Shredder Machine and Eco-Synthetic Wood Generation Through The Reuse of Plastic Solid Waste PDF

1
SHREDDER MACHINE AND ECO-SYNTHETIC WOOD GENERATION

THROUGH THE REUSE OF PLASTIC SOLID WASTE:
AN ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE PROJECT
A Research presented to the Faculty of

Cardona Senior High School
Cardona, Rizal
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion
for Humanities and Social Sciences
CARL ADAM B. ESTACIO

JONSYRILL F. VILLARAN
JOJIMAR JULIAN
Research Adviser
February 2019
2
APPROVAL SHEET
This research entitled PLASTIC SHREDDER MACHINE AND ECO-
SYNTHETIC WOOD GENERATION THROUGH THE REUSE OF PLASTIC
SOLID WASTE: AN ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE PROJECT prepared
and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Inquiries,
Investigations and Immersion by Carl Adam B. Estacio, and Jonsyrill F. Villaran
is hereby recommended for approval and acceptance.
______________ MARIA VICTORIA I. SAN JUAN, M.A.T.

Date Adviser
Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Inquiries,

Investigations and Immersion by the Oral Examination Committee.
NERSON R. JULIAN, M.A.T. APRIL JOY V. RAMOS, M.A.T

Member Member
JOJIMAR SJ. JULIAN, M.A.T.

Chairman
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Inquiries,

Investigations and Immersion.
_________________ LUCILLIE P. ANGELES

Date Principal II
3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers extended their sincerest gratitude to the following for their
support and assistance in the success of this study.
MRS. LUCILLIE P. ANGELES, Principal, for her moral support in
conducting this study.
MRS. MA. VICTORIA I. SAN JUAN, Inquiries, Investigations and
Immersion Teacher, who shared her knowledge and time to enhance the study.
MR. JOJIMAR SJ. JULIAN, MR. NERSON R. JULIAN, and MRS. APRIL
JOY V. RAMOS for providing comments and suggestions for the improvement of
the research.
MRS. RACQUEL B. PUNZALAN, English Teacher; MRS. TERESA F.
CAMPO, English Teacher; MRS. APRIL JOY V. RAMOS, English Teacher;
MRS. MA. ANGELICA S. PADIN, Research Teacher; and MR. JOJIMAR S.J
JULIAN, Research Teacher, for the validation of our research questionnaire.
Special appreciation is also given to the respondents for sharing their time
and knowledge in the field for the success of this study.
The Researchers
4
DEDICATION
This piece of work is dedicated first and
foremost to our God Almighty, for giving us
enough knowledge and for guiding us. To our
families & friends, for the support to our
research project.
Thank You and God Bless!
Carl Adam
Syrill
5
ABSTRACT
TITLE : PLASTIC SHREDDER MACHINE

AND ECO-SYNTHETIC WOOD
GENERATION THROUGH THE
REUSE OF PLASTIC SOLID WASTE:
AN ENVIRONMENTALLY
SUSTAINABLE PROJECT
NUMBER OF PAGES : 70
AUTHORS : CARL ADAM B. ESTACIO

JONSYRILL F. VILLARAN
TYPE OF DOCUMENT : RESEARCH PAPER
INSTITUTION : Cardona Senior High School
Executive Summary:
The population of the Philippines is rapidly increasing. According to
Worldometers, as of July 21, 2018, the population size of our country is
106,586,806 based on the latest United Nations estimates the consequent of
increasing population and developing technologies, triggers the negative impact
of garbage accumulation which affects different regions. At the rate the
metropolis is generating trash, the 3 landfills it is using would be rendered
unusable by 2037 at the latest, the MMDA report said. Currently, this is one of
6
our biggest environmental problems. As a matter of fact, the implementation of a
successful management system must include the population and be compatible
with the nature of every city, observing the peculiarities of each micro-region.
This issue must be in line with global trends, such as Circular Economy, the
Principle 3R's (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle), and the Patenting of Green
Technologies. This article aims to determine the acceptability of the developed
Plastic Shredder Machine and the mechanical properties of eco-synthetic wood
from the reused plastic solid waste. This study utilized the experimental -
developmental research design on making eco-synthetic wood through the reuse
of plastic solid waste materials. In this, the real possibility of using urban waste
and recycled plastic waste for the manufacturing of eco-synthetic wood
composites was observed. Therefore, the possibility of using urban waste and
recycled plastic waste for the manufacturing of eco-synthetic wood composites is
investigated as a potentially environmental sustainable project.

