Arduino-Based Non-Touch Automated Door System with Smart Disinfection

Chamber for NOHS Teachers and Students

Submitted in Fulfillment
of the Requirement for
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersions

Francis Miles B. Ang

Alexander S. Cueto
Jasper Josh A. Mabilog
James Aldrin C. Pamposa
Leumer Josh S. Terrora
Nicole Louisse G. Bato
Shayne D. Estoquia
Chrislyn Ann M. Mañero
Anna Joy S. Peñaverde
Student Researchers

Rogie P. Bacosa
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersions Adviser

April 2022
NEGROS OCCIDENTAL HIGH SCHOOL
Division of Negros
Occidental Region VI
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ABSTRACT

The coronavirus disease outbreak of 2019 (COVID-19) has triggered a worldwide

health catastrophe that has resulted in immense morbidity, mortality, and disruptive
influence in the world community. The researchers came up with a solution to minimize
COVID-19 transmission, particularly in schools, by developing a disinfection chamber.
The main objective of this study was to construct an Arduino-based non-touch automated
door system with smart disinfection chamber.
A smaller prototype of the device was made with ultrasonic sensor for the
activation of disinfection system and temperature sensor for temperature reading,
activation of LED indicator, and activation of entrance door system, where only subjects
of normal temperatures are allowed to enter. Hypochlorous acid was utilized as the
disinfecting agent of the device.
Results show that the accuracy of ultrasonic sensor is 100%, while the
temperature sensor has an accuracy of 95% at normal temperatures and 100% at above-
normal temperatures. Data also revealed that 1.0445 seconds is the average response time
of ultrasonic sensor, and the average response time of temperature sensor is 1.0370
seconds. They also have a low standard deviation, indicating the efficiency of the device.
The prototype was also found to be highly acceptable by the survey responses of 50
respondents (engineers, teachers, and students) in terms of function, aesthetics, durability,
safety, and comfortability based on the Likert Scale.
Therefore, the device could be the groundwork of a life-size disinfection chamber
to minimize the transmission of virus, especially with its cost being six to twenty times
cheaper than commercial disinfection systems.

Keywords: Arduino, automated door, COVID-19, disinfection chamber, hypochlorous

acid, non-touch, students, teachers, temperature sensor, ultrasonic sensor
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE.....................................................................................................................1
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................2
TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................5
Background of the Study..................................................................................................5
Statement of the Problem/Objectives.............................................................................11
Conceptual Framework..................................................................................................12
Scope and Limitations....................................................................................................13
Significance of the Study................................................................................................14
Definition of Terms........................................................................................................15
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.....................................................................18
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................18
CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE....................................................................................19
Arduino.......................................................................................................................19
Automated Door System.............................................................................................20
COVID-19...................................................................................................................21
Disinfection Chamber.................................................................................................22
Hypochlorous Acid.....................................................................................................22
Sars-Cov-2...................................................................................................................23
RELATED LITERATURE............................................................................................23
Epidemiology of COVID-19......................................................................................23
Automatic Door System.............................................................................................28
Disinfection Chambers using UV and Heat Sterilization...........................................29
Chemical Disinfection Chambers...............................................................................34
Hypochlorous Acid as a Disinfecting Agent..............................................................37
SYNTHESIS..................................................................................................................40
METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................................44
RESEARCH DESIGN...................................................................................................44
PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY...............................................................................44
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND SAMPLE SIZE........................................................45
REGULATED RESEARCH INSTITUTE.....................................................................46
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MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT...............................................................................46
FLOWCHART OF THE PROCEDURE.......................................................................52
PROCEDURE................................................................................................................53
Collection of Materials...............................................................................................53
Design of the Prototype..............................................................................................53
Construction of the Prototype.....................................................................................55
Design of the Circuit...................................................................................................56
Programming of the Circuit.........................................................................................60
Preparation of Disinfecting Agent..............................................................................64
Operation of the Prototype..........................................................................................65
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT.....................................................................................65
DATA GATHERING.................................................................................................66
Proper Disposal...........................................................................................................69
DATA ANALYSIS........................................................................................................69
RISK ASSESSMENT.....................................................................................................70
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS...................................................................................71
SURVEY PROTOCOL..................................................................................................71
INFORMED CONSENT................................................................................................71
RESULTS..........................................................................................................................72
DISCUSSION...................................................................................................................76
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................78
RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................80
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................82
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................91
APPENDICES..................................................................................................................93
APPENDIX A............................................................................................................93
APPENDIX B.............................................................................................................96
APPENDIX C.............................................................................................................99
APPENDIX D...........................................................................................................105
APPENDIX E...........................................................................................................111
APPENDIX F...........................................................................................................117
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INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is

an infectious disease that primarily targets the respiratory system of its host (Cohut,

2021). Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection can have moderate to severe symptoms,

while a vast percentage of the population is asymptomatic carriers. In most cases, fever

(83%), cough (82%), and shortness of breath (31%) are mild symptoms that may lead to a

severe case if proper precautions are not adhered to. The coronavirus disease outbreak of

2019 (COVID- 19) has triggered a worldwide health catastrophe that has resulted in

immense morbidity and mortality, as well as being a major, disruptive influence in the

world community. COVID-19 has wreaked havoc on health systems across the world, and

it threatens to wreak much more damage if it travels to vulnerable and crisis-affected

nations. The Philippines' proximity to China, where the first outbreak happened, has

significantly influenced the overwhelming rise in the number of cases of the COVID-19

(Duddu, 2020). The inadequacies in the infectious disease mitigation plan have propelled

the country to experience an alarming swell in the cases that ramped up to 2.78 million

with over 40,000 deaths (Ritchie, 2021). Bacolod City is one of the leading contributors

to COVID-19 cases in Western Visayas, with over 20,000 people that have been infected

with the virus (Marzan, 2021). COVID-19 continues to kill people on a large scale as

COVID-19 is effortlessly transmitted through respiratory droplets and infected surfaces.

Coronavirus, like other respiratory viruses, spreads primarily through the respiratory tract

with great efficiency and infectivity. Although COVID-19 is transmitted mostly by

respiratory droplets produced by symptomatic patients during coughing and sneezing,

aerosols could
 6

also be a crucial course. According to a preliminary reproduction number, the estimation

of 1.4-2.5 was presented as the human-to-human transmission is transpiring (Agarwal et

al., 2020). Moreover, in residences of confirmed COVID-19 patients, the virus has been

detected on insensate surfaces, including doorknobs and the surfaces of digital devices.

According to the World Health Organization (2020), an individual may become infected

with COVID-19 if they have contact with contaminated objects or surfaces and get it in

their eyes, nose, and mouth. Due to this, teachers and students have expressed reasonable

concerns about the educational risk of COVID-19 infection. Based on the findings of the

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020), the connection between COVID-19

occurrence, viral transmission in schools, and community transmission levels of COVID-

19 emphasizes the need of preventing disease transmission in the community to ensure

the safety of teachers, staff, and students in schools.

To minimize virus transmission, simple procedures such as frequent

handwashing, face masks, and other physical barriers are commonly used. However, their

efficacy may be restricted, especially in shared indoor areas where, in addition to airborne

transmission, small-surface-area objects like elevator buttons and door handles are

utilized often and can mediate transmission (Garcia de Abajo et al., 2020). With the

continuous outbreak of the COVID-19 virus, various public settings worldwide, from

healthcare facilities and hospitals to airports and malls, are implementing non-touch

technology and disinfection devices for disinfection of circulating air streams and

frequently touched surfaces (Raeiszadeh & Adeli, 2020). To prevent from touching

surfaces, automatic door systems employed passive and active infrared sensors for

detecting objects and human bodies. Different sensor technologies, such as infrared,

ultrasonic, and other wireless sensors, such

 7

as weblink sensors, are used in automatic doors to detect items within a certain range and

signal the microcontroller to open or close the door (Kiru et al., 2020). Many control

techniques, including heat sterilization, chemical disinfectants, filtration, and ultraviolet

(UV) irradiation, could help lower the risk of viral infection. Mahanta et al. (2020)

developed a prototype of a combined heat and UV radiation-based sterilization box to

effectively sterilize items and body parts. Heilingloh et al. (2020) carried out a study to

compare UV-A and UV-C irradiation for complete inactivation of the COVID-19 virus

and found that UV-C is more effective in inactivating viruses. UV radiation with a

wavelength range of 200 to 280 nm, known as the UVC spectrum, has been extensively

used to disinfect the water, air, and surfaces and thus can reduce the risk of acquiring

infection when used with proper care. Microbial cells are inactivated because the

intercellular components of microbes like RNA, DNA, and proteins can sensitively

absorb UVC photons. Absorbed UVC photons cause critical damage to the genomic

system of microorganisms, preventing them from surviving and replicating (Raeiszadeh

& Adeli, 2020). According to the study of Rutala & Weber (2019), heating is also one of

the best and efficient methods for COVID- 19 virus disinfection of personal protective

equipment or PPEs. The heat-based disinfection process does not employ radiation and is

expected to be effective for disinfection as the heat penetrates throughout the bulk of the

clothes and PPEs. Healthcare facilities, hospitals, public places, malls, manufacturing

units, and sanitary services also use chemical disinfectants for the eradication of

microbial organisms (Sarada et al., 2020). Among these, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)

and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) are the most popular disinfectants. Through this, Sarada et

al. (2020) developed sanitization chambers, and the

 8

results indicated that 100 ppm HOCl can completely remove bacteria, and complete

disruption of the COVID-19 virus was observed within 30 seconds.

Several nonpharmaceutical interventions have been adapted to minimize the rate

of transmission of COVID-19 (Galido et al., 2021). For instance, deploying human

resources in entryways of buildings such as entrances of malls, schools, and other public

establishments has been implemented to mediate the rapid contraction of viruses. Manual

checking of temperature in establishments, as one of the conventions of COVID-19

mitigation, still presents physical contact that aids in the progressive spread of

coronavirus. The spread of the virus was primarily through microscopic respiratory

droplets formed when humans cough, speak or sneeze (Geddes, 2021). These droplets

containing the coronavirus can contaminate surrounding objects or surfaces that lingers

for up to 4 hours on copper, 24 hours on cardboard, and up to 72 hours on steel and

plastics (Doremalen et al., 2020). Similarly, doors are often made of steel and plastic,

thus increasing the threat of fomite transmission. Non-automated doors are one of the

leading causes of indirect transmission of COVID-19. Additionally, UV technology has

been adapted in decontaminating surfaces and even human body parts. Researchers from

Hiroshima University (2020) discovered that employing Ultraviolet C radiation with a

wavelength of 222 nanometers can successfully kill COVID-19. On the contrary,

prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays has detrimental effects on human health.

According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, subjection to UV rays

can cause premature aging of the skin to the extent of having melanoma, the most serious

form of skin cancer. It also escalates the likelihood of forming eye cataracts that

eventually leads to permanent blindness. In some cases, overexposure suppresses the

body’s immune system, lowering

 9

the skin’s ability to fight foreign invaders. Sterilization techniques other than UV have

been tapped, such as the heat sterilization method. Although it manifests a safe and cheap

process of decontamination, this method is impractical because of its slow rate of heat

penetration resulting in slow microbial and virucidal mortality (Center for Disease

Control and Prevention, n.d.). This method is time-consuming and not suitable for routine

practice. The development of disinfection chambers has been one of the prominent

solutions in mitigating COVID-19 transmission. However, a recent study by Sarada et al.

(2020) failed to integrate sensors to operate an unmanned machine to achieve zero

physical contact. Lastly, and perhaps the easiest and undemanding practice to intercept

the transmission of the virus is adapting consistent hand hygiene which is also

recommended by the World Health Organization to combat the virus (Ghafoor et al.,

2021). Due to its convenience, alcohol-based hand sanitizers are commonly used for

sanitation. Ghafoor et al. (2021) conducted a study to assess the excessive use of

disinfectants to human health and the environment. Their result showed that minimal

systemic toxicity is associated with frequent use of alcohol, specifically those composed

of ethanol, isopropanol, and hydrogen peroxide. It can cause skin and eye irritation and

allergies, while lengthened exposure may result in skin dryness to redness of the skin, or

even severe itchiness. The question of whether the aforementioned practices as a long-

term operation for COVID-19, which is currently being adhered to by the community, as

a sustainable approach to contain the virus needs to be addressed.

Considering the preceding problems and gaps, the researchers aim to minimize

the transmission of the virus by designing and constructing a prototype of an automated

door system with a disinfection chamber that can be the groundwork of a life-size

mechanism
 10

that can be used in public facilities, especially in schools. The pandemic has accelerated

the use of non-touch technology due to hygiene requirements (Iqbal & Campbell, 2021).

The prototype incorporated an ultrasonic sensor that detects the movement of individuals

through the chamber. When human movement is detected, the ultrasonic sensor gives off

the signal to release the disinfecting solution onto the fogger to spray on the individual

for at least 10 seconds, which is installed inside the chamber. The disinfection chamber

utilized hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as the disinfecting agent. HOCl is the most efficient

chemical against pathogens while remaining completely safe due to its chemical-free,

non-toxic, and natural nature (Rahman, 2016). By chemically linking chlorine atoms to

nucleotide bases, HOCl disrupts bacterial DNA activity, obstructs metabolic pathways in

which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients and produce energy, and interferes with

other membrane- associated functions (Rahman, 2016). The mechanism involves the

destroying of the cell wall of viruses, allowing the disinfecting agent to inactivate them

(Ding et al., 2016). HOCl can inactivate a variety of viruses, as well as coronaviruses, in

less than a minute (Kampf et al., 2020). After entering the chamber, the subject will be

scanned using the temperature sensor. If the temperature is within the normal range,

which is between 36.1°C to 37.2 °C, the temperature sensor will then send a signal to the

microcontroller to automatically open the door with the use of the servo motor. The door

will remain open until the subject goes out of range of the sensor and, in turn, closes the

door automatically. Conversely, if the temperature sensor scanned the subjects with

above-normal temperatures, the door would remain closed. The subjects will be advised

to isolate themselves for further monitoring. This study introduced an innovative,

sustainable, and budget-friendly disinfection system that minimizes the risk of COVID-

19 transmission in preparation for face-to-face classes.

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Statement of the Problem/Objectives

The main objective of this study was to construct an Arduino-based non-touch

automated door system with smart disinfection chamber.

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What is the accuracy of the ultrasonic sensors in terms of activating the

disinfection system?

2. What is the accuracy of the temperature sensor in terms of activating the correct

LED indicators?

3. What is the accuracy of the temperature sensor in terms of activating the entrance

door system?

4. What is the efficiency of the ultrasonic sensors based on the response time in

terms of activating the disinfection system?

5. What is the efficiency of the temperature sensor based on the response time in

terms of activating the entrance door system?

