intent classification: Understanding the user's intent from a given text query.

2. Language Translation:

 What is it? This is the task of translating text from one language to another.
 Examples:
o Machine translation: Using NLP models to translate text between different
languages.
o Neural machine translation: A more advanced form of machine translation
that uses neural networks.

Other common NLP tasks include:

 Named entity recognition: Identifying named entities in text, such as people, places,
or organizations.
 Text summarization: Creating a concise summary of a longer piece of text.
 Question answering: Answering questions based on a given text.
 Text generation: Generating human-quality text, such as articles, poems, or scripts.

Tokenization is a common task in NLP. It separates natural language text into smaller
units called tokens. For example, in Sentence tokenization paragraph separates into sentences,
and word tokenization splits the words of a sentence.

NLP has basically two major categories of tasks Natural Language Understanding and
Natural Language Generation. There are many different tasks performed by language models
that include: Sentiment Analysis, Question-Answering, Query Resolution, Text
Summarization, etc.

In document processing, NLP tools can automatically classify, extract key information
and summarize content, reducing the time and errors associated with manual data handling.
NLP facilitates language translation, converting text from one language to another while
preserving meaning, context and nuances.

Some major tasks of NLP are automatic summarization, discourse analysis, machine
translation, conference resolution, speech recognition, etc.
 Named Entity Recognition (NER) is like finding the names of important things in a
sentence. Imagine reading a book and highlighting all the names of people, places, and
organizations. That's what NER does for computers!

Here are some examples of named entities:

 People: John, Mary, Barack Obama

 Places: New York, London, Mount Everest
 Organizations: Google, Apple, NASA
 Dates: January 1st, 2024
 Numbers: 123, 456, 789

Why is NER important? NER is a crucial task in many NLP applications. For example,
it can be used to:

 Extract information from text: NER can help extract key information from
documents, such as names of people involved in a legal case or the location of a
natural disaster.
 Improve search results: NER can help search engines better understand the meaning
of search queries and return more relevant results.
 Build knowledge graphs: NER can be used to build knowledge graphs, which are a
way of representing information as a network of interconnected entities.

In short, NER is a powerful tool that can be used to extract valuable information
from text.

Named Entity Recognition Explained Purpose: NER's primary objective is to comb

through unstructured text and identify specific chunks as named entities, subsequently
classifying them into predefined categories.

Named entity recognition (NER) is a subfield of natural language processing (NLP)

that focuses on identifying and classifying specific data points from textual content.

Here are some examples of Named Entity Recognition (NER) models:

 ChatGPT: A chatbot that uses NER to identify relevant entities and respond to user queries
 Customer support systems: Use NER to categorize complaints and match them to
resolutions
 Stanford NER: A Java implementation of a NER that labels sequences of words in a text as
names of things
 Hugging Face: A Python library with pre-trained AI models for NER
 NLTK: A general-purpose library for NLP that includes an NER module
NER is a branch of Natural Language Processing (NLP) that recognizes patterns in text to
extract information. It can identify words that represent who, what, and whom in a text. NER
can be used to understand the meaning of a text sentence or phrase.

Here are some other things to know about NER:

  The more training data a model has, the more accurate it should be.
 There is no one-size-fits-all approach to NER, so hybrid methods that combine rule-based,
statistical, and machine learning approaches are also used.
Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a natural language processing (NLP) tool that
can be used in many situations to find and classify named entities in text:

 NLP systems: NER is a key component of NLP systems like chatbots, search engines, and
sentiment analysis tools.
 Healthcare: NER can be used to extract data from clinical documents, such as medical
reports and EHRs. This can help clinicians identify patients who may be at high risk of
developing certain diseases.
 Human resources: NER can be used to summarize resumes and extract information like
skills, qualifications, and years of experience.
 News articles: NER can be used to categorize news articles.
 Text summarization: NER can be used as part of text summarization.
 CVs: NER can be used to extract information from CVs or other semi-structured documents.
NER can be used to quickly group texts based on their similarity or relevancy, and to
understand the theme or subject of a body of text.

Some tools that can be used for NER include:

 NLTK: A tool for finding named entities in text and classifying them into pre-defined
categories
 spaCy: A tool for finding named entities in text and classifying them into pre-defined
categories
 NLP Cloud: An NLP API that can be used for NER, sentiment-analysis, text
classification, summarization, question answering, and Part-Of-Speech tagging
 Amazon Comprehend: Amazon's natural language processing service that uses machine
learning to find insights and relationships in text

Some of the most impactful use cases are:

 Information extraction. NER is a crucial first step in extracting useful, structured information
from large, unstructured databases. ...
 Automated news aggregation. ...
 Social media monitoring. ...
 Chatbots and virtual assistants. ...
 Cybersecurity.
 Common NLP Tasks: Question Answering, Text Generation, and Sentiment
Analysis

1. Question Answering

 What is it? This task involves providing a relevant answer to a given question based
on a specific text or knowledge base.
 Examples:
o Search engines: Answering user queries based on web content.
o Customer support chatbots: Responding to customer inquiries.
o Educational tools: Answering questions about a particular subject.