7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
APPROVAL SHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
DEDICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Chapter
1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Background and Purpose of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Hypothesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Scope and Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8
2. THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Subject of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Setting of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Source of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Procedure of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Statistical Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Computed Weighted Mean on the Acceptability of Plastic

Shredder Machine as Revealed by the Respondents
in terms of Functionality, Safety and Maintenance,
Portability, Design, and Completeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Composite Rank of the level of acceptability of Plastic

Shredder Machine in terms of Functionality, Portability,
Safety and Maintenance, Design, and Completeness . . . . . 57
The flexural strength and tensile strength of the eco-synthetic

wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials
in accordance to American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Significant Difference On The Flexural Strength and Tensile

Strength Of The Eco-Synthetic Wood From Polyethylene
Plastics And Wood Based Materials In Accordance To
American Society For Testing And Materials (ASTM)
Standards For Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Grams of polyethylene plastics were used in making

8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood considering the
Results in accordance with American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
9
4. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
APPENDIX
1. Gantt Chart of Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

B. Questionnaire Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
C. Certificate of Content Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
D. Laboratory Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
CURRICULUM VITAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
10
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Ratio and equivalent grams of Polyethylene Plastics

and Wood-based Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2 Computed Weighted Mean on the Acceptability of Plastic

in terms of Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

in terms of Safety and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

in terms of Portability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

in terms of Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

in terms of Completeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
7 Composite Rank of the level of acceptability of Plastic

Shredder Machine in terms of Functionality, Portability,
Safety and Maintenance, Design, and Completeness . . . . . . . 58
8 The flexural strength and tensile strength of the eco-synthetic

wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials
in accordance to American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) standards for Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
9 Significant Difference On The Flexural Strength Of The

Eco-Synthetic Wood From Polyethylene Plastics And Wood
Based Materials In Accordance To American Society For
Testing And Materials (ASTM) Standards For Plastics . . . . . . 61
11
10 Significant Difference On The Tensile Strength Of The

Eco-Synthetic Wood From Polyethylene Plastics And Wood
Based Materials In Accordance To American Society For
Testing And Materials (ASTM) Standards For Plastics . . . . . . 62
11 Grams of polyethylene plastics were used in making 8 by 8

inches of eco-synthetic wood considering the results in
accordance with American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
12
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Waste Characterization per Barangay (kg) in

Cardona, Rizal 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2 Conceptual Model Showing the Bio-Synthetic Wood

Generation through the Reuse of Plastic Solid Waste:
An Environmentally Sustainable Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3 Materials used on making Plastic Shredder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4 Plastic Shredder Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5 Tools used on making Eco-synthetic wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6 Weighed materials needed on making Eco-synthetic wood . . . 40
7 Photographic representation on combining wood-based
materials and plastic on making Eco-synthetic wood using
Two-roll mill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
13
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter generally consists of the introduction, background and
purpose of the study, conceptual framework, statement of the problem,
hypothesis, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study and
definition of terms.
Introduction
The population of the Philippines is rapidly increasing. According to
Worldometers, as of July 21, 2018, the population size of our country is
106,586,806 based on the latest United Nations estimates. And as the population
our country is booming, the amount of waste is continuously increasing also,
especially on the urban areas.
According to the Senate of the Philippines, Metro Manila or the National
Capital Region generated the biggest volume of wastes followed by Region 4A –
CALABARZON, and Region 3.
It is very alarming because of the possible effects of the large amount of
solid waste to the health of the people and in the environment. Waste in landfills
emits various greenhouse gases like methane, and it contributes also to climate
change. So the government and different agencies made various ways to lessen
the problem that our country is facing today.