6. What is the acceptability of the non-touch automatic door system with smart

disinfection chamber in terms of its function, aesthetics, durability, safety and

comfortability?
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Conceptual Framework

Function, Aesthetics,
Varying Temperatures Durability, Safety and
Comfortability of the
Device

Acceptability of the Device

Efficiency of Ultrasonic Accuracy of Ultrasonic

Sensors and Temperature Sensors and Temperature
Sensor Sensor Electronics Engineers,
Students and Teachers

In the diagram above, it is well understood that the accuracy and efficiency of

ultrasonic sensor and temperature sensors are associated with the temperature of the

subject. It is also evident that the acceptability of the device changes with respect to its

function, aesthetics, durability, safety, and comfortability, and it was evaluated by the

electronics engineers, students, and teachers. Therefore, the independent variables of the

study are temperature of the subject and the function, aesthetics, durability, safety and

comfortability of the device, while the dependent variables are the accuracy of the

ultrasonic sensors and temperature sensor, efficiency in terms of the response time of the

ultrasonic sensors and temperature sensor, and the acceptability of the device.

Furthermore, this indicates that there are two possible areas for analyzing the accuracy

and efficiency of ultrasonic sensor and temperature sensors. One within the range of

normal temperature and

 13

the other for above normal temperatures. Additionally, the acceptability of the device can

be analyzed based on five factors: function, aesthetics, durability, safety and

comfortability.

Scope and Limitations

This study focused on developing a smart door with a disinfection system to

minimize the transmission of the COVID-19 virus on Negros Occidental High School by

limiting physical contact with possible contaminated surfaces such as, but not limited to,

door handles, gates, and other surfaces for NOHS personnel, teachers, and students. The

main objective of this study is to construct an Arduino-based non-touch automatic door

system with smart disinfection chamber. The study integrated different sensors, including

temperature and ultrasonic sensors to determine factors such as motion and body

temperatures. When human movement is detected, the ultrasonic sensor sends a signal to

the fogger, causing the disinfecting agent, hypochlorous acid (HOCl), to be sprayed on

the subject for about 10 seconds inside the chamber. After passing the chamber, the door

will automatically open or close when meeting certain conditions such as normal

temperature (36.1°C to 37.2 °C). This study used a descriptive research design in

gathering and describing the data from the survey, which determined the acceptability of

the prototype based on the Likert scale provided by the researchers. An observational

method was used to determine the response time of the ultrasonic sensors and

temperature sensor and to determine if they were able to function accurately. The

independent variables of the study are temperature of the subject and the function,

aesthetics, durability, safety and comfortability of the device, while the dependent

variables are the accuracy of the

 14

ultrasonic sensors and temperature sensor, efficiency in terms of the response time of the

ultrasonic sensors and temperature sensor, and the acceptability of the prototype.

This study used students, teachers, and electronics engineers as the population,

and the researchers used purposive sampling to choose the respondents. Each respondent

answered a survey about the acceptability of the prototype in terms of its function,

aesthetics, durability, safety, and comfortability. Furthermore, the study did not focus on

testing the efficacy of the disinfection solution in inactivating the COVID-19 virus. It is

only limited to schools since the application in other environments may need the

inclusion of other variables. This study only utilized Arduino-based technology due to its

easy accessibility, flexibility, cost efficiency, and beginner-friendliness. Although the

Arduino software and hardware of the prototype can be improved, the researchers

currently lack experience and expertise, which implies that the system may be subjected

to further improvements in future studies. The construction of the prototype, installation

of the Arduino Uno, programming, calibration, integration of the sensors, and test drive,

was performed at Negros Occidental High School laboratory to ensure the safety of the

researchers and to lessen contact with multiple people due to health protocol restrictions.

The study was conducted during the first and second semesters of S.Y. 2021-2022, from

October 2021 to March 2022.

Significance of the Study

The results of this study will be beneficial to the following:

Department of Health (DOH). The findings of this study will provide

information to the Department of Health on how to minimize the rate of transmission of

COVID-19 by
 15

utilizing non-touch technology with disinfection systems in public establishments such as

schools.

Department of Science and Technology (DOST). This research will help DOST

to develop more advanced projects that are centered in infectious disease management.

Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious

Diseases (IATF-EID). The results obtained would aid in the development of new

preventive measures against COVID-19 from IATF-EID with a wider scope of mandate.

School Faculty and Staff. The data obtained from this investigation will help the

faculty and staff of NOHS to improve the preventive measures of the school against the

virus in line with the implementation of face-to-face classes.

Teachers. The outcome of this study was beneficial to lessen the contraction of

COVID-19 among teachers who are considered frontliners of the education sector in

preparation for the implementation of face-to-face classes.

Students. The results of this investigation will help reduce the risk of COVID-19

virus transmission in school during face-to-face classes, especially in a classroom setting

full of students who are part of the high-risk or vulnerable group.

Other researchers. The data obtained from this study will act as a reference for

future researchers to conduct similar studies using other variables not found in this study.

Definition of Terms

To understand the study, the following words were defined both conceptually and

operationally.
 16

Arduino. Conceptually, it is defined as an open-source electronics platform based

on easy-to-use hardware and software used to build electronics projects (Yida, 2021).

Operationally, Arduino is defined as the control center of the device where the

ultrasonic sensor, temperature sensor, servo motor, and electric pump is connected.

Automated Door System. Conceptually, it is defined as systems that allow doors

to open automatically, usually in response to the presence of a person with the use of

various sensor technologies (Derrer, 2018).

Operationally, automated door system is the adapted mechanism for limiting

COVID-19 fomite transmission.

Chamber. Conceptually, it is defined as an enclosed space, cavity, or

compartment (Merriam Webster, n.d.).

Operationally, chamber is identified as the space or area where disinfection of the

subject was performed.

Disinfection. Conceptually, it describes a process that eliminates many or all

pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects (Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.).

Operationally, disinfection is defined as the activation of the disinfecting solution

to the subject inside the chamber.

Hypochlorous Acid. Conceptually, it is defined as an unstable strongly oxidizing

but weak acid produced in solution with hydrochloric acid by the interaction of chlorine
 17

with water and utilized as an oxidizing agent, bleaching agent, disinfectant, and

chlorinating agent, notably in the form of salts (Merriam Webster, n.d.).

Operationally, hypochlorous acid is described as the disinfecting solution used in

the disinfecting chamber to sanitize subject entering the chamber.

Sars-Cov-2. Conceptually, it is defined as type of virus that came from the family

of virus called coronaviruses that causes respiratory disease known as COVID-19

(National Cancer Institute n.d.).

Operationally, Sars-CoV-2 is described as the propagator of the COVID-19 that

led to the pandemic.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

The outbreak of COVID-19 prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to

declare a pandemic that is causing widespread concern. Because the receptor-binding

gene section has a structure that is similar to that of SARS coronavirus, investigators

from the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) called it SARS-CoV-

2 virus (Zhou et al., 2020). The current coronavirus causes acute respiratory illness,

which is spread via respiratory droplets, direct contact with an infected person, and

contaminated surfaces. As a consequence, it is critical to keep the virus from spreading in

both healthcare settings and public places. The world is focused on a number of strategies

to combat this coronavirus, including limiting its transmission (Van Doremalen et al.,

2020). National and subnational governments implemented a variety of measures in

response to the development of SARS-CoV-2 and the impact of COVID-19 in an attempt

to control the virus and disease's spread. In this context, studies made efforts to develop

disinfection systems including a UVC-based disinfection system, dry heat sterilization,

and chemical disinfectants to provide rapid and effective inactivation of microorganisms

causing the pandemic. A survey conducted by Kwok & McLaws (2015) found that on

average, students touch their faces with their hands 23 times per hour, which could lead

to a viral transmission. As a result, in the event of a pandemic, it is critical to reducing the

viral load on frequently touched surfaces, particularly in the area of patient care rooms,

where the highest viral load is expected. Furthermore, as official and public activities

gradually resume, the need for fast disinfection procedures at various work sites, public

transportation systems, and commercial outlets has never been greater.

 19

In this part, the researchers present various literature which the researchers

reviewed in order to give them a background of the study. This strengthens the credibility

of the study and makes it more reliable and proposes current relevance. Likewise, related

concepts and studies that have significant bearings to the study were also presented. The

conceptual literature provided them with additional insights on the epidemiology of the

COVID-19, the current practices adapted to minimize the spread of the virus, like

automated door system, UV sterilization, heat sterilization, and chemical disinfection

chambers, and the efficacy of hypochlorous acid as a disinfecting agent to inactivate the

coronavirus. Various research literature gave them information on studies that have

significant bearings on the present study. They have provided them with a basis in

developing various parts of their study, as well as on how to proceed with their own

investigation.

CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE

Arduino

Arduino is a physical computing platform for communicating objects that stand

alone or connect with the Internet (Banzi, et. al). It has two major parts: the Arduino

board (hardware) and the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (software). The

Arduino board contains a computer chip called the microcontroller. On the other hand,

the IDE serves as the software you will run on your computer allowing you to create a

little computer program that you upload to the microcontroller. Basically, the program

you create in IDE will tell what the Arduino board will do. This board has several pins

used to connect different components you want to communicate with the microcontroller.

It comes with two varieties the digital pin and the analog pins. Arduino has 14 digital

pins that is
 20

used for reading and writing signals in two values: high and low. Alternatively, there are

six analog pins in an Arduino which are responsible for reading signal on any number of

values (Youngblood, 2015). It also has a power connector in activating the board itself

which can connect to either an AC adapter or a small battery. Most importantly, an

Arduino has a serial connector that allows the board to communicate with the computer.

This connector is essential since this will serve as a bridge in creating your program to

the IDE through a computer (Opensource, n.d.). There are a variety of Arduino boards

available on the market, these are Arduino Uno, Mega, Nano, Micro and a lot more

(Agarwal, 2020)). Each microcontroller varies in terms of inputs, outputs, speed, form

factor, voltage, etc. Hence, the choice on what to use will depend on what you want your

program to do which the Arduino can support.

Automated Door System

Automatic doors are integrated with different sensors that triggers the opening

and initiate the closing (Panish, 2007). To activate the door system, they interact via a

microprocessor in the motor control unit. Furthermore, time-delayed circuits are included

into these control boards, which keep the doors open or closed until the sensors are

cleared or the passageway has vacated. There are a variety of automatic doors used these

include pressure, motion, and optical sensors. The mechanism behind this is when the

sensor detects a presence of a person it sends to the main processing unit of the system to

trigger the door to open. These automatic doors are used widely in commercial,

industrial, and residential areas because of its ease of operation. Additionally, the use of

automatic door technology saves energy in commercial buildings as it preserves

the conditioned,
 21

employing touchless entry will help mitigate the spread of germs, and lastly, the

convenience it brings to people (Granger 2021).

COVID-19

According to the World Health Organization, coronavirus disease 2019,

commonly known as COVID-19, is an infectious disease that primarily targets the

respiratory system by SARS-CoV-2 virus. SARS-CoV-2 are under the subfamily

Coronavirinae of the Nidovirales coronaviridae that causes respiratory, digestive, and

nervous system diseases in humans and many other animals. The virus has a spherical

shape with a diameter ranging from 80 to 160 nm. Spike proteins were detected in the

structure of the virus which is responsible for its high transmission capacity (Yang,

2020). The disease was first detected in Wuhan City in Hubei Province of China in early

December of 2019. Studies revealed that the virus originated from bats and was

transmitted to humans. Since then, the virus has spread primarily though human-to-

human transmission (Kandola, 2020). The rapid transmission rate of the virus resulted in

an overwhelming surged of cases globally. Hence, on March 11, 2020, the World Health

Organization declared the COVID-19 as a pandemic (Nambiar, 2020). According to

Mayo Clinic, early signs and symptoms of the disease may present as fever, cough, and

muscle ache. Also, early symptoms of COVID-19 may include loss of taste or smell. It is

advised that, when this symptoms and signs manifest seek medical assistance or isolate

yourself to avoid further spreading the virus. Currently, there are 433 million total cases

of COVID-19 with 5.94 million deaths.

 22

Disinfection Chamber

Disinfection chambers has been widely used in offices, workplaces, commercial

estates, public places, medical facilities, and educational institutions (Meden Med, n.d.).

Commercial disinfection chambers are built in response to the growing concern of

infectious diseases, particularly the COVID-19 (Sarada et al., 2020). These chambers

employ a variety of disinfection and sanitation method that ranges from using UV

technology to chemical disinfection methods. Commonly, disinfection chambers use

chemicals as a disinfectant, provided it is approved by the WHO. The mechanism of the

disinfection chamber starts with a person entering the chamber and a disinfection solution

was sprayed on the individual with a goal of killing the germs and bacteria present on that

person. Several chambers, add sensor technology to further improve their devices as

wells as introduce other methods of disinfection or combining them.

Hypochlorous Acid

Considered as non-toxic, noncorrosive, and effective in bacteria and virus

inactivation, hypochlorous acid is one of the disinfecting agents approved by WHO

(Block & Rowan, 2020). HOCl is made by combining non-iodinated salt, water, and

electrolysis. Specifically, one gram of non-iodized salt, one teaspoon of vinegar is

combined with one liter of water to make a hypochlorous solution. The solution may

produce a concentration ranging from 50 to 200 ppm. It can also be synthesized using the

hydrolysis of chlorine gas and acidification of hypochlorite methods (Wang, 2007).

Dilution of HOCL should be within 180-460 ppm to ensure its efficacy at the same time

safety for human intervention (Brazil, 2020).

 23

Sars-Cov-2

Coronaviruses are important pathogens for both humans and animals. A cluster of

pneumonia cases in Wuhan, a city in China's Hubei Province, were linked to a new

coronavirus at the end of 2019. It quickly swept across China, resulting in a global

pandemic (McIntosh, 2022). According to Cuffari (2021), the SARS-CoV-2 that has

been discovered and isolated has diameters ranging from 20 to 500 nanometers. SARS-

CoV-2 damages the body by giving the infected person a COVID-19 pneumonia.

Galiatsatos (2021) stated that as COVID-19 pneumonia advances, fluid oozing from the

lungs' small blood veins fills more of the air sacs. Eventually, shortness of breath sets in,

and can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a form of lung failure.

Patients with ARDS are frequently unable to breathe on their own and may require

assistance from a ventilator to help the body circulate oxygen.

RELATED LITERATURE

Epidemiology of COVID-19

The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by a coronavirus named SARS-CoV-

2. There has been much discussion on the origin of the causative virus, SARS-CoV-2,

from the first reports of novel pneumonia COVID-19 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,

also referred to as HCoV-19 (Zhou et al., 2020). It has been hypothesized that laboratory

manipulation is the cause of SARS-CoV-2. However, following the SARS and MERS

outbreaks, substantial effort was put into identifying the virus's animal reservoirs and

reconstructing the chain of events that led to human spillovers and genomic evidence

contradicts this theory, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 did not evolve from a previously
 24

identified virus backbone. According to Killerby et al. (2020), both viruses were

discovered to have originated in bats and were transferred to humans via intermediate

hosts. The origin of SARS-CoV, in instance, arose through recombination among bat

viruses and affected palm civets and other small carnivores before spreading to humans

(Cui et al., 2019).