2. Text Generation

 What is it? This task involves creating human-quality text, such as articles, poems, or
scripts.
 Examples:
o Creative writing: Generating stories, poems, or scripts.
o Language translation: Translating text from one language to another.
o Summarization: Creating a concise summary of a longer piece of text.

3. Sentiment Analysis

 What is it? This task involves determining the sentiment expressed in a piece of text,
such as positive, negative, or neutral.
 Examples:
o Social media monitoring: Analysing customer feedback on products or
services.
o Market research: Understanding public opinion on specific topics.
o Customer service: Identifying and resolving customer complaints.

These three tasks are fundamental to many NLP applications and provide valuable
insights into text data.

NLP sentiment analysis is a natural language processing (NLP) technique that uses
machine learning and statistics to analyse text and determine the emotional tone or mood it
conveys:

 How it works
NLP sentiment analysis trains computer software to understand text in a similar way to
humans. It then categorizes words and phrases into positive, negative, or neutral
sentiments.
 What it's used for
Sentiment analysis can be used in a variety of fields, including customer service, marketing,
social media monitoring, and market research. For example, a skincare brand might use
 sentiment analysis to analyse social media comments and customer reviews about a new
product.
 Other names
Sentiment analysis is also known as "opinion mining" or "emotion artificial intelligence".
 Deep learning models
Deep learning models like Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks and Bidirectional
Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) are effective at identifying sentiment
patterns and context-specific sentiments.

Common NLP Tasks: Text Summarization and Recommendation Systems

1. Text Summarization

 What is it? This task involves creating a concise summary of a longer piece of text
while preserving its essential information.
 Examples:
o News aggregation: Summarizing news articles for quick consumption.
o Research paper summarization: Creating summaries of academic papers.
o Document review: Summarizing lengthy legal or technical documents.

2. Recommendation Systems

 What is it? This task involves suggesting relevant items or content to users based on
their preferences or past behaviour.
 Examples:
o E-commerce: Recommending products to customers.
o Music streaming: Suggesting songs or playlists.
o Movie or TV show recommendations: Recommending movies or TV shows
based on viewing history.

Text summarization and recommendation systems are closely related, as both

tasks require understanding the content of text data. For example, a recommendation
system might use text summarization to understand the content of product descriptions or
movie reviews before making recommendations.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is used in recommender systems to analyze

unstructured data, like reviews and feedback, to create personalized recommendations. NLP
can help recommender systems:

 Understand user preferences: NLP can help recommender systems analyze user behavior
and preferences to deliver more relevant suggestions.
 Extract insights from unstructured data: NLP can help recommender systems extract
insights from unstructured data, like reviews and feedback.
 Handle free-form requests: NLP can allow users to type their requests in a free form,
which can be superior to standard search capabilities.
 Generate recommendations based on attributes: NLP can generate recommendations
based on similar products or services based on their attributes.
Some NLP-based recommendation approaches include:
 Text similarity: Compares the vectors of two texts to provide a coefficient of similarity.
 Named entity recognition: Finds named entities in the text, such as location, organization,
and person.
 Word embedding: Transforms a word into a vector from a vector space with a fixed
dimensionality.

To enhance recommender systems with NLP, use text analysis to extract sentiment
and context from user reviews and queries, improving accuracy and explainability. Apply
NLG models like GPT or T5 for personalized summaries and responses, boosting
engagement.

Text summarization is a natural language processing (NLP) method that uses

algorithms and machine learning to condense a text into a shorter summary. The goal is to
extract the most important information from a text without changing its original meaning.

Here are some details about text summarization:

 How it works: Text summarization algorithms use deep learning architectures, like
transformers, to parse documents and generate summaries.
 Benefits: Text summarization can help users quickly consume large amounts of text without
losing important information. It can be useful in many domains, including academia, business,
and news.
 Approaches: There are two main approaches to text summarization: extractive and
abstractive. The best approach depends on the complexity of the text and the desired level of
detail in the summary.
 Evaluation: The ROUGE-L metric is used to evaluate the quality of a generated
summary. It calculates the length of the longest common subsequence (LCS) between the
generated summary and a reference summary.

What is text summarization for NLP? Text summarization is a subset of Natural

Language Processing (NLP) that uses advanced algorithms and machine learning models to
analyse and break down lengthy texts into smaller digestible paragraphs or sentences.