14
As researchers, they think of what way they can lessen the solid waste in
Cardona, Rizal through recycling of these unwanted materials. They conducted
this study with the primary aim to create and determine the mechanical
properties of eco-synthetic wood from the reused plastic solid waste.
Background and Purpose of the study
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2018 of United States defined
solid waste as any unwanted waste produced by daily human activities. It
includes industrial and commercial activities, mining, agricultural operations, and
from community activities.
The term solid waste do not refer only to those physically “solid” wastes
that people usually defined as firm of hard or the waste that they can hold or
touch. According to EPA, solid wastes are also in the form of liquid, semi-solid, or
contained gaseous material.
Solid waste can be classified as municipal solid waste, hazardous wastes,
industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, bio-medical wastes, and waste
minimization. Wastes are being classified according to their sources.
Garbage and solid waste problem is one of the environmental issues in
the Philippines. It is evident because of the large amount of wastes that our
country is producing every year, and poor solid waste management.
According to the senate of the Philippines (2017), solid waste
management is a serious problem in our country, most likely in urban places,

15
specifically its capital Metro Manila. Improper waste disposal, irregular and
ineffective collection of garbage and poor disposal facilities like Materials
Recovery Facility (MRF) are some of the major problems of poor solid waste
management in our country, thus affecting the environment and the health of the
people.
Based on the report of the National Solid Waste Management
Commission (NSWMC) about the waste generation of the Philippines in the year
2012 – 2016, as cited by the Senate of the Philippines, as the population
continuously increases, rapid economic growth, improvement of living standards,
and industrialization, the total generated wastes of the Philippines is also
increasing. The results of NSWMC showed that from 2012 with 37,427.46 tons
per day, it increased to 40,087.45 tons in 2016 with an estimated average per
capita waste generation of 0.40 kilograms per day, both rural and urban. Among
all the regions un the Philippines, Metro Manila has the largest waste volume of
9,212.92 tons per day in 2016, since it has a bigger population size,
establishments and due to modern lifestyle. It is followed by Region 4A with
4,440.15 tons per day (11.08%) and Region 3 with 3,890.12 tons per day
(9.70%).
Castillo (2013), asserted on her study entitled “Status of Solid Waste
Management in the Philippines” that solid waste management is a serious
problem that needs a serious solution, most likely in the developing countries like
Philippines. Because of the rapid population and economic growth, production of
products and generation of wastes, it contributes to the environment and

16
ecological issues in the country and the world. She concluded that the
Philippines is not efficient in attaining a clean environment and contribute more in
the emission of greenhouse gases in the country, through having an unhealthy
practices in solid waste management like burning plastics, littering and improper
waste segregation and disposal. She also stated that there is a low compliance
of the local government units regarding to Republic Act 9003 of the Ecological
Solid Waste Act of 2000.
Moreover, based on the results of the study of Matunog and Awa (2013)
about solid waste generation rate in Ozamiz City, Philippines, it revealed that the
households in Ozamiz City are the top contributors of bio-degradable waste,
mostly from low income households. It also showed that among the four
categories: bio-degradable wastes; recyclable wastes; residual wastes; and
special wastes, bio-degradable waste components contributed most to the waste
generation in Ozamiz City followed by residual wastes.
Moreover, according to Solid Waste Management of Cardona, Rizal
Cardona is a third-class municipality with a population of more or less 50,000. It
is divided by the geographical situation where 11 barangays are in the mainland
Cardona, while the rest of 7 barangays are in the island called Talim Island. Only
wastes from the mainland barangays are being collected by the two (2) dump
trucks alternately routing around. Barangays Sampad, Nagsulo, and Ticulio are
not routed due to its accessibility. Thereby, only eight (8) barangays are being
served by the truck. With the absence of industries and other commercial
17
establishments, most of the wastes commonly present in the area are household
wastes.
Figure 1
Waste Characterization per Barangay (kg) in Cardona, Rizal 2015
Figure 1 shows the waste characterization of the different barangays in
Cardona, Rizal in the year 2015.
Based on the data, Baranggay Looc generates most solid waste probably
due to its population, while the least generator is Barangay Nagsulo because of
its small population. Biodegradable and recyclable wastes are most common in
Barangay Looc with 1,922.87 kgs., and 1,178.06 kgs.per day. Residual wastes
comprise of almost 16% of the entire town. Special wastes accounted 0.56%
collected from Rural Health Unit only since the two private hospitals have their
own hauler of their hospital wastes.