Under an electron microscope, the virus had a diameter of 60 to 140 nm and

distinctive spikes of 9 to 12 nm, which was identical to the Coronoviridae family (Zhu et

al., 2019). SARS-CoV-2 has unique features that distinguish it from other coronaviruses,

according to genome analysis and comparison with previously known coronavirus

genomes: optimal affinity for angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and a

polybasic cleavage site at the S1/S2 spike junction that defines risk of transmission and

host range (Andersen et al., 2020).

According to Wu et al. (2020), SARS-CoV-2 has a distinct similarity to bat-borne

SARS-like coronaviruses, suggesting that bats could be the reservoir host. RaGT13 is

nearly identical to SARS-CoV-2, with the exception of certain variations in the spike

receptor binding domain (RBD), which may explain the discrepancies in ACE2 affinity

between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-like coronaviruses. SARS-polybasic CoV-2's cleavage

site is absent in pangolin beta-coronavirus, which shares many similarities with SARS-

CoV-2. Furthermore, the RBD of the spike protein (S) sequence implies that it evolved

through a natural evolutionary process (Andersen et al., 2020).

Due to the virus’ rapid transmission, the frequently reported symptoms include

fever (83%), cough (82%) and shortness of breath (31%) (Wang et al., 2020). However,

patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection may vary in symptoms, patients can have mild to

severe symptoms, and a considerable percentage of the population is asymptomatic

 25

carriers. In pneumonia patients, the multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity is

frequently shown in chest X-rays (Zhu et al., 2020). In 2–10% of COVID-19 patients,

gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort are

reported and in 10% of cases, diarrhea and nausea occur before the onset of fever and

respiratory symptoms (Wang et al., 2020). Moreover, COVID-19 patients typically had

lower lymphocyte and eosinophil counts, lower median hemoglobin values, and higher

WBC, neutrophil counts, and CRP, LDH, AST, and ALT serum levels (Lippi & Plebani,

2020). According to Bhargava et al. (2020), initial CRP serum levels have been shown to

be a reliable predictor of the severity of COVID-19 infection. Even though the lung is the

primary target of coronavirus infection, the widespread presence of ACE2 receptors in

organs can cause harm to the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, kidney, liver, central

nervous system, and eyesight, which must be continuously monitored. According to Long

(2020), myocardial damage, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure,

dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events are all common consequences, and

monitoring with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin may be helpful.

Furthermore, the so-called "cytokine storm" can cause patients with acute

respiratory distress syndrome to rapidly deteriorate and die of multiple organ failure.

Increased interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, interferon-

inducible protein-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory

protein 1-, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha have been described in severe COVID-19

cases, and are characterized by increased interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, granulocyte colony

stimulating factor, interferon-inducible protein-10, monocyte (Huang et al., 2020).

Furthermore, higher ferritin and IL-6 levels are predictors of death, and death is most

likely owing to virus-

 26

induced hyperinflammation (Ruan et al., 2020). Tocilizumab (IL-6 receptor blockage) is

given to individuals with COVID-19 pneumonia and increased serum IL-6 to minimize

lung inflammation relying upon those findings.

Accoring to Lippi and Favaloro (2019), the severity of COVID-19 has been

linked to an increase in D-dimer levels. D-dimer levels are considerably higher in

subjects with severe COVID-19 than in those without (weighted mean difference 2.97

mg/L; 95 percent CI: 2.47–3.46 mg/L). In individuals with severe COVID-19, increased

D-dimer values may indicate a risk of disseminated coagulopathy, which may necessitate

anticoagulant medication. In addition, for reasons that have yet to be properly known, the

course of COVID-19 disease in children is often asymptomatic or moderate compared to

that seen in adults. Nonetheless, serious and deadly cases in minors have been observed.

Clinical laboratory data in children differs significantly from that in adults, according to a

recent meta-analysis that revealed an uneven change in the leukocyte index. CRP,

procalcitonin, and LDH levels were all shown to be elevated in children with severe

illness. Remarkably, creatine kinase-MB levels were high in one-third of patients, raising

the possibility of cardiac involvement in COVID-19 juvenile patients, according to a

recent study (Sanna et al., 2020).

COVID-19 continues to kill a vast number of individuals since it is easily

transmitted by respiratory droplets and infected surfaces. SARS-CoV-2, like other

respiratory viruses, transmits primarily through the respiratory tract with great efficiency

and infectivity. Although droplet transmission is by far the most well-known path,

aerosols may also be crucial (Leung et al., 2020). Moreover, the reproduction number

(R0) of SARS-CoV-2 has been estimated to be between 1.4 and 2.5. The oral-fecal

pathway, like
 27

SARS-CoV, could be another way for the virus to spread. In the stool of a patient with

COVID-19 pneumonia, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was found (Holshue et al., 2020). As a result,

sewage could play a key role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Technical treatments such as

biosorbents capable of retaining and inactivating the virus should be studied in light of

this. With the easy transmission of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 has been found in infected

people's saliva, which can be explained by the presence of ACE2 receptors in the

epithelial cells that line the salivary gland ducts (To et al., 2020). According to Chen et

al. (2020), Patient urine has been screened for SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA in various

studies. The pooled rate of RNA positive in these trials was around 5–6%; however, the

length of viral shedding in urine samples, as well as the infectivity of urine, have yet to be

determined. Moreover, in the residences of patients with confirmed COVID-19,

SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been found on inanimate surfaces such as door handles

and the surface of cell phones.

Individuals who come into contact with infected surfaces may become infected if their

eyes, mouth, or nose come into contact with them.

Apparently, SARS-CoV-2 could also be transmitted through the eyes. SARS-

CoV- 2 RNA was found in ocular swabs of a patient with confirmed COVID-19 3 days

after symptoms began and at 27 days after a nasopharyngeal swab tested negative by

PCR. An ocular swab virus was successfully propagated in Vero E6 cells, implying that

ocular secretions could be infectious. When assessing patients with suspected or

confirmed COVID-19, eyewear should be worn notwithstanding the lack of conclusive

data (Lu et al., 2020).

 28

Automatic Door System

The virus can spread by contacting infected regions with one's fingers, and it can

spread to other things as well as the person. Lou et al (2020) investigated SARS-CoV-2

contamination of environmental surfaces and air in 39 COVID-19 patients in Guangzhou,

China, by collecting air and swabbing environmental surfaces. Basic demographic

information, clinical severity, symptoms at onset, radiological tests, laboratory testing,

and hospital admission were all collected for COVID-19 cases. Before disinfection, 641

environmental surfaces and air specimens were collected from 39 COVID-19 cases.

Among them, 20 specimens from 9 COVID-19 cases confirmed positive. All positive

specimens were collected within three days of diagnosis, and ten were found in the toilet

(5 on the toilet bowl, 4 on the sink/faucet/shower, 1 on the floor drain), four in the

anteroom (2 on the water dispenser/cup/bottle, 1 on the chair/table, 1 on the TV remote),

one in the kitchen (1 on the dining table), one in the bedroom, one in the car, and three on

doorknobs. Moreover, in residences of confirmed COVID-19 patients, the virus has been

detected on insensate surfaces, including doorknobs and the surfaces of digital devices

(Agarwal et al., 2020). According to the World Health Organization (2020), an individual

may become infected with COVID-19 if they have contact with contaminated objects or

surfaces and get it in their eyes, nose, and mouth.

With the ongoing COVID-19 virus outbreak, different public settings around the

world, from healthcare facilities and hospitals to airports and shopping malls, are

deploying non-touch technologies and disinfection systems to clean circulating air

streams and regularly touched surfaces (Raeiszadeh & Adeli, 2020). To prevent things

and human bodies from touching surfaces, automatic door systems used passive and

active infrared
 29

sensors to detect objects and human bodies. In automatic doors, several sensor

technologies such as infrared, ultrasonic, and other wireless sensors such as weblink

sensors are used to detect anything within a particular range and notify the

microcontroller to open or close the door (Kiru et al., 2020).

In the same manner, Prathima et al. (2021) proposed a system that uses computer

vision and deep learning algorithms to detect a person wearing a face mask and to

automate the door entry control system. The mechanism of the study is divided into three

phases: training the face mask detector; applying the face mask detector; and the

automation of the door entry control system. The system is tested with five distinct

scenarios: a person wearing a dark-colored mask, a light-colored mask, a surgical mask,

putting hands instead of a mask, and a person without a mask at all. In all cases, the

system responds quickly with excellent accuracy.

The implementation of non-touch technology has been adapted as a response to

the heightened demand for allaying the threat of fomite transmission and at the same time

employing proper crowd management. Referenced studies revealed the success rate of

door automation in preventing rapid viral transmission.

Disinfection Chambers using UV and Heat Sterilization

The global prevalence of COVID-19 prompted the development of adaptive

technologies for the inactivation of these viruses. Particularly, the world is focusing on

several strategies to combat the novel coronavirus, including limiting its viral

transmission (Sarada et al., 2020). As a result, different sterilization techniques have been

opted to by researchers and scientists.

 30

UV technology has long been associated with bacterial and virucidal disinfection

(Yang et al., 2019). The efficacy of UV light depends on its intensity and duration. This

is supported by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and uses the

disinfection hierarchy in approving the use of UV specified broadbands in treating

surfaces contaminated with emerging viral pathogens, specifically coronavirus. UV-C has

been defined by the International Commission on Illumination (n.d.) as the short-

wavelength ultraviolet region with photobiological spectral bands of 100-280 nm. This

UV spectrum is within the human threshold for acquiring acute damage to human health

(Shliney, 2016). The efficacy of UV-C as an alternative sterilizing agent is reflected in

several promising studies.

A recent study by Biasin et al. (2021) demonstrated the virucidal nature of UV-C

irradiation and its effectiveness in fully inactivating coronavirus infection.

Monochromatic UV-C with a wavelength of 254 nm manifests a positive result in

preventing viral propagation. In relation to the study of Biasin et al., Raeiszadeh & Adeli

expound on the disinfection mechanism of UV-C and explained that when UVC photons

are absorbed by microorganisms it causes critical damage to their genomic systems

(nucleic acid and microorganismal proteins), preventing them from reproducing and

surviving. This results when the adenine–thymine bond collapses and a covalent linkage,

pyrimidine dimer, is formed between two adenines, preventing the cell from replicating.

Similarly, Sabino et al. (2020) investigated the inactivation kinetics of COVID-

19 specifically centered in determining the dose at which virus inactivation is achieved.

The study revealed that germicidal radiation of UV-C peaked at 254nm with 108.714

mJ/cm2
 31

radiant exposure successfully inactivated 99% of viral particles within 60 seconds

exposure time.

The heightened interest in utilizing UV irradiation posed a challenge in assuring

its safety for human intervention. The need to assess what kind of UV spectrum to use is

essential in preventing damage from photochemical reactions. According to Stanford

Health Care (2017), overexposure to UV can cause life-threatening diseases. In regard to

this, Podda et al., carried out a study to evaluate the effect of UV irradiation on

antioxidants and oxidation damage on human skin and concluded that higher levels of

UV irradiation deplete cellular antioxidants and induce immediately detectable oxidative

damage. Additionally, a study by Duthie (2019) presented the adverse outcome of

increased UV irradiation on the human immune system. Thus, precautionary measures

against immunocompromised people should be observed.

On the other hand, Heat sterilization method, as one of the prominent modes for

cheap and readily available disinfection is explored to find out its underlying potential in

mitigating the production of viral pathogens. Although, different researches are only

limited in employing dry heat sterilization in attending the substantial strain placed on the

supply of personal protective equipment and the availability of surgical masks for

frontline health care personnel (Perkins, 2020).

A study of Sadeque (2020), tested the efficacy of heat sterilization methods in

medical devices. The technique was carried out using conduction, in which heat is

absorbed by an item's outer surface and distributed to the surrounding area until the entire

thing reaches the desired temperature. This process can take up to 30 minutes due

to the
 32

inefficiencies of heating air with low moisture content. The temperature varies depending

on the type of device to be sterilized.

Another study conducted by Xiang et al. (2020) specified that dry heat at 60°C

and 70°C for 1 hour was found to successfully kill 6 species of respiratory bacteria and

one fungal species, as well as inactivate the H1N1 indicator virus, according to the

current study. The shape and components of N95 respirators and surgical face masks did

not change after being heated at 70°C for 1, 2, or 3 hours. After being heated for 1, 2, or 3

hours, the filtering efficiency of bacterial aerosol for N95 respirators was 98%, 98%, and

97%, respectively, all of which were higher than the required 95% and similar to the

value before being heated (99%). For 1, 2, and 3 hours of heating, the filtering efficiency

of surgical face masks was 97%, 97%, and 96%, respectively, all of which were similar

to the value before being heated (97%). Consequently, this data is a favorable foundation

for the exploration of dry heat sterilization as novel technology for coronavirus

disinfection.

In connection with the study of Xiang et al., Daeschler’s research on thermal

disinfection exhibits heat sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 in temperature of 70°C. The N95

respirator has undergone thermal disinfection protocol. Then, the exterior surface of

unprocessed and 10x heat-treated N95 respirators were inoculated with 5 µl of SARS-

CoV- 2 (~7.8 log Fifty-percent tissue culture infective dose per ml [TCID50/ml] in

triplicates (n=3 per respirator type) in a biosafety level 3 laboratory, which were cut into

1 cm2 pieces. The virus-inoculated samples underwent thermal disinfection at 70°C at

0% relative humidity for 60 minutes, with and without a 5-minute cool down mid cycle.

The result demonstrated a total inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in all treated samples. To

further strengthen the study, N95 filter integrity, filtration efficiency, and breathing

resistance
 33

were measured and found out that even after ten decontamination cycles it maintained its

integrity and met US-governmental criteria for approval regarding filtration efficiency

and breathing resistance.

As a response to the COVID-19 infection, different disinfection technology has

been developed. UV technology and heat sterilization technologies are two techniques

that yield favorable outcomes in inactivating these viruses. Despite this, several factors

should be considered in fully accepting these methods as a sustainable approach in

infectious disease management. Disinfection procedures should be acceptable not only in

terms of its efficacy but also ensure the intervention’s susceptibility in human safety. For

instance, long-term exposure to UV radiation is deemed harmful to human health.

According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, exposure to UV radiation can

promote and accelerate premature skin aging that may eventually lead to melanoma, the

deadliest type of skin cancer. It also increases the risk of developing eye cataracts, which

can lead to lifelong blindness. Overexposure can weaken the immune system, reducing

the skin's ability to fight foreign invaders in some situations (Podda et al., 2017).

