Natural Language Processing

Natural Language Processing(NLP) is defined as the

branch of Artificial Intelligence that provides computers
with the capability of understanding text and spoken
words in the same way a human being can.
It incorporates machine learning models, statistics, and
deep learning models into computational linguistics i.e.
rule-based modeling of human language to allow
computers to understand text, spoken words and
understands human language, intent, and sentiment.
Natural Language Processing

Humans communicate with each other using words and text.

The way that humans convey information to each other is
called Natural Language. Every day humans share a large
quality of information with each other in various languages as
speech or text.
However, computers cannot interpret this data, which is in
natural language, as they communicate in 1s and 0s. The data
produced is precious and can offer valuable insights. Hence,
you need computers to be able to understand, emulate and
respond intelligently to human speech.
Natural Language Processing or NLP refers to the branch of
Artificial Intelligence that gives the machines the ability to
read, understand and derive meaning from human languages.
Natural Language Processing

NLP combines the field of linguistics and computer

science to decipher language structure and
guidelines and to make models which can
comprehend, break down and separate significant
details from text and speech.
Phases of NLP
Lexical Analysis

The first phase is lexical analysis/morphological

processing. In this phase, the sentences, paragraphs
are broken into tokens.
These tokens are the smallest unit of text. It scans
the entire source text and divides it into
meaningful lexemes.
For example, The sentence “He goes to college.” is
divided into [ ‘He’ , ‘goes’ , ‘to’ , ‘college’, ‘.’] .
There are five tokens in the sentence. A paragraph
may also be divided into sentences.
Lexical Analysis
Syntactic Analysis/Parsing

The second phase is Syntactic analysis. In this

phase, the sentence is checked whether it is well-
formed or not.
The word arrangement is studied and a syntactic
relationship is found between them. It is checked
for word arrangements and grammar.
For example, the sentence “Delhi goes to him” is
rejected by the syntactic parser.
Semantic Analysis

The third phase is Semantic Analysis. In this phase,

the sentence is checked for the literal meaning of
each word and their arrangement together.
For example, The sentence “I ate hot ice cream” will
get rejected by the semantic analyzer because it
doesn’t make sense.
E.g.. “colorless green idea.” This would be rejected
by the Symantec analysis as colorless Here; green
doesn’t make any sense.
Discourse Integration

The fourth phase is discourse integration. In this

phase, the impact of the sentences before a
particular sentence and the effect of the current
sentence on the upcoming sentences is
determined.
For example, the word “that” in the sentence “He
wanted that” depends upon the prior discourse
context.
Pragmatic Analysis

The last phase of natural language processing is

Pragmatic analysis. Sometimes the discourse
integration phase and pragmatic analysis phase are
combined.
The actual effect of the text is discovered by
applying the set of rules that characterize
cooperative dialogues.
E.g., “close the window?” should be interpreted as a
request instead of an order.
NLP Implementation

Below, given are popular methods used for Natural

Learning Process:
Machine learning: The learning nlp procedures
used during machine learning. It automatically
focuses on the most common cases. So when we
write rules by hand, it is often not correct at all
concerned about human errors.
Statistical inference: NLP can make use of
statistical inference algorithms. It helps you to
produce models that are robust. e.g., containing
words or structures which are known to everyone.
NLP Steps

How to Perform NLP?

Segmentation
Tokenizing
Removing Stop Words:
Stemming
Lemmatization
Part of Speech Tagging
Named Entity Tagging
Segmentation

You first need to break the entire document

down into its constituent sentences. You can do
this by segmenting the article along with its
punctuation like full stops and commas.
Tokenizing

For the algorithm to understand these sentences, you

need to get the words in a sentence and explain them
individually to our algorithm.
So, you break down your sentence into its constituent
words and store them. This is called tokenizing, and
each world is called a token.
Removing Stop Words

You can make the learning process faster by getting rid

of non-essential words, which add little meaning to our
statement and are just there to make our statement
sound more cohesive. Words such as was, in, is, and, the,
are called stop words and can be removed.
Stemming

It is the process of obtaining the Word Stem of a word.

Word Stem gives new words upon adding affixes to
them
Lemmatization

The process of obtaining the Root Stem of a word. Root

Stem gives the new base form of a word that is present
in the dictionary and from which the word is derived.
You can also identify the base words for different words
based on the tense, mood, gender,etc.
Part of Speech Tagging

Now, you must explain the concept of nouns, verbs,

articles, and other parts of speech to the machine
by adding these tags to our words. This is called
‘part of’.
Named Entity Tagging

Next, introduce your machine to pop culture references

and everyday names by flagging names of movies,
important personalities or locations, etc that may occur
in the document.
You do this by classifying the words into subcategories.
This helps you find any keywords in a sentence. The
subcategories are person, location, monetary value,
quantity, organization, movie.
After performing the preprocessing steps, you then give
your resultant data to a machine learning algorithm like
Naive Bayes, etc., to create your NLP application.
Applications of NLP
Applications of NLP

NLP is one of the ways that people have humanized

machines and reduced the need for labor. It has led
to the automation of speech-related tasks and
human interaction. Some applications of NLP include
:
Translation Tools: Tools such as Google Translate,
Amazon Translate, etc. translate sentences from
one language to another using NLP.
Chatbots: Chatbots can be found on most
websites and are a way for companies to deal with
common queries quickly.
Applications of NLP

Virtual Assistants: Virtual Assistants like Siri, Cortana,

Google Home, Alexa, etc can not only talk to you but
understand commands given to them.
Targeted Advertising: Have you ever talked about a
product or service or just googled something and then
started seeing ads for it? This is called targeted
advertising, and it helps generate tons of revenue for
sellers as they can reach niche audiences at the right time.
Autocorrect: Autocorrect will automatically correct any
spelling mistakes you make, apart from this grammar
checkers also come into the picture which helps you write
flawlessly.
Applications of NLP

Information retrieval & Web Search: Google, Yahoo,

Bing, and other search engines base their machine
translation technology on NLP deep learning
models. It allows algorithms to read text on a
webpage, interpret its meaning and translate it to
another language.
Grammar Correction:
NLP technique is widely used by word processor
software like MS-word for spelling correction &
grammar check.
Applications of NLP

Question Answering
Type in keywords to ask Questions in Natural
Language.
Text Summarization
The process of summarising important
information from a source to produce a
shortened version
Machine Translation
Use of computer applications to translate text or
speech from one natural language to another.
Future of NLP

Human readable natural language processing is the biggest

Al- problem. It is all most same as solving the central
artificial intelligence problem and making computers as
intelligent as people.
Future computers or machines with the help of NLP will
able to learn from the information online and apply that in
the real world, however, lots of work need to on this
regard.
Natural language toolkit or nltk become more effective
Combined with natural language generation, computers
will become more capable of receiving and giving useful
and resourceful information or data.
Natural Language vs. Computer Language
Advantages of NLP

Users can ask questions about any subject and get a direct
response within seconds.
NLP system provides answers to the questions in natural language
NLP system offers exact answers to the questions, no unnecessary
or unwanted information
The accuracy of the answers increases with the amount of relevant
information provided in the question.
NLP process helps computers communicate with humans in their
language and scales other language-related tasks
Allows you to perform more language-based data compares to a
human being without fatigue and in an unbiased and consistent
way.
Structuring a highly unstructured data source
Disadvantages of NLP

Complex Query Language- the system may not be

able to provide the correct answer it the question
that is poorly worded or ambiguous.
The system is built for a single and specific task
only; it is unable to adapt to new domains and
problems because of limited functions.
NLP system doesn’t have a user interface which
lacks features that allow users to further interact
with the system
Thank you

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