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Python Notes

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Python Notes

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Python notes:

for DFT - import subprocess

-- windows cmd
python --version

import sys
print(sys.version)

- Python Interpreter
- Two modes to use python interpreter
1) Interactive mode

2) Script mode: we can store python script code in file with .py extension.

- Python Data Types

-Int, float, boolean, string
print(type(a)) // we can know the datatype
- variables
- print function: print('gd') or print("gd")
print('gd','mng','hyd') or print(gd mng hyd)
print('gd','mng',sep='/n')
//printing a string ;// using + and * in print
ex: a = "hello"
print(a+'bs')
print('It is' +2*''very'+'useful')// it is very very useful
- operators
a = b= z =25; gives same values
x,y,c = 1, 2.5, hi

- /, /n, /t
- comment : # single line
for multiple lines
''' '''
""" """
---------------------------------------------------
Day 2

id(), ord()
- id() // commonly used to check if two variables or objects refer to the same mem
location
ex: a = 5
id(a)
140982930992920
- ord() // used to convert single Unicode character into its integer
representation.

List, Tuple, Set, Dictionary

//these are four in-buit structures in python

- List: written with square brackets. mutable, ordered, allows duplicate

- similar to array.
- any datatype can be used in the list
- list =[1,2,3,'A','B',7,'hello']

example: l1 = [1,2,3,4.6, 'hello',true] or

l2 = list((1,2,3,4)) print(l2), print(type(l2))
[:3], [::]
print(l1)//prints full list,
print(l1[0:3]), print(l1[:3]), //prints specific elements in list
print(l1[::1])// full list
print(l1[-3:-1]) //prints in reverse list with neg indexes
print(l1[::-1])// prints in reverse direction
print(len(l1)) //prints size of list

l1.insert(1,'bs')// inserting at staring of list

l1.append('vlsi')//inserting at end of list
l2 =['dv','rtl']
l1.extend(l2)// extends or adds new elements
l1.remove('hello') // remove any element from list
remove, pop, del // we can remove any element from list

- Tuple: collection of objects. immutable.

- tuple =(2,1,10,4,7)
- Set: unindexed, unordered, duplicate not allowed
- s = {1,2,3,4}
- Dictionary

--------------------------------------------------------
Day 3
- Tuple: collection of objects. immutable: we cannot perform operations/ methods.
- tuple =(2,1,10,4,7)

example: t1 = (1,2,3)
print(type(t1))
t2 = (4,5)
print(t1 + t2)
print(len(t1))
l1 = list(t1) # convert tuple to list
l1.append(4)
t1 = tuple(l1) # convert list to tuple
print(t1)

t1 = (1,2,3)
(a,b,c) = t1 # assigning values to variables
t1 = (1,2,3,4,5,6)
(a,b,*c) = t1 # other values will be converted to list

- Set: unindexed, unordered, duplicate not allowed

- we cannot print reversing,
- using for loops we can reverse in set
- s = {1,2,3,4}
examples: s1 = {1,2,3}
print(s1)
print(type(s1))
print(s1[0]) # throws error, since unindexed
s1 = {1,2,3,3,2,True,0,False} # duplicates are not allowed
print(s1)
s2= {4,5}
s1.update(s2) # update, remove are some methods similar to list methods
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
Day 4

dictionary : ordered, changable, do not allow duplicates

- the values of the dictionary items can be of
any datatype (mixing of int,float,list)
- removing -pop and popitem
- adding elements: update method

example: d1 = {1:'h2',2.4:'hello',''bitsilica":"vlsi", "bs1"= {1,2,3,4,5}}

print(d1)
print(type(d1)), print(lel(d1)),
print(d1.get(1))
d1[1] = "world"
print(d1)
print(type(d1.get('bs1')))

- if loop

Examples: a =10;
if a==10:
print("a is 10") // press enter after :, so that if loop
will take indentation, if no indention: if loop is ended
- Alternative if

Example: a =input("enter value of a")

print(a)
a1 =10
print(type(a1))

- While loop
- for loop

for i in range(1,10):
print(i)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----Day 5
Break and continue
- to alter the flow of a normal loop
- Example: list1 =[11,2,3,4,7]
list2 = []
for num in list1:
if num %2 ==0
l2.append(num)
else :
continue

for num in list1:

if num == 6;
print();
break

---
-List comprehension
- offers a shorter syntax when you want to create a new list
Example:l1 = [1,2,3,4,5]
l2=[]

for num in l1:

if num%2 ==0: l1.append(num)
print(l2)
l3 = [num for num in l1 if num%2 == 0]
print(l3)

-- Strings
- are surrendered by single or double quote
- similar to list
- modify strings, a.upper(), lower, strip, split, formatted strings
str1 = 'bitsilica'
print(str1)
print(type(str1))
print(str1[0:5])
for each_char in str1: print(each_char)
print(str1.upper())

print(f"first value in l1 is {l2[0]}") #formatted strings

-- file
- File is some information or data which stays in computer storage devices
Example: f = open("hello.txt",'w')
w- mode opens file for writing
if doesnot exist, it creates new file
x- creates new file
a- open file in append mode
r- mode opens file for read
if doesnot exist, it creates new file

file1 = open('output12.txt', 'w')

data = [1,2,3,4]
file1.write(str(data))
file1.close()

with open('output23.txt', 'w') as file1:

file1.write("hello bitsilica")

with open('output23.txt', 'w') as file2:

x= file2.read()
print(f"contents in output23 is :{x}")

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Day 6
python modules
- Module is a file containing python definations and statements
- Module can define functions,claases,variables
Example: def add(a,b):
return a +b

def sub(10,12)

file handling'
x =file1.add(2,5)
print(f"value of x is {x}")
log.info(f"value of x is {x}")
log.debug(f"value of x is {x}")
log.error(f"value of x is {x}")
log.critical(f"value of x is {x}")
log.warning(f"value of x is {x}")