Furthermore, the intervention should be reasonable when employed in a realistic setting

where a routinary practice is beheld. In particular, the use of heat sterilization reveals that

time is a variable not to be overlooked. Related studies centered in thermal disinfection

indicate that it is time-consuming and favorable results prosper when time is manipulated

longer (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.).

 34

Chemical Disinfection Chambers

The scientific community's top objective is to stop this real-time pandemic

(Zhang, 2020). As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, many measures are being

implemented to keep it under control. Installing walkthrough sanitization gates to

disinfect people and prevent cross-contamination within the premises is one such

initiative. As people walk through these gates, also known as sanitizing or disinfecting

chambers, tunnels, boxes, booths, or partitions, they get an overhead shower of

disinfectant solution for 10–30 seconds (Khan, 2020). A chemical-based fogging unit or

disinfection system with an antibiotic and virucidal chemical disinfectant can disinfect

areas where there is a lot of public movement and the risk of a pandemic spreading

rapidly arises (Sarada et al., 2020). An entrance, an exit, an enclosed chamber where

disinfection takes place, power, solvent supply, chemical chamber, and a spray

mechanism are all included in disinfection chambers. In-chamber power outlets, lighting,

audio/video choices, temperature scanners, and chemical atomizers are also additional

options (Wickramatillake & Kurukularatne, 2020).

Nguyen et al., (2021) worked on a project to develop a smart prefabricated

sanitizing chamber that uses aerosolized sanitation to disinfect COVID-19-exposed

employees with minimal downtime and prevent cross-contamination. The usage of the

smart prefabricated sanitizing chamber helped to prevent transmission of the virus into

the broader population by limiting the possible spread of SARS-CoV-2 at essential

institutions such as COVID-19 treatment clinics and quarantine buildings for returned

travelers.

Another study conducted by Maurya et al. (2020) designed and developed a fully

autonomous, modular, and portable tunnel to disinfect humans with high COVID-19 virus-
 35

neutralizing efficiency. The subject is disinfected in the chamber by being sprayed with

an ionized mist of an approved disinfectant solution for 20 seconds. The electrostatic

nozzles in the chamber generate ultra-fine droplets of 30 microns in size, using only a

small amount of disinfectant. The disinfectant tunnel's chamber contains a spray

mechanism for the disinfectant solution. Low flow rate high-pressure pump, electrostatic

nozzles, pipes, disinfection fluid, mist fan, fluid tank, electrical components, and

microcontroller are among the components utilized in the spray mechanism. Maurya et al.

(2020) stressed that the concentration for the disinfecting solution should be employed

according to government/ICMR guidelines. In approved concentrations, any other

chemical specified by leading health agencies could be utilized.

Additionally, Joshi (2020) developed a disinfecting chamber that prevents the

deadly virus from infecting healthcare workers while collecting samples. The chamber is

created using a lightweight composite that is durable under adverse weather conditions

and can be effectively sterilized based on CFD models for effective disinfectant

distribution in fine droplet form. The chamber was first installed at ESI Hospital in

Hyderabad, followed by other hospitals and diagnostics centers across India, where it was

extensively used mainly by healthcare workers. This technological advancement has

influenced the way COVID-19 patients are tested in the country to some extent. The

COVSACK is examined for its efficacy in the eradication of virus transmission by testing

for the presence of viruses on internal surfaces of chamber walls. After a sanitization

cycle which included disinfectant spraying and water flushing, no traces of viruses were

identified on any of these surfaces. Joshi (2020) also stated that there is room for

improvement in the chamber’s

 36

design as well as the disinfecting technique, where an appropriate air-handling device and

temperature controller unit may be put on the disinfecting chamber.

In collaboration with Defense Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL),

Hyderabad, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, and Hyderabad, ARCI developed

sanitizing chambers for disinfecting medical personnel wearing PPE kits and humans, for

product development, fabrication, and assembly (Sarada et al., 2020). The sanitization

chambers have been erected and demonstrated at ESIC Medical College and Hospital in

Hyderabad, with the objective of evaluating their performance in sanitizing PPEs and

humans. ESIC Medical College and Hospital in Hyderabad tested sanitization chambers

and the efficiency of HOCl as a disinfectant. The results showed that 100 ppm HOCl may

totally eliminate microorganisms, including E. coli. The investigations on SARS-CoV-2

yielded the most intriguing results, with total viral destruction reported within 30

seconds. Results showed that hypochlorous acid is safe to use in the disinfection process

because it is non-flammable and does not release harmful compounds.

The use of chemical disinfection chambers shows effective results based on

multiple studies. A chemical-based fogging unit or disinfection system with an antibiotic

and virucidal chemical disinfectant can disinfect areas where there is a lot of public

movement and the risk of a pandemic spreading rapidly arises (Sarada et al., 2020).

Maurya et al. (2020) designed and developed a fully autonomous, modular, and portable

tunnel to disinfect humans with high COVID-19 virus-neutralizing efficiency. Joshi

(2020) also developed a disinfecting chamber and examined its efficacy in the eradication

of virus transmission. After a sanitization cycle which included disinfectant spraying

and water
 37

flushing, no traces of viruses were identified on any of these surfaces. Furthermore, ARCI

developed sanitizing chambers and showed total viral destruction of COVID-19.

Hypochlorous Acid as a Disinfecting Agent

When a disinfectant comes into contact with the virus, the protective protein coat

loses its structure and aggregates, forming protein clumps with other viruses (Van

Doremalen et al., 2020). The US Environmental Protection Agency (2020) has currently

recommended a number of disinfectants against COVID-19, including hypochlorous acid

(HOCl). Disinfection occurs when the cell wall of microorganisms or viruses is

destroyed, allowing the disinfectant to kill or inactivate them (Health Quality Ontario,

2018).

Wickramatillake & Kurukularatne (2020) investigated the viricidal efficiency of

chloroxylenol, benzalkonium chloride, and ordinary bleaches against SARS-CoV-2,

finding that they were effective after only 5 minutes. Although hydrogen peroxide was

discovered to be utilized as a disinfectant against COVID-19, it has high reactivity and

can operate as a potent oxidizer with metals. However, there was no commercially

accessible data on the efficacy of these disinfectants in aerosolized form or the potential

health effects of inhalation or skin contact.

An effective disinfecting and sanitizing agent should be safe to the skin, non-

corrosive, effective in a variety of forms, and reasonably priced. Among the disinfectants,

sodium hypochlorite and hypochlorous acid are the commonly used disinfectants for

cleaning surfaces and fogging applications in a hospital environment. However, sodium

hypochlorite has a number of disadvantages, including inactivation in organic materials,

 38

corrosiveness to a number of metals, and the presence of residue on surfaces. It is also not

allowed for fogging on humans because it irritates the skin, throat, and eyes.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is the most efficient chemical against pathogens while

remaining completely safe due to its chemical-free, non-toxic, and natural nature

(Rahman et al. 2016). Aqueous solutions containing 30–2500 ppm HOCl are used in a

range of applications, including wound care, dental care, and as an antibacterial and

virucidal agent (Park 2007). HOCl is a weak acid that interacts with structural proteins in

viruses, such as capsids and surface components, lipid envelopes, and DNA/RNA

molecules. HOCl is an endogenous chemical that is efficient against a wide spectrum of

microorganisms. HOCl is produced by the mitochondrial membrane-bound enzyme

"respiratory burst nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase" in neutrophils,

eosinophils, mononuclear phagocytes, and B lymphocytes in response to injury and

infection. HOCl selectively binds to the unsaturated lipid layer and disrupts cellular

integrity. HOCl is the most predominant species between pH levels of 3 and 6, and it has

the best antibacterial capabilities (Biology Stack Exchange, 2020). HOCl is a very strong

oxidizing agent. It dissociates into H+ and OCl– in an aqueous solution, denaturing and

aggregating proteins. By producing chloramines and nitrogen-centered radicals, HOCl

destroys viruses by chlorination, resulting in single- and double-stranded DNA breaks,

rendering the nucleic acid unusable and the virus harmless (Biology Stack Exchange,

2020). The stability of HOCl is maintained by keeping the pH between 3.5 and 5.5. HOCl

can be made using one of three methods: chlorine gas hydrolysis, saltwater electrolysis,

or hypochlorite acidification. However, it can also be purchased commercially or

produced in-house.
 39

Multiple studies compared hypochlorous acid's bactericidal and virucidal action to

that of other disinfectants, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), the most extensively

used disinfectant in the food business, at the same free chlorine concentration. With the

same concentration of 0.5 mg/L, Naka et al. (2020) discovered that HOCl had higher

bactericidal activity (4.4 log10 CFU/mL) than NaOCl (1.3 log10 CFU/mL). Spray

experiments revealed that a 20-minute exposure to 0.01 percent sprayed HOCl was

enough to kill 99.5 percent of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Hao et al. (2016) suggested

using HOCl as a mouthwash and hand sanitizer (at 100–200 ppm) as well as a surface

treatment. They also suggested using a spray or fog with an aerosol size of less than 20 μm

since smaller particles in spray form may enable HOCl molecules to stay suspended in the

air for longer periods of time. This low settling velocity rate may enhance the likelihood

of pathogens coming into contact with the solution and being inactivated. A reduced

amount of solution came into touch with the avian influenza virus when the aerosol was

not sprayed directly onto an inoculated surface. In constructing a disinfecting chamber,

Sarada et al. (2020) tested the efficiency of HOCl as a disinfecting agent. The findings

revealed that 100 ppm HOCl can completely kill bacteria. Investigations on SARS-CoV-

2 produced the most interesting results, with complete viral annihilation reported in less

than 30 seconds. Kampf et al. (2020) also reported that HOCl has been demonstrated to

inactivate a range of viruses, including coronaviruses. At a concentration of 200 ppm,

HOCl may decontaminate inert surfaces bearing noroviruses and other enteric viruses.

HOCl solutions of 20 ppm, when diluted 10-fold, were still efficient in decontaminating

virus-infected ambient surfaces after a 10-minute contact time.

 40

In terms of safety and toxicity, HOCl has been proven to be non-irritating (rabbit

eye) and non-sensitizing (guinea pig) in animal models through a study by Wang et al.,

despite the possibility for direct contact with the ocular, cutaneous, and respiratory

systems. When 0.013%HOCl was sprayed into the eyes of Dutch pigmented rabbits every

8 hours for 72 hours, no ocular irritation was observed. Guinea pigs exhibited no

indication of cutaneous sensitivity when 0.01%, 0.03%, and 0.10% w/v HOCl was

applied topically. There was no evidence of systemic toxicity in a 28-day toxicity trial

using the same doses as the cutaneous research. HOCl was also shown to be a powerful

disinfectant that was 80– 200 times more effective than traditional disinfection methods

while being non-toxic to humans (Overholt, 2018).

The main preventive measure in confining the new coronavirus is disinfection.

High-risk exposed surface areas should be cleaned with a disinfectant on a regular basis.

A low contact time with significant antiviral activity, as well as being safe for humans,

the environment, surfaces, and equipment, are all characteristics of an ideal disinfecting

agent. To ensure viricidal efficacy in circumstances like the proposed SPSC, more study

is needed to identify the optimal exposure time with non-direct contact spray HOCl.

HOCl is non- toxic and safe for humans and the environment. It is also cost-effective,

with a variety of application ways (spray mist, fog, liquid), making it a good candidate

for regular use as a disinfectant in indoor settings.

SYNTHESIS

The present facts presented regarding the genomic and cellular structure of

COVID- 19 set it apart from other coronaviruses. COVID-19 had a diameter of 60 to 140

nm with distinctive spikes of 9 to 12 nm (Zhu et al., 2019). The spike receptor

binding domain
 41

(RBD) defines the optimal affinity of the virus leading to increased risk of transmission

and host range (Andersen et al., 2020). The virus primarily attacks the respiratory system

of its host. Although respiratory droplets are the primary transmission of these viruses,

Leung et al., 2020 revealed that aerosols can also be a pathway for viral transmission.

Fomite transmission is possible after COVID-19 has been found on inanimate surfaces,

such as door handles and the surface of cell phones. Individuals who come into contact

with the infected surfaces may come infected if their eyes, mouth, or nose come into

contact with them. Due to this, several pathways have been carried on by researchers to

find other transmission methods. This directed the scientific community to develop

several pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions to help lessen the threat of

viral transmission. As a result, different disinfection technologies have been developed in

response to the COVID-19 infection. UV and heat sterilization technologies are two

approaches that have shown promising results in inactivating these viruses.

Aforementioned studies highlighted the vulnerability of such viruses when in contact

with UV-rays. Specifically, studies by Biasin et al. and Sabino et al., introduced the

effectiveness of utilizing a short-wavelength ultraviolet region with photobiological

spectral band of 254 nm in damaging the genomic system of COVID-19. The evidence

presented from the studies suggests that this exhibits eminent potential as an acceptable

method in mediating the viral transmission of COVID-19. Nevertheless, solving national

emergencies at the expense of risking human safety, especially professionals who

administer this intervention should not be an option. Multiple studies reveal that UV

technology stimulates serious effects on human health. This includes premature aging of

the skin that eventually leads to melanoma, intensifies the probability of having eye
 42

cataracts that leads to permanent blindness, and affecting the human immune system.

Similarly, studies above identified the susceptibility of the virus when exposed to extreme

heat. Thermal sterilization studies surfaced as the world finds low-cost strategies that

yield optimistic results in COVID-19 disinfection. Sadeque (2020), employed a heat

method in sterilizing medical devices, and the process was done in 30 minutes and no

signs of microorganisms on the surface of such devices were detected. In relation to this

study, Daeschler’s investigation on thermal disinfection demonstrated COVID-19’s heat

sensitivity. The result exhibits total inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in all samples that

underwent 10 cycles of heat-treatment at 70°C. The Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention. (n.d.) suggested that thermal approach should only be used on materials that

are susceptible to moisture damage or are impervious to moisture (e.g., powders,

petroleum products, sharp instruments). There are still disadvantages to adapting heat

disinfection. Particularly, thermal disinfection demonstrates that time is an important

factor to consider as it is time-consuming, according to related studies, and better

outcomes are obtained when time is regulated longer.