18
Gallarpe (2017) concluded on his study entitled “Review on the Impacts of
Waste Disposal Sites in the Philippines” that based on the present status of
different disposal sites in the Philippines, the potential contamination of these
disposal sites may affect groundwater, soil, air, plants, and other living organisms
like animals and people, especially those who are near at the site. It may cause
also different diseases like gastrointestinal diseases, because of the use of the
contaminated water from the well near at the disposal site, upper respiratory and
skin diseases. Therefore, the poor solid waste in our country has an impact in the
environment and public health.
“The disposal and treatment of waste can produce emissions of several
greenhouse gases (GHG’s) which contribute to global climate change. The most
significant GHG produced from waste is methane. It is released during the
breakdown of organic matters in landfills. Other forms of waste disposal also
produce GHG’s, but these are mainly in the form of carbon dioxide.” (Toepfer
2002)
Shamimur Rahman, et.al, (2010) on their case study on the solid waste
management in Dhaka City in Bangladesh and its impacts on climate change
stated that Bangladesh is considered to be one of the countries that are
vulnerable to the impact of climate change. The waste generation amount in
cities like Dhaka City with a population of 13.5 million, is too much because of its
population size.
19
The results on their study showed that there are about 26.89 Giga gram
(Gg) methane (CH4) emitted from the solid waste generated at Dhaka City, year
2010. In fact, there is no emission of methane in Bangladesh from not burning in
any landfill site and the oxidation factor is zero.
In addition, according to Shamimur Rahman, et.al, (2010), “it is also from
the GHG emission calculation on the basis of IPCC Guidelinetier-1 that there are
20.5 Gg and 16.96 Gg methane emitted from the landfill site at Dhaka City for
1670 ton and 1375-ton municipal solid waste in 2005 and 2001.”
Furthermore, Perez (2011) said that the sources of the emission of
greenhouse gases are solid wastes, wastes from the industrial and domestic
sectors, and human sewage, for the waste sector, its emission of carbon dioxide
for the year 2000 is 11,556 Giga gram. Approximately 47% of the total emissions
is produced by solid wastes with 259 Gg of methane and 5,439 Gg of carbon
dioxide.
As of 2010, from 1990, the total greenhouse gas emissions in the world
increased by 31%, from 38,258 MtCO2 in 1990 to 49,329 MtCO2 in 2010. These
greenhouse gas emissions came from the energy sector with 35% contribution to
the greenhouse gas emissions in the world followed by industry sector with 18%
share, and 11% accounted from both agriculture and energy sectors. Other
contributors were transport (13%), buildings (8%), and waste (4%). It also
revealed that Philippines was ranked sixth in the highest greenhouse gas
emissions in Southeast Asia, with a share of 0.31% global greenhouse gas