Considering the aforementioned drawbacks of UV and heat sterilization in terms

of safety and efficacy for disinfecting chambers, the researchers opted to integrate a

disinfecting agent that is approved by health guidelines. Studies of Khan (2020), Sarada

et al. (2020), Nguyen et al (2021), and Joshi (2020) employed disinfecting chambers with

chemical-based fogging unit or disinfection system with an antibiotic and virucidal

chemical disinfectant that can disinfect areas where there is a lot of public movement and

the risk of a pandemic spreading rapidly arises. Their results revealed the promising

application of disinfecting chambers in limiting the viral propagation after no traces of

 43

viruses were identified on any of the surfaces. The current evidence on the virucidal

efficacy, safety, and toxicity of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as a viable disinfection agent

for the smart prefabricated sanitizing chamber application is presented. HOCl is currently

approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a SARS-CoV-2 disinfectant

after multiple studies exhibit the effectiveness of it in killing the virus. Naka et al. (2020)

and Kampf et al. (2020), demonstrated the disinfection and inactivation of such viruses

using HOCl, while Sarada et al. (2020) expound that a 100-ppm solution of HOCl

increase viral mortality. HOCl is an ideal disinfectant choice for interior settings due to

its safety and non-toxicity for humans and the environment, low cost, and flexibility in

application methods.
 44

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study employed a descriptive research design in collecting and describing the

data from the testing of accuracy and efficiency of the sensors, and in gathering and

describing responses from the survey, which determined the acceptability of the

prototype based on the Likert scale provided by the researchers. A set of survey

questionnaires was used in data gathering from 50 respondents (20 electronics and

communication engineers, 10 teachers, and 20 students). An observational method was

used to determine the response time of the ultrasonic sensors and temperature sensor and

to determine if they were able to function accurately. The independent variables of the

study are varying temperatures, while the dependent variables are the accuracy of the

ultrasonic sensors and temperature sensor, efficiency in terms of the response time of the

ultrasonic sensors and temperature sensor, and the acceptability of the prototype.

PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY

The participants were selected through purposive sampling. They were part of the

survey process to test the acceptability of the device. The target population of this study

are teachers and students from Negros Occidental High School and electronics and

communications engineers (ECE) from Bacolod City. The teachers and students from

NOHS are part of the target population because they are the primary benefactors of the

study. Their perspective about the device is essential in the future application of the

research in the actual setting. Moreover, the expertise of the ECE pointed out major

weaknesses of the device that needs to be improved.

 45

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND SAMPLE SIZE

The sampling technique that was used in this study is purposive sampling. With

the evident time constraints and health protocol restrictions, the researchers opted to use a

sampling design that conveniently determines eligible respondents. It is a non-probability

sampling technique where the researchers rely on their discretion to choose variables for

the sample population. Here, the entire sampling process depends on the researchers’

judgment and knowledge of the context. The researchers filter out irrelevant responses

that do not fit into the context of the study, which lowers the margin of error in the data

and leads to results that are relevant to the research context.

Due to time constraints, the researchers were not be able to conduct a survey

using the exact number of sample size obtained using the Yamane’s formula for the target

population. Additionally, the researchers cannot obtain the exact number of electronics

and communications engineers in Bacolod City, thus, the exact number of target

population is unknown. Consequently, in deciding the sample size to be used in the study,

“Large Sample Condition” was used, that states that the sample size should be at least

thirty (30). In practice, some statisticians say that a sample size of 30 is large enough

when the population distribution is roughly bell-shaped. Others recommend a sample size

of at least 40 (Statology, 2020). However, if the original population is distinctly not

normal (e.g., is badly skewed, has multiple peaks, and/or has outliers), researchers like the

sample size to be even larger (Florida State College at Jacksonville, 2022). Therefore,

fifty (50) respondents were chosen to answer the survey, specifically: twenty (20) ECE,

ten (10) teachers, and twenty

(20) students.
 46

REGULATED RESEARCH INSTITUTE

The construction of the prototype, installation of the Arduino Uno, programming,

calibration, integration of the sensors, and test drive, were performed at Technological

University of the Philippines-Visayas with the assistance of Engr. Ramnyl John A. Abeto.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

The study utilized the following materials: one (1) Arduino Uno microcontroller,

one (1) ultrasonic sensor, one (1) contactless temperature sensor, two (2) 5V servo motor,

one (1) disinfection gun, one (1) Printed Circuit Board, 3-ply plywood, M-M wires, F-F

wires, M-F wires, one (1) green LED light, one (1) red LED light, and one (1) liter of 200

ppm hypochlorous acid.

Specifications of Electrical Components

Arduino UNO R3 ATmega328P CH340G. The Arduino Uno SMD is a version of

the Arduino Uno that uses the Atmega328P surface mount version rather than the

through- hole version. Due to a supply limitation of the through-hole Atmega328P, this

version was created. The board is based on the ATmega328 microcontroller (datasheet).

It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog

inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and

a restart button.
 47

Figure 1. Arduino UNO R3 ATmega328P CH340G

Table 1. The Arduino UNO R3 ATmega328P CH340G Specifications
Operating voltage 5V
Input voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog input pins 6
DC current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by
bootloader
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Clock speed 16 MHz

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor. The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor has a 5V output

which needs to be reduced to 3.3V to work with the Raspberry Pi. The HC-SR04 sensor

works best between 2cm – 400 cm (1" - 13ft) within a 30-degree cone, and is accurate to

the nearest 0.3 cm.

 48

Figure 2. HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

Table 2. The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Range Sensor Specifications
Input Voltage 5V
Current Draw 20mA (Max)
Digital Output 5V
Digital Output 0V (Low)
Working Temperature -15°C to 70°C
Sensing Angle 30° Cone
Angle of Effect 15° Cone
Ultrasonic Frequency 40kHz
Range 2cm - 400cm
Dimensions
Length 43mm
Width 20mm
Height (with transmitters) 15mm
Centre screw hole distance 40mm x 15mm
Screw hole diameter 1mm (M1)
Transmitter diameter 8mm

MLX90614 Temperature Sensor. The MLX90614 is a Contactless Infrared (IR)

Digital Temperature Sensor that can be used to measure the temperature of a particular

object ranging from -70° C to 382.2°C. The sensor measures the temperature of the object

using infrared rays without any physical contact and communicates with the

microcontroller via the I2C protocol.

 49

Figure 3. MLX90614 Temperature Sensor

Table 3. The MLX90614 Temperature Sensor Specifications
Operating Voltage: 3.6V to 5V (available in 3V and 5V
version)
Supply Current: 1.5mA
Object Temperature Range: -70° C to 382.2°C
Ambient Temperature Range: -40° C to 125°C
Accuracy: 0.02°C
Field of View: 80°
Distance between object and sensor: 2cm-5cm (approx.)

Disinfection Gun (Mini Electric Motor Pump). The mini electric motor pump

inside the commercial disinfection gun is enveloped with enameled wire coil and circuit

board are sealed by epoxy resin. The coil adopts pure copper enameled wire, lower

temperature rises and longer life span. Amphibious pump, can be use in the water or out

of water. Possesses 5.5*2.1mm female DC12V for power input and IP68 waterproof

grade, totally submersible in the water. Detachable design, providing convenience for

sanitizing. With a filter, avoiding blocking the inlet and 4 rubber suckers on the bottom,

can adsorb on the smooth surface and reduce noise and vibration. It is small size, high

efficiency, low noise. Suitable for aquarium, fountain, car cooling, computer water

cooling system and circulation systems.

 50

Figure 4. Mini Electric Motor Pump

Table 4. The Mini Electric Motor Pump Specifications

Max. Power 6W
Max. Flow Quantity 300L/H
Max. Lift 300cm / 9.84ft
Max. Current 500mA
Rated Voltage DC12V
Noise Less than 35dB
Max. Liquid Temperature 100°C
Outer Dia. of Inlet/Outlet 8.5mm / 0.33in
Inner Dia. of Inlet/Outlet 6mm / 0.24in
Waterproof Class IP68
Material PC + ABS
Cable Length 150cm / 4.92ft
Product Size 59.5 * 49 * 42mm / 2.34 * 1.9 * 1.65in
Product Weight 92g / 3.25oz
Package Size 6.5 * 6 * 5.4cm / 2.56 * 2.36 * 2.12in
Package Weight 104g / 3.68oz

SG-90 Servo Motor. Servo motors operates from 4.8V to 6.5V, the higher the

voltage higher the torque can achieve, but commonly it operates at +5V. Almost servo

motors can rotate only from 0° to 180° due to their gear arrangement. The gears in the

motors are easily subjected to wear and tear. Torque at which the motor operates. The

commonly available one is the 2.5kg/cm torque which comes with the SG90 Motor. The

2.5kg/cm torque means that the motor can pull a weight of 2.5kg when it is suspended at

a distance of 1cm.
 51

Figure 5: SG-90 Servo Motor

Table 5. The SG-90 Servo Motor Specifications

Torque 2.0kg/cm (4.8V), 2.2kg/cm(6V)
Speed 0.09s/60° (4.8V), 0.08s/60°(6V)
Rotate angle 180°
Operating voltage 4.8 ~ 6V
Gear Plastic
Dead band 7us
Weight 10.5g
Dimension 22.8mm × 12.2mm × 28.5mm
 52

FLOWCHART OF THE PROCEDURE

Collection of Materials

Design of the Prototype

Construction of the Prototype

Design and Programming of the Circuit

Preparation of Disinfecting Agent

Operation of the Prototype

Data Gathering
Research Instrument

Proper Disposal
Figure 6. Diagram of the Flowchart of the Procedure
 53

PROCEDURE

Collection of Materials

One (1) Arduino Uno microcontroller, one (1) ultrasonic sensor, one (1)

contactless temperature sensor, two (2) 5V servo motor, one (1) disinfection gun, one (1)

Printed Circuit Board, M-M wires, F-F wires, and M-F wires, one (1) green LED light,

one (1) red LED light, one (1) liter of 200 ppm hypochlorous acid was bought from

Shopee, while the 3-ply plywood was bought from Citi Hardware.

Design of the Prototype

Figure 7. Isometric View of the Device

 54

Figure 8. Top View of the Device

Figure 9. Front View of the Device

Figures 7-9 shows the design of the device. The casing of the chamber is a three-

dimensional rectangular prism. The device was primarily made of 3-ply plywood that was

purchased from a local store. The plywood was painted to protect its surface and for

better
 55

aesthetics. The Arduino Uno, ultrasonic sensors, temperature sensor, servo motor,

disinfection gun, and power supply was attached to the plywood.

Construction of the Prototype

The casing of the device was built of 3-ply plywood with a thickness of about 2-3

millimeters. Since the device is only a prototype, using lightweight materials are essential

for its smooth operation. The prototype’s dimensions are 1.5 x 1.5 x 2 feet in height,

width, and length, respectively. The ultrasonic sensor was placed inside the chamber. On

the other hand, the temperature sensor was placed on the left wall of the casing. The

servo motor, the one responsible for the opening and closing system, was placed on the

corner of the doors. For better visualization, refer the Figure 7 above for the accurate

placement. The main power source and the disinfection gun was positioned outside the

casing also following the placement in Figure 7.

 56

Design of the Circuit

Block Diagram

Figure 10. Block Diagram of the Circuit

Figure 10 shows the block diagram for the system of the project. It is composed of

several blocks to carry out the operation desired. For the input of the system, ultrasonic

sensors and a temperature sensor was used. The ultrasonic sensors are used to detect the

presence of a person inside the chamber. A temperature sensor is also used to measure the

temperature of the person inside the chamber before his/her entry. These sensors are

connected to the Arduino Uno microcontroller to supply the data needed for the process.

Hence, the decision for the output of the system is being processed by the Arduino Uno

Microcontroller. Once the ultrasonic sensor upon entering the chamber detects the

presence of a person, the disinfection gun was activated, and disinfection will occur

inside the chamber. The disinfection is through a sprayer that was installed in the

chamber. After the disinfection, another ultrasonic sensor is used at the end of the tunnel

to measure the temperature of the person, if the temperature is within the normal range,

the servo motor

 57

was energized and cause the door to open. The output of the system utilizes the use of a

servo motor for the door and a mini disinfection gun for the disinfection inside the tunnel.

A 5V power supply was used to power up the system, and this 5V power supply is

connected to the 220V AC Supply from an outlet.

Wiring Diagram

Figure 11. Wiring Diagram of the Circuit

 58

Schematic Diagram

Figure 12. Schematics Diagram of the Circuit

Figures 11-12 show the wiring and schematics diagram of the circuit. To establish

the connection between the Arduino Uno and the ultrasonic sensor, the pins are

connected accordingly. The voltage at common control (VCC) was connected to the 5V

pin of the Arduino Uno. This connection will set-up the power of the ultrasonic sensor to

activate. The trigger pin (TRIG) was connected to the digital pin 4 (D4) of the Arduino to

trigger the ultrasonic sound pulses. Then, the ECHO pin was connected to the digital pin

3. Lastly, the ground pin (GND) was connected to the GND pin of the microcontroller.

For the connection of the Arduino Uno and the temperature sensor, the pins are

connected respectively: Analog pin 4 (A4) to Serial Data Input (SDA), Analog pin 5 (A5)

to Serial Clock Input (SCL), 5V pin to VCC, and GND to GND.

 59

The positive terminal of the servo motor, represented by a red wire, was

connected to the 5V pin of the Arduino Uno. While the negative terminal, represented by

a black wire, was connected to the GND pin of the microcontroller. To activate the motor

pump (disinfection gun), the digital pin of the Arduino D5 (Blue) would have logic

HIGH (5v) to activate the MOSFET, thus, driving current to the water pump. The

negative terminal remains on the GND of the microcontroller. Lastly, the power supply

was attached by plugging the jack onto the jack port of the Arduino Uno.
 60

Programming of the Circuit

Figure 13. Flowchart of the Programming of the Microcontroller

 61

In Figure 13, the temperature sensor will start temperature scanning. If the

temperature of the person is within the normal range, the green LED light will turn on

and the entrance door will open. Alternatively, if the temperature exceeds the normal

range, the red LED will turn on and the entrance door will not open and will go back to

temperature scanning until such normal temperature was scanned. Next the ultrasonic

sensor will start presence monitoring. If there is a presence detected, the

fogger/disinfection gun will be activated to disinfect the person inside the chamber. If

not, the program will go back to presence monitoring until such presence is detected.

After 10 seconds, the fogger/disinfection gun was turned off and the exit door will

automatically open and closes after 5 seconds. This process was repeated again.

Legend:
Start/End Process

Process

Decision making

Pause
 62

Figure 14. Programming Code of the Microcontroller using Arduino IDE

The programming starts with importing Adafruit MLX90614 library to the

Arduino Uno. This establishes the connection of the temperature sensor (MLX90614) and

servo motor. All variables and pin assignments needed in the whole program were then

declared. Servo positions (posDoor and posChamber) were set to zero (0). Initial values

for the ultrasonic sensors (doorState and chamberState) were set to 13 and 12

respectively. While LEDs (greenLED and redLED), relay motor (relayMotor) and

temperature sensor (bodyTemp) were set to 11, 10, 7, and 0 respectively.

Figure 15. Programming Code of the Microcontroller using Arduino IDE

 63

A void setup was added to configurate pin function either input or output of the

ultrasonic sensors (input), LEDs (output), and relay motor (output). Then the serial data

transmission (serial.begin) was set to 9600 milliseconds. Initial states of the LEDs

(greenLED and redLED) were set to LOW indicating the system is off. While initial

states of the servo motor were initialized from 60 degrees to zero (0) degrees.

Figure 16. Programming Code of the Microcontroller using Arduino IDE

 64

The command functions that were being constantly run by the system were added

to the program which were the digitalRead (doorState) and digitalRead (chamberState).

Conditional statements for both command functions were also stated. The digitalRead

(doorState) would conduct body temperature scanning. Such that, after reading

temperatures of less than 36 degrees Celsius, greenLED pin will be set to HIGH while

posDoor goes from zero (0) to 180 degrees, which means the entrance door will open. A

delay of 5000ms was added, then posDoor will go back from 180 to zero (0) degrees,

which means the door will close. The digitalRead (chamberState) would conduct

presence monitoring. If there is presence detected greenLED pin will set to LOW and

redLED set to HIGH which means the disinfection process is taking place. At the same

time, relayMotor will set to HIGH indicating the activation of the disinfection gun for

10000ms. Next, the greenLED will be set to HIGH while redLED to LOW suggesting the

disinfection has finished. The same coding was performed, posChamber goes from zero

(0) to 180 degrees, which means the exit door will open. A delay of 5000ms was added,

then posChamber will go back from 180 to zero (0) degrees, which means the exit door

will close. Conversely, if the digitalRead (doorState) detects temperature ranging greater

than 37 degrees Celsius, the redLED pin will set to HIGH, indicating it cannot continue

the program.

Preparation of Disinfecting Agent

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution with 200 ppm was used as the disinfecting

agent for the device. At a concentration of 200 ppm, HOCl can inactivate a variety of

viruses, as well as coronaviruses (Kampf et al., 2020). The prepared HOCl solution was

bought from an online store.

 65

Operation of the Prototype

The device was plugged in a 220V AC supply outlet. The subject was positioned

at the entrance of the door. The subject’s temperature was scanned using the temperature

sensor. If the temperature is within normal range the green LED will be activated and the

servo motor will be triggered to open the entrance door and closes it again after 5

seconds. Conversely, if the temperature sensor detects above normal temperature, the red

LED will be activated and the servo motor will not open the entrance door. Then, the

ultrasonic sensor inside will detect the presence of the subject that entered the chamber,

which in turn cause the fogger/disinfection gun to be activated, spraying the disinfection

solution (hypochlorous acid) to the subject for 10 seconds. After the disinfection process,

the exit door will open allowing the subject to go out.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The researchers used the survey questionnaire as their research instrument to test

the acceptability of the device.

Testing the Reliability of the Research Instrument

The researchers chose twenty (20) people that are part of the target population but

excluded from the respondents of the actual survey for testing the acceptability of the

device. The researchers prepared a draft copy of the survey questionnaire and let the

twenty

(20) people answer. The answers were tabulated in Microsoft Excel and the researchers

used Cronbach’s alpha to measure reliability or internal consistency using a formula.

Cronbach’s alpha tests to see if multiple-question Likert scale surveys are reliable. It tells
 66

how closely related a set of test items are as a group. Cronbach’s Alpha ranges between 0

and 1, with higher values indicating that the survey or questionnaire is more reliable.

Testing the Validity of the Research Instrument

The researcher used Construct Validity wherein the researchers prepared a draft

copy of the survey questionnaire that was evaluated and validated using the criteria

developed by Carter V. Good and Douglas B. Scates by five (5) panel members,

specifically two (2) teachers with Master’s Degree at Negros Occidental High School and

three (3) electronics and communications engineers.

DATA GATHERING

Testing the Accuracy of Ultrasonic Sensor in terms of Activating the Disinfection

System

The accuracy of the ultrasonic sensor was tested by determining if it can activate

the disinfection system. The data of this parameter was collected with the use of a

research checklist. A check was given if the ultrasonic sensor activates the disinfection

system. It was marked x if otherwise. These processes were done twenty (20) times for

the reliability of the data.

Testing the Accuracy of Temperature Sensor in terms of Activating the Correct

Indicator (LED Light)

The accuracy of the temperature sensor was tested by determining if it can

activate the correct indicator. The data of this parameter was collected with the use of a

research
 67

checklist. A check was given if the temperature sensor activates the green LED light at

normal temperature. Additionally, a check was also given if the temperature sensor

activates the red LED light at above normal temperatures. It was marked x if otherwise.

This process was done twenty (20) times for the reliability of the data.

Testing the Accuracy of Temperature Sensor in terms of Activating the Entrance

Door System

The accuracy of the temperature sensor was tested by determining if it can

activate the entrance door system if the temperature is at normal and not activate if

temperature is above normal. The data of this parameter was collected with the use of a

research checklist. A check was given if the temperature sensor triggers the entrance door

system to open at normal temperature and was marked x if otherwise. Furthermore, a

check was also marked if the temperature sensor does not trigger the entrance door

system to open at above normal temperature and was also marked x if otherwise. These

processes were done twenty (20) times for the reliability of the data.

Testing the Efficiency of Ultrasonic Sensor in terms of Activating the Disinfection

System

The efficiency of the ultrasonic sensor was tested by getting its response time.

The data of this parameter was collected with the use of a stopwatch, which was

measured in seconds. The stopwatch will start if the subject is in range of the second

ultrasonic sensor. Once the fogger/disinfection gun is triggered, the stopwatch was stopped

immediately. This process was done twenty (20) times for the reliability of the data.
 68

Testing the Efficiency of the Temperature Sensor in terms of Activating the

Entrance Door System

The efficiency of the temperature sensor was tested by getting its response time.

The data of this parameter was collected with the use of a stopwatch, measure in seconds

(s). The stopwatch will start to count when the subject is in range of the temperature

sensor. Once the temperature sensor triggers the entrance door system to open at normal

temperatures, the stopwatch was stopped immediately. It was done for twenty (20) times

for the reliability of the data.

Testing the Acceptability of the Device

A researcher-made questionnaire patterned from the study of Miranda (2019) was

adapted in this study with some modifications. The questionnaire that was used in this

study underwent content validation by validators who are experts in their specific fields.

These validators were composed of five panel members, two teachers having a master’s

degree and three having an engineering degree. Their comments and suggestions were

considered in the finalization of the questionnaire.

Twenty (20) electronics and communications engineers, ten (10) teachers, and

twenty (20) students took part in the evaluation as a respondent.

Each respondent was given a chance to manipulate the device to test the function

guided by the researchers. Questions was also entertained in order to clarify certain areas

for improvement.

The description of the criteria in determining the acceptability of the device was

as follows:
 69

1. Functionality. It is measured in terms of the ability of the device to provide ease

and convenience to the user and its user-friendly features.

2. Aesthetics. It refers to the overall design of the device.

3. Durability. It refers to the ability of the device to withstand different conditions.

4. Safety. It refers to the ability of the device to not cause harm or danger.

5. Comfortability. It refers to the participant’s point of view while using the device.

Proper Disposal

The materials that were not used in the study was kept by the researchers for

possible future modifications of the project. The waste generated during the conduct of

the study, such as wires, was disposed to electronic waste disposal to avoid possible

contamination. The proper disposal of HOCl was done using dilution process, preferably

with distilled water. After that, it was safely flushed down the drain.

DATA ANALYSIS

The researchers only make use of the descriptive statistical in the study because

the research problems stated do not have hypotheses, thus, no inferential statistics was

needed. For the analysis of the accuracy of ultrasonic sensors in terms of activating

the disinfection system, accuracy of temperature sensor in terms of activating the correct

LED indicator, and accuracy of temperature sensor in terms of activating the entrance

door system, the researchers divided the number of checkmarks or number of correct

executions over the number of trials, multiplied by 100, to obtain the percentage. The

percentage was determined how accurate the device is. The higher the percentage, the

more accurate it is.

 70

For the analysis of the efficiency of ultrasonic sensors in terms of activating the

disinfection system and efficiency of temperature sensor in terms of activating the

entrance door system, the researchers solved for the mean and standard deviation of the

response time of the device for each trial. The mean indicated the average response of the

device and the standard deviation will tell how dispersed the data is in relation to the

mean. Low standard deviation means data are clustered around the mean, and high

standard deviation indicates data are more spread out.

For the analysis of the acceptability of the device, the researchers calculated for

the mean of the responses of each respondent for each item in the survey questionnaire.

The mean for each item was interpreted according to the Likert Scale interpretation.

RISK ASSESSMENT

The students, teachers, and ECE respondents was informed about the potential

risks associated with using the device during the survey process. The device used

hypochlorous acid thus the following risks may occur: skin irritation when it comes into

contact with skin, discomfort when emits a brief, light chlorine odor that quickly

dissipates, and long- term or high-dose exposure may cause pruritus or itchy skin and

irritant contact dermatitis. The device is powered electrically thus there is a risk of

electrocution if it malfunctions. There is also a risk of grounding caused by live

electricity in damaged wires, probability of an electric fault which can cause excessive

heating, and fire can ignite in a potentially flammable environment.

 71

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The researchers met the participants one by one and hand out Informed Consent

forms and Survey Protocol to them before starting the survey. Before they sign the forms,

the researchers explained what the study is all about and the requirement of their

participation. The participants was informed about the purpose of the research, its

expected duration, and the nature of any interventions/experiments; probable risks on

handling electronic parts and hypochlorous acid, and benefits of participation and the

reasonable alternatives to participation in the research protocol, confidentiality provisions

relating to the research records, any compensation and/or treatment available for research

related injuries and the right to not participate and to discontinue participation at any time

without penalty which is in accordance with the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and

Code of Conduct of the American Psychological Association (2016). Names of the

participants were not used unless their permission has been explicitly sought. In any case

that the interviewee cannot proceed with the survey because of the place where the

survey was held, the researchers would provide alternatives and negotiate to satisfy their

condition.

SURVEY PROTOCOL

The content of survey protocols that the respondent signed before the survey takes

place along with the informed consent is located in Appendix D.

INFORMED CONSENT

The content of the informed consent that was given to the chosen participants

before the survey is located in Appendix E.

 72

RESULTS

Table 6. Testing the Accuracy of the Ultrasonic Sensor

Accuracy of Ultrasonic Sensor in the Activating the Disinfection System
Activate Trial %
Disinfection
System if 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100%
Presence is ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Detected 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Table 6 shows the accuracy of ultrasonic sensor in activating the disinfection

system. Results show that the prototype performed twenty (20) proper execution out of

twenty (20) trials. Therefore, the percentage is 100%.

Table 7. Testing the Accuracy of the Temperature Sensor

Accuracy of Temperature Sensor in Terms of Activating the Correct Indicator
(LED Light)
Activate Trial %
Green Light
at Normal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 95%
Temperatures ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ x ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
(36.1°C - 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
37.2°C)
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Activate Red Trial %
Light at
Above 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100%
Normal ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Temperatures 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
(Above
37.2°C) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Table 7 shows the accuracy of the temperature sensor. In terms of accuracy of

temperature sensor in activating the green LED light at normal temperatures, results show

that the prototype performed twenty (19) proper execution out of twenty (20) trials,

making an error on the fifth trial. Therefore, the percentage is 95%. In terms of accuracy

of temperature sensor in activating the red LED light at above normal temperatures,

results show that the prototype performed twenty (20) proper execution out of twenty

(20) trials. Therefore, the percentage is 100%.

 73

Table 8. Testing the Accuracy of the Temperature Sensor

Accuracy of Temperature Sensor in Terms of Activating the Entrance Door
System
Activate Trial %
Entrance
Door at 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 95%
Normal ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ x ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Temperatures 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
(36.1°C -
37.2°C) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Not Activate Trial %
Entrance
Door at 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100%
Above ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Normal 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Temperatures
(Above ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
37.2°C)

Table 8 shows the accuracy of the temperature sensor. In terms of accuracy of

temperature sensor in activating the entrance door system at normal temperatures, results

show that the prototype performed twenty (19) proper execution out of twenty (20) trials.

Therefore, the percentage is 95%. In terms of accuracy of temperature sensor in not

activating the entrance door system at above normal temperatures, results show that the

prototype performed nineteen (20) proper execution out of twenty (20) trials. Therefore,

the percentage is 100%.

Table 9. Testing the Efficiency of the Ultrasonic Sensor

Efficiency of Ultrasonic Sensor in the Activation of the Disinfection System
Response Trial (seconds) Mean SD
Time
(Disinfec
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1.0445 0.1348
tion 1.45 1.12 1.24 0.90 0.98 0.99 1.04 1.11 1.19 1.14
System) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1.03 1.01 0.91 0.89 1.04 1.06 1.01 0.99 0.89 0.90

Table 9 shows the efficiency of the ultrasonic sensor. Results show that the fastest

response time of ultrasonic sensor in activating the disinfection system is 0.89 seconds

and the slowest response time is 1.45 seconds. The average response time of ultrasonic

sensor for twenty (20) trials is 1.0445 seconds, while the standard deviation is 0.1348.
 74

Table 10. Testing the Efficiency of Temperature Sensor

Efficiency of Ultrasonic Sensor in the Activation of the Entrance Door System
Response Trial (seconds) Mean SD
Time in
Activating 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1.0370 0.1493
the Entrance 1.01 1.12 1.07 1.10 0.99 0.94 0.84 0.81 0.97 0.86
Door at 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Normal
Temperature 0.94 1.11 1.40 1.04 1.30 1.13 0.95 0.85 1.14 1.17

Table 10 shows the efficiency of the temperature sensor. Results show that the

fastest response time of temperature sensor in activating the entrance door system is 0.81

seconds and the slowest response time is 1.40 seconds. The average response time of

ultrasonic sensor for twenty (20) trials is 1.0370 seconds, while the standard deviation is

0.1493.

Table 11. Testing the Acceptability of the Prototype

Indicator Sub-indicator Mean Overall Interpretation
Rating
Ease of Operation 4.9 4.8933 Highly
Provision for comfort and Acceptable
Function convenience
4.9
User-friendliness 4.88

Color Appeal 4.4 4.4267 Highly

Aesthetics Appropriateness of Design 4.46 Acceptable
Appropriateness of Size 4.42

Quality of Materials 4.96 4.7200 Highly

Durability Quality of Workmanship 4.66 Acceptable
Quality of Design 4.62

Absence of hazardous/toxic materials 4.86 4.8533 Highly

Safety Cannot cause medical problems 4.82 Acceptable
Provision for Protection Devices 4.88

Comfort with the disinfection

4.86 4.8160 Highly
chamber Acceptable
Comfort with the automated door
4.88
system
Comfortability Comfort with the indicators (LED
Lights)
4.88
Weight of the device 4.6
Satisfaction you have with the device 4.86
Table 11 shows the acceptability of the prototype. The indicator with the highest

acceptability rating is functionality, with a mean of 4.8933 from the responses of fifty

(50)
 75

respondents. Specifically, the “ease of operation” got the highest average sub-indicator

with a mean of 4.9. On the other hand, aesthetics got a mean of 4.4267, which is the

lowest acceptability rating. In terms of sub-indicators, “color appeal” got the lowest

acceptability rating with a mean of 4.4. Overall, the mean of the indicators and sub

indicators are above

4.2. Based on the Likert Scale interpretation, the prototype is highly acceptable in terms

of functionality, aesthetics, durability, safety, and comfortability.

 76

DISCUSSION

The accuracy of ultrasonic sensor was tested by determining if it activates the

disinfection system if there is a presence detected. Data revealed a 100% chance that the

ultrasonic sensor would activate the disinfection system after a presence was detected.

These suggest that the activation of the disinfection system was accurate and consistent.

The accuracy of the temperature sensor was tested by determining if it activated

the correct LED indicator. In terms of activating the green light at normal temperatures,

the results revealed a 95% chance of properly executing the required condition. On the

contrary, there is a 100% chance of accurately activating the red light at above-normal

temperatures. The data of activating the red light at above-normal temperatures suggests

considering external factors, especially room temperature and humidity, that might

influence the data gathering process. This implies that using other types of sensors might

provide a better result in detecting normal temperatures.

In testing the accuracy of the temperature sensor in terms of activating the

entrance door at normal temperatures, the findings indicate a 95% chance of properly

executing the required condition. The data suggests considering distance as an important

factor when conducting temperature scanning. The closer the distance, the higher the

temperature it reads. Exterior factors such as room temperature and humidity contribute

to these manifestations. On the other hand, in terms of activating the entrance door at

above-normal temperatures, the results showed a 100% chance of properly executing the

required condition. Collectively, the 95% and 100% chance of activating the entrance door

at normal temperatures and not activating the entrance door at above-normal

temperatures,
 77

respectively, implies the high success rate of the device in terms of keeping off infected

patients with high-temperature symptoms.

The efficiency of the ultrasonic sensor was tested by measuring its response time

in activating the disinfection system. After detecting a presence, the ultrasonic sensor

showed the fastest response time of 0.89 seconds and 1.45 seconds as the slowest

response time in terms of activating the disinfection system. An average of 1.0445

seconds was calculated after twenty (20) trials with a 0.1348 standard deviation. The low

standard deviation implies that the response times were consistent and reliable, indicating

the efficiency of the device.

The efficiency of the temperature sensor was tested by getting its response time

and showed that its fastest is 0.81 seconds and the slowest is 1.40 seconds. Data also

revealed an average of 1.0370 seconds with a 0.1493 standard deviation. The low

standard deviation suggests the relatedness of the recorded response time from twenty

(20) trials.

The acceptability of the prototype was tested by surveying fifty (50) respondents.

In terms of sub-indicators, “ease of operation” got the highest rating, while “color appeal”

got the lowest. This implies that the operation of the prototype is beginner-friendly and

convenient for its target population. However, its color is not appealing to the

respondents since the prototype's application of paint is not uniformly coated due to time

and budgetary constraints. Additionally, the indicators with the highest and lowest

acceptability ratings are functionality and aesthetics, respectively. Results indicate a high

inclination toward functionality, implying the well-construction and excellent

workmanship of the prototype. On the other hand, working on the improvement of the

aesthetics, specifically the painting, will reflect a high acceptability rating among ECE,

teachers, and students.

 78

CONCLUSION

This research aimed to construct an Arduino-based non-touch automated door

system with smart disinfection chamber and determine the accuracy, efficiency, and

acceptability of the prototype. Indeed, the prototype can be manufactured with readily

available and locally available materials and various electronic materials. This research

also yields significant results. The ultrasonic sensors used in activating the entrance door

system and disinfection system execute with 100% accuracy. On the other hand, the

temperature sensor used in activating the entrance door system and LED indicators

executes with 100% accuracy at normal temperatures but only 95% accuracy at above-

normal temperatures. The 5% error in the temperature sensor whenever the subject’s

temperature is within the normal range is due to the distance between them. When the

subject is too close to the sensor, it interprets the temperature as being higher than it

actually is. Hence, there should be a marker in front of the prototype for the subject to

stand on so that the temperature reading will be more accurate during actual

implementation, or the researchers can opt to use a different sensor for temperature

reading. Furthermore, the prototype was found to be highly acceptable in terms of

function, aesthetics, durability, safety, and comfortability based on the Likert Scale

Interpretation. Based on the survey results from the respondents, it is the most effective in

fulfilling its purpose in terms of functionality, gaining the highest acceptability rating.

This implies that the automated door system with disinfection system can be operated by

the community with ease and does not require further understanding of electronics and

technology for people to operate. The aesthetics of the prototype, on the other hand, can

be subjected to further improvement.

 79

In conclusion, the Arduino-based non-touch automated door system with smart

disinfection chamber could be the groundwork for future innovative studies. It is also six

to twenty times cheaper than commercially available disinfection chambers, which makes

it practical for use in schools and establishments in a developing country like the

Philippines. Despite the continuous decline of COVID-19 cases in the country, this study

would still be beneficial to the community for additional protection, hygiene, and

prevention of other communicable diseases and infections. This prototype can help

school staff, teachers, and students be less vulnerable to viruses, especially during the

resumption of face-to-face classes in the country. The findings of this study would

provide information to the Department of Science and Technology and the Department of

Health for them to promote and commercialize this product in the market. The outcome

of this study would provide data that would serve as a basis for future researchers to

conduct similar studies utilizing different variables not found in this study.
 80

RECOMMENDATIONS

After a thorough and exhaustive analysis of data, the following recommendations

are hereby made:

First, construct a life-size Arduino-based non-touch automated door system with

smart disinfection chamber and test its accuracy, efficiency, and acceptability. This will

ensure that the method can be replicated by establishments that want to create their own

disinfection system. The results will also be more reliable since the study can use humans

as subjects.

Second, when student researchers are already allowed and there is enough

protection against the infectious virus during testing in laboratories during future studies,

the efficacy of hypochlorous acid against the Sars-cov-2 virus and its safety should be

tested by the researchers. This will strengthen the results of the study.

Third, future researchers should opt for a better temperature sensor that is less

affected by external factors to ensure the reliability of the device in terms of the

temperature reading of the subject.

Fourth, the researchers can add other variables to the study. They can use

different distances of the subject from the sensors and test the device during different

weather conditions and different hours of the day to ensure that external factors do not

affect the study.

Fifth, future studies should improve the design of the device for better aesthetics

and impressions.
 81

Sixth, the efficacy of the device in reducing the number of COVID-19 cases

should be investigated. This will ensure that the device is indeed helpful in the

community and can be used as a practice during a health crisis.

Lastly, the device should be implemented in other establishments other than

schools, specifically in hospitals. The device will help and can be utilized by doctors,

healthcare workers, and patients despite the absence of a pandemic because they are

always exposed to infectious viruses and bacteria.

 82

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 91

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their sincere gratitude and special thanks to

the following:

First and foremost, to our parents and guardians, who support us financially and

morally, we appreciate the time and effort you have given us throughout the conduct of

our study.

Second, to our research adviser, Mr. Rogie P. Bacosa, for all the lessons and

enlightenment you have shared with us throughout the whole school year. Thank you for

entertaining our questions and queries during the conduct of our study, for giving

comments and suggestions to improve our paper, and for the knowledge that you have

shared with us that made us better researchers. Thank you for your great assistance that

led us to the completion of our study.

Third, to Engr. Ramnyl John A. Abeto, professor and electronics and

communications engineer at the Technological University of the Philippines-Visayas, for

whom we are utterly grateful for turning our ideas into a substantial result. We are

thankful for your insights during the conduct of our study and your assistance in the

design and construction of our prototype. The fulfillment of our study was accomplished

with your thorough guidance.

Fourth, to Engr. Brix Ian Ceasar Salmo, Engr., Carl Galit, Engr. Quila Arnaiz, Gira

Z. Delgado, and Roanne R. De Los Reyes, whom we are thankful for validating and

making suggestions to improve our survey questionnaire. Thank you for the time you

have lent us in refining the research instrument for our study.

 92

Fifth, to the electronics and communications engineers, teachers, and students

who took part as respondents in assessing the acceptability of our device, we are grateful

for your insights that led to significant results and conclusions in our study.

Lastly, to God Almighty, to whom we are thankful for giving us strength,

knowledge, opportunity, and the ability to undertake this study and to persevere and

finish it satisfactorily. Without your blessings, this study would not have been made

possible.
 93

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Documentation of Methodology

Figure 17. Collection of Figure 18. Construction of Figure 19. Transportation

Materials Casing of Casing

Figure 20. Calibration of Figure 21. Calibration of Figure 22. Attachment of

Disinfection System Arduino Uno Servo Motors to the
Arduino

Figure 23. Attachment Figure 24. Attachment of Figure 25. Attachment of

of Ultrasonic Sensors to Temperature Sensors the Electrical Components
the Arduino and LED Indicators to to the Power Source
the Arduino
 94

Figure 26. 3D-Printing of Figure 27. Attachment of Figure 28. Connection of

Enclosure for the Door Systems to the Servo Motors to the Door
Temperature Sensor and Casing Systems
LED Indicators

Figure 29. Connection of Figure 30. Connection of Figure 31. Connection of

the Entrance Door System the Exit Door System to Wires to the Disinfection
to the Circuit the Circuit System

Figure 32. Attachment of Figure 33. Connection of Figure 34. Attachment of

Disinfection System to the the Disinfection System to Enclosure to the
Casing the Circuit Temperature Sensor

Figure 35. Attachment of Figure 36. Programming of Figure 37. Calibration of

Enclosure to the Casing the Whole Circuit the Prototype
 95

Figure 38. Front View of Figure 39. Top View of the Figure 40. Isometric View
the Prototype Prototype of the Prototype

Figure 41. Testing the Figure 42. Testing the Figure 43. Testing the
Accuracy of Ultrasonic Accuracy of Temperature Accuracy of Temperature
Sensors in terms of Sensor in terms of Sensor in terms of
Activating the Disinfection Activating the Correct Activating the Entrance
System Indicator (LED Light) Door System

Figure 44. Testing the Figure 45. Testing the Figure 46. Testing the
Efficiency of Ultrasonic Efficiency of the Acceptability of the
Sensor in terms of Temperature Sensor in Prototype
Activating the Disinfection terms of Activating the
System Entrance Door System
 96

APPENDIX B

Reliability of the Survey Questionnaire

Survey Questionnaires of Twenty Respondents for Reliability Testing

Figure 47. Figure 48. Figure 49. Figure 50.

Respondent 1 Respondent 2 Respondent 3 Respondent 4

Figure 51. Figure 52. Figure 53. Figure 54.

Respondent 5 Respondent 6 Respondent 7 Respondent 8

Figure 55. Figure 56. Figure 57. Figure 58.

Respondent 9 Respondent 10 Respondent 11 Respondent 12
 97

Figure 59. Figure 60. Figure 61. Figure 62.

Respondent 13 Respondent 14 Respondent 15 Respondent 16

Figure 63. Figure 64. Figure 65. Figure 66.

Respondent 17 Respondent 18 Respondent 19 Respondent 20

Table 12. Tabulated Responses of Twenty Respondents for Reliability Testing

Respondent Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17
1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 5
4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 5
5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 5
6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5
7 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
9 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 3 5
10 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
11 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4
12 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
13 4 4 3 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 5
14 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5
15 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5
16 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5
17 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 5 5 3 5 4 5 5 5
18 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
19 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
20 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
 98

Calculation:
Formula: # of items k = 17
𝑘∑ 𝑉𝑖 sum of item variances
𝛼= (1 − ) ∑ 𝑉𝑖 = 4.8025
𝑘−1 𝑉𝑡 variance of total scores 𝑉𝑡 = 45.8475
17 4.8025 Interpretation:
𝛼= (1 − )
17 − 1 45.8475

𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟗

RELIABILITY OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

The survey questionnaire has excellent internal consistency and reliability since

the α is 0.951203719 which is greater than 0.90. Thus, the survey questionnaire is

reliable.
 99

APPENDIX C

Validity of the Survey Questionnaire

Juror:
Instruction: Please indicate your degree of agreement or disagreement on the statements
provided below by putting a check (✓) which corresponds to your answer. The
statements are taken from the criteria for evaluating survey questionnaire set forth by
Carter V. Good and Douglas B. Scates.
Options
Strongly Strongly
Criteria Agree Undecided Disagree
Agree Disagree
5 4 3 2 1
1. This questionnaire is short
enough and respondents
respect it and would not drain
much of their precious time.

2. The questionnaire is
interesting and has the face
appeal such that respondents
will be induced to respond to
it and accomplish it fully.

3. The questionnaire can obtain

some depth to respondents
and avoid superficial answers.

4. The items/questions and their

alternative responses are not
too suggestive and not too
stimulating.

5. The questionnaire can obtain

responses which are definite
but not mechanically forced.

6. Questions/items are stated in

such a way that the responses
will not be embarrassing to
the person/persons concerned.

7. Questions/items are formed in

such a manner as to avoid
doubt on the part of the
respondents.
 100

8. The questionnaire is not to

narrow nor restrictive nor
limited in its philosophy.

9. The responses to the

questionnaire when taken as a
whole, could answer the basic
purpose for which the
questionnaire is designed and
therefore considered valid.

Comments:

Signature over Printed Name Date

Rating of Each Juror

Juror 1

Figure 67. Rating of Engineer

 101

Juror 2

Figure 68. Rating of Engineer

Juror 3

Figure 69. Rating of Engineer

 102

Juror 4

Figure 70. Rating of Master Teacher

Juror 5

Figure 71. Rating of Master Teacher

 103

Table 13. Tabulated Ratings of Jurors for Each Criteria

Criteria Juror
Mean
for
1 2 3 4 5 (Rating)
Validity
Criteria 1 5 5 5 5 5 5
Criteria 2 5 4 4 5 5 4.6
Criteria 3 5 4 4 5 5 4.6
Criteria 4 5 4 5 5 5 4.8
Criteria 5 5 4 5 5 5 4.8
Criteria 6 5 4 5 5 5 4.8
Criteria 7 5 4 5 5 5 4.8
Criteria 8 5 5 4 5 5 4.8
Criteria 9 5 5 5 5 5 5

Table 14. Equivalent Ratings of Jurors for Each Criteria

Criteria for Validity Rating Equivalent
Rating (Likert
Scale)
1. This questionnaire is short enough and respondents 5 Highly Acceptable
respect it and would not drain much of their
precious time.
2. The questionnaire is interesting and has the face 4.6 Highly Acceptable
appeal such that respondents will be induced to
respond to it and accomplish it fully.
3. The questionnaire can obtain some depth to 4.6 Highly Acceptable
respondents and avoid superficial answers.
4. The items/questions and their alternative responses 4.8 Highly Acceptable
are not too suggestive and not too stimulating.
5. The questionnaire can elicit responses which are 4.8 Highly Acceptable
definite but not mechanically forced.
6. Questions/items are stated in such a way that the 4.8 Highly Acceptable
responses will not be embarrassing to the
person/persons concerned.
7. Questions/items are formed in such a manner as to 4.8 Highly Acceptable
avoid doubt on the part of the respondents.
 104

8. The questionnaire is not to narrow nor restrictive 4.8 Highly Acceptable

nor limited in its philosophy.
9. The responses to the questionnaire when taken as 5 Highly Acceptable
a whole, could answer the basic purpose for
which the questionnaire is designed and
therefore
considered valid.
Rating Scale:

4.21 to 5.00 - Highly Acceptable

3.41 to 4.20 - Very Acceptable

2.61 to 3.40 – Acceptable

1.81 to 2.60- Fairly Acceptable

1.0 to 1.80 – Not Acceptable

VALIDITY OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

The rating for all the items in the criteria for validity is highly acceptable; thus, the

survey questionnaire is valid.

 105

APPENDIX D

Survey Protocols

Given Survey Protocol to the Respondents

 106

Survey Protocol of Each Respondent for Testing of Acceptability of the Prototype

Figure 72. Survey Figure 73. Survey Figure 74. Survey Figure 75. Survey
Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of
Respondent 1 Respondent 2 Respondent 3 Respondent 4

Figure 76. Survey Figure 77. Survey Figure 78. Survey Figure 79. Survey
Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of
Respondent 5 Respondent 6 Respondent 7 Respondent 8

Figure 80. Survey Figure 81. Survey Figure 82. Survey Figure 83. Survey
Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of
Respondent 9 Respondent 10 Respondent 11 Respondent 12
 107

Figure 84. Survey Figure 85. Survey Figure 86. Survey Figure 87. Survey
Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of
Respondent 13 Respondent 14 Respondent 15 Respondent 16

Figure 88. Survey Figure 89. Survey Figure 90. Survey Figure 91. Survey
Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of
Respondent 17 Respondent 18 Respondent 19 Respondent 20

Figure 92. Survey Figure 93. Survey Figure 94. Survey Figure 95. Survey
Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of
Respondent 21 Respondent 22 Respondent 23 Respondent 24
 108

Figure 96. Survey Figure 97. Survey Figure 98. Survey Figure 99. Survey
Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of
Respondent 25 Respondent 26 Respondent 27 Respondent 28

Figure 100. Survey Figure 101. Survey Figure 102. Survey Figure 103. Survey
Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of
Respondent 29 Respondent 30 Respondent 31 Respondent 32

Figure 104. Survey Figure 105. Survey Figure 106. Survey Figure 107. Survey
Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of
Respondent 33 Respondent 34 Respondent 35 Respondent 36
 109

Figure 108. Survey Figure 109. Survey Figure 110. Survey Figure 111. Survey
Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of
Respondent 37 Respondent 38 Respondent 39 Respondent 40

Figure 112. Survey Figure 113. Survey Figure 114. Survey Figure 115. Survey
Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of
Respondent 41 Respondent 42 Respondent 43 Respondent 44

Figure 116. Survey Figure 117. Survey Figure 118. Survey Figure 119. Survey
Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of Protocol of
Respondent 45 Respondent 46 Respondent 47 Respondent 48
 110

Figure 120. Survey Figure 121. Survey

Protocol of Protocol of
Respondent 49 Respondent 50
 111

APPENDIX E

Informed Consent

Given Informed Consent to the Respondents

 112

Informed Consent of Each Respondent for Testing of Acceptability of the Prototype

Figure 122. Figure 123. Figure 124. Figure 125.

Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent
of Respondent 1 of Respondent 2 of Respondent 3 of Respondent 4

Figure 126. Figure 127. Figure 128. Figure 129.

Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent
of Respondent 5 of Respondent 6 of Respondent 7 of Respondent 8

Figure 130. Figure 131. Figure 132. Figure 133.

Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent
of Respondent 9 of Respondent 10 of Respondent 11 of Respondent 12
 113

Figure 134. Figure 135. Figure 136. Figure 137.

Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent
of Respondent 13 of Respondent 14 of Respondent 15 of Respondent 16

Figure 138. Figure 139. Figure 140. Figure 141.

Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent
of Respondent 17 of Respondent 18 of Respondent 19 of Respondent 20

Figure 142. Figure 143. Figure 144. Figure 145.

Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent
of Respondent 21 of Respondent 22 of Respondent 23 of Respondent 24
 114

Figure 146. Figure 147. Figure 148. Figure 149.

Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent
of Respondent 25 of Respondent 26 of Respondent 27 of Respondent 28

Figure 150. Figure 151. Figure 152. Figure 153.

Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent
of Respondent 29 of Respondent 30 of Respondent 31 of Respondent 32

Figure 154. Figure 155. Figure 156. Figure 157.

Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent
of Respondent 33 of Respondent 34 of Respondent 35 of Respondent 36
 115

Figure 158. Figure 159. Figure 160. Figure 161.

Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent
of Respondent 37 of Respondent 38 of Respondent 39 of Respondent 40

Figure 162. Figure 163. Figure 164. Figure 165.

Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent
of Respondent 41 of Respondent 42 of Respondent 43 of Respondent 44

Figure 166. Figure 167. Figure 168. Figure 169.

Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent Informed Consent
of Respondent 45 of Respondent 46 of Respondent 47 of Respondent 48
 116

Figure 170. Figure 171.

Informed Consent Informed Consent
of Respondent 49 of Respondent 50
 117

APPENDIX F

Survey Questionnaire

Participant’s Profile
Name (optional):
Indicate if Student/Teacher/ECE:

Signature:
Survey Questionnaire
Instruction: Kindly rate the following criteria from 1 to 5. One (1) at the lowest and
five (5) as the highest. Just check the corresponding column of your rating. One (1)
rating per criterion.
INDICATOR 1 2 3 4 5
A. Functionality
Ease of Operation
Provision for comfort and convenience
User-friendliness
INDICATOR 1 2 3 4 5
B. Aesthetics
Color Appeal
Appropriateness of Design
Appropriateness of Size
INDICATOR 1 2 3 4 5
C. Durability
Quality of Materials
Quality of Workmanship
Quality of Design
INDICATOR 1 2 3 4 5
D. Safety
Absence of hazardous/toxic materials
Cannot cause medical problems
Provision for Protection Devices
INDICATOR 1 2 3 4 5
E. Comfortability
Comfort with the disinfection chamber
Comfort with the automated door system
Comfort with the indicators (LED Lights)
Weight of the device
Satisfaction you have with the device
 118

The 5-point Likert scale was used during the evaluation in determining its

acceptability level as follows:

Rating Scale Equivalent Interpretation

Rating
5 4.21 to Highly The device is acceptable without revision
5.00 Acceptable
4 3.41 to Very Acceptable The device is acceptable with 1 to 2 revision
4.20
3 2.61 to Acceptable The device is acceptable with 3 to 4 revision
3.40
2 1.81 to Fairly Acceptable The device is acceptable with 5 or more
2.60 revision
1 1.00 to Not Acceptable The device is not acceptable and totally
1.80 abandoned

Survey Questionnaire of Each Respondent for Testing of Acceptability of the

Prototype

Figure 172. Survey Figure 173. Survey Figure 174. Survey Figure 175. Survey
Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of
Respondent 1 Respondent 2 Respondent 3 Respondent 4
 119

Figure 176. Survey Figure 177. Survey Figure 178. Survey Figure 179. Survey
Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of
Respondent 5 Respondent 6 Respondent 7 Respondent 8

Figure 180. Survey Figure 181. Survey Figure 182. Survey Figure 183. Survey
Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of
Respondent 9 Respondent 10 Respondent 11 Respondent 12

Figure 184. Survey Figure 185. Survey Figure 186. Survey Figure 187. Survey
Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of
Respondent 13 Respondent 14 Respondent 15 Respondent 16

Figure 188. Survey Figure 189. Survey Figure 190. Survey Figure 191. Survey
Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of
Respondent 17 Respondent 18 Respondent 19 Respondent 20
 120

Figure 192. Survey Figure 193. Survey Figure 194. Survey Figure 195. Survey
Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of
Respondent 21 Respondent 22 Respondent 23 Respondent 24

Figure 196. Survey Figure 197. Survey Figure 198. Survey Figure 199. Survey
Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of
Respondent 25 Respondent 26 Respondent 27 Respondent 28

Figure 200. Survey Figure 201. Survey Figure 202. Survey Figure 203. Survey
Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of
Respondent 29 Respondent 30 Respondent 31 Respondent 32
 121

Figure 204. Survey Figure 205. Figure 206. Figure 207. Survey
Questionnaire of Survey Survey Questionnaire of
Respondent 33 Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Respondent 36
Respondent 34 Respondent 35

Figure 208. Survey Figure 209. Figure 210. Figure 211. Survey
Questionnaire of Survey Survey Questionnaire of
Respondent 37 Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Respondent 40
Respondent 38 Respondent 39

Figure 212. Survey Figure 213. Figure 214. Survey Figure 215. Survey
Questionnaire of Survey Questionnaire of Questionnaire of
Respondent 41 Questionnaire of Respondent 43 Respondent 44
Respondent 42
 122

Figure 216. Survey Figure 217. Survey Figure 218. Survey Figure 219. Survey
Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of Questionnaire of
Respondent 45 Respondent 46 Respondent 47 Respondent 48

Figure 220. Survey Figure 221. Survey

Questionnaire of Questionnaire of
Respondent 49 Respondent 50

Table 15. Tabulated Responses of Fifty Respondents for Testing the Acceptability of
the Prototype (Respondent 1-10)
RESPONDENT
ITEM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Function
Ease of Operation 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5
Provision for comfort 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
and convenience
User-friendliness 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5
Aesthetics
Color Appeal 3 5 5 5 3 4 5 4 5 5
Appropriateness of 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 5 5
Design
Appropriateness of 4 5 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 5
Size
Durability
Quality of Materials 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
Quality of 4 5 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
Workmanship
 123

Quality of Design 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
Safety
Absence of 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
hazardous/toxic
materials
Cannot cause medical 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
problems
Provision for 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
Protection Devices
Comfortability
Comfort with the 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
disinfection chamber
Comfort with the 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
automated door
system
Comfort with the 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
indicators (LED
Lights)
Weight of the device 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 4 5 4
Satisfaction you have 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
with the device

Table 16. Tabulated Responses of Fifty Respondents for Testing the Acceptability of the
Prototype (Respondent 11-20)
RESPONDENT
ITEM 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Function
Ease of Operation 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5
Provision for comfort 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 5
and convenience
User-friendliness 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5
Aesthetics
Color Appeal 4 3 3 4 5 5 5 4 4 5
Appropriateness of 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 4 4 4
Design
Appropriateness of 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 4 4 4
Size
Durability
Quality of Materials 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Quality of 4 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 5 5
Workmanship
Quality of Design 4 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Safety
Absence of 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
hazardous/toxic
materials
Cannot cause medical 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
problems
Provision for 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Protection Devices
Comfortability
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Comfort with the 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

disinfection chamber
Comfort with the 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
automated door
system
Comfort with the 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
indicators (LED
Lights)
Weight of the device 4 4 3 5 5 4 4 4 5 5
Satisfaction you have 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5
with the device

Table 17. Tabulated Responses of Fifty Respondents for Testing the Acceptability of the
Prototype (Respondent 21-30)
RESPONDENT
ITEM 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Function
Ease of Operation 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
Provision for comfort 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
and convenience
User-friendliness 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
Aesthetics
Color Appeal 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 3 5 4
Appropriateness of 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 3 5 4
Design
Appropriateness of 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 3 5 4
Size
Durability
Quality of Materials 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Quality of 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 4
Workmanship
Quality of Design 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 4
Safety
Absence of 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
hazardous/toxic
materials
Cannot cause medical 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3
problems
Provision for 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3
Protection Devices
Comfortability
Comfort with the 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
disinfection chamber
Comfort with the 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
automated door
system
Comfort with the 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
indicators (LED
Lights)
Weight of the device 4 5 5 4 4 5 4 5 5 3
Satisfaction you have 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
with the device
 125

Table 18. Tabulated Responses of Fifty Respondents for Testing the Acceptability of the
Prototype (Respondent 31-40)
RESPONDENT
ITEM 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Function
Ease of Operation 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Provision for comfort 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
and convenience
User-friendliness 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Aesthetics
Color Appeal 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 3 5
Appropriateness of 5 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5
Design
Appropriateness of 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 5 4 4
Size
Durability
Quality of Materials 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Quality of 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5
Workmanship
Quality of Design 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5
Safety
Absence of 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4
hazardous/toxic
materials
Cannot cause medical 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4
problems
Provision for 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Protection Devices
Comfortability
Comfort with the 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
disinfection chamber
Comfort with the 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
automated door
system
Comfort with the 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
indicators (LED
Lights)
Weight of the device 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5
Satisfaction you have 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 5
with the device

Table 19. Tabulated Responses of Fifty Respondents for Testing the Acceptability of the
Prototype (Respondent 41-50)
RESPONDENT
ITEM 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Function
Ease of Operation 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Provision for comfort 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
and convenience
 126

User-friendliness 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Aesthetics
Color Appeal 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 4
Appropriateness of 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 4
Design
Appropriateness of 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4
Size
Durability
Quality of Materials 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Quality of 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
Workmanship
Quality of Design 5 5 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 3
Safety
Absence of 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
hazardous/toxic
materials
Cannot cause medical 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
problems
Provision for 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3
Protection Devices
Comfortability
Comfort with the 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
disinfection chamber
Comfort with the 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
automated door
system
Comfort with the 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 5
indicators (LED
Lights)
Weight of the device 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Satisfaction you have 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
with the device

Table 20. Summary of Survey Results

Indicator Mean Equivalent Rating
Function
Ease of Operation 4.9 Highly Acceptable
Provision for comfort and convenience 4.9 Highly Acceptable
User-friendliness 4.88 Highly Acceptable
Aesthetics
Color Appeal 4.4 Highly Acceptable
Appropriateness of Design 4.46 Highly Acceptable
Appropriateness of Size 4.42 Highly Acceptable
Durability
Quality of Materials 4.88 Highly Acceptable
Quality of Workmanship 4.66 Highly Acceptable
Quality of Design 4.62 Highly Acceptable
Safety
Absence of hazardous/toxic materials 4.86 Highly Acceptable
Cannot cause medical problems 4.82 Highly Acceptable
Provision for Protection Devices 4.88 Highly Acceptable
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Comfortability
Comfort with the disinfection chamber 4.86 Highly Acceptable
Comfort with the automated door system 4.88 Highly Acceptable
Comfort with the indicators (LED Lights) 4.88 Highly Acceptable
Weight of the device 4.6 Highly Acceptable
Satisfaction you have with the device 4.86 Highly Acceptable