20
emissions as cited by the Senate of the Philippines from European Commission
Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
(PBL), Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), (2013).
On the other hand, our government has different ways on how to decrease
the greenhouse gas emission, and the rate of solid waste generation as well, like
recycling.
Likewise, according to Republic Act of 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000, Chapter lll, Article 4, Section 26-33, that DTI together
with different concerned sectors and agencies must conduct a study of existing
markets on their means of manufacturing recyclable materials. It also suggest to
require the manufactures to have an eco-label in the packaging of the products to
facilitate waste, recycling and reuse of these materials. In addition to that, there
must be programs about the separate collection of recyclable materials and toxic
components, prohibition on using non-environmentally or eco-friendly packaging
and recycling market development by means of making procedures and
strategies to market recyclable materials and develop the local market for recycle
goods. Correspondingly, the act encourages all local government units to have a
Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in every barangay which is responsible in
sorting, segregation, composting and recycling solid wastes.
Singh, et.al, (2016) concluded on their study entitled "Recycling of Plastic
Solid Waste: A state of Art Review and Future Applications" that "decreasing the
use of virgin material and reusing the PSW will contribute towards the
21
sustainability of environmental and global warming situation. Land filling being
the easiest option to discard the PSW is continuously increasing the global
issues on the other hand increasing the space requirement. To reduce the
landfilling various technologies along with separation technique, reinforced
plastic material and applications of reinforced PSW have been discussed in this
paper. This paper contributes the various separation, identification technique for
PSW including froth flotation and MPS. Froth flotation method can handle high
amounts of PSW separation efficiency in single term and most commonly used.
Without separation of plastic material contamination of collected waste can
reduce the properties of bi-product."
Correspondingly, Acosta, et.al, (2012) stated that the Philippine National
Solid Waste Management Strategy (NSWMS) was established to address
different struggles and challenges faced by the Solid Waste Management (SWM)
implementors. This medium term plan together with the National Solid Waste
Management Framework (NSWMF) was designed to bring about concerted
efforts and convergence in the waste sector. According to their study, it was built
along the principle dimensions of scope of waste management activities; critical
actors and partners in implementing the activities; and the means for
implementing the solid waste management objectives.
In line with this, it also involves determining the gains, acknowledging the
challenges and re-configure strategies in municipal solid waste management
implementation as the National Solid Waste Management Strategy continue
develops. NSWMS is aiming a mechanism that will make NSWMS possible,

22
implement a better SWM, and mainstream cross-cutting policies and emerging
concepts into the Philippine SWM sector in a more strategies and well-
coordinated manner.
Moreover, the involvement of other key stakeholders in the planning
process makes it more realistic. Since it ensures the timeliness, practicality, and
balanced perspective on the solid plan. It also opens an opportunity for other
sectors to have a contribution on the planning process, the involvement of
emerging technologies and the importance of harmonizing policies on SWM. In
addition, it may bring on enhancing the Philippine Solid Waste Management
sector.
Furthermore, based on the findings in Margarita Paghasian's study entitled
"Awareness and Practices on Solid Waste Management among College Students
in Mindanao State University Maigo State of Arts and Trades" on 2017, she
found out that the level of awareness of the students in solid waste management
was high. However, in terms of students practices in solid waste management,
the student practiced segregation, reduce, reuse wastes, but they had fair
practices on recycling and proper disposal. She asserted on her recommendation
that the solid waste management programs should be intensified through
different campaigns and seminars with respect to solid waste management.
"Recycling is not very good in the Philippines. Another major reason we're
focusing on this is that with plastic there's no such thing as recycling- it's down
cycling. You melt it down, and it is transformed into another type of plastic. And
23
so on, until you get to a point where it can be used again. You have a lump of
plastic that is non-composted." as quoted by Ziggie Gonzales (2017). With his
statement, Ziggie Gonzales thinks of an idea on how he can use rubbishes
stuffed in plastic bottles into eco-bricks, as a way of upcycling plastics rather than
letting them leak back into environment. Unlike from usual hollow blocks or
bricks, bottle bricks won’t fall but will only shake in an earthquake. This was
proven since there was an existing study carried out in Bangladesh in 2016. The
study found out that the bottle bricks were twice strong as conventional concrete
cylinders.
According to Pauline Maceda's article (2018), she featured Green Antz
Company wherein they create eco-bricks made from plastic sachets mixed with
cement. A one eco-brick are composed of 100 plastic sachets. Moreover, plastic
sachets also help in increasing the bricks thermal insulating properties. Also,
unlike hollow blocks with a drab color of grey, Green Antz' eco-bricks have a
variety of types that can be used for various architectural design because of its
versatility.
Indeed, recycling solid waste materials can gives us an extraordinary
product that is more likely to be better than the commercially available of it.
Another example for this is the greener than green eco deck. According to Ethan
Allen, eco deck is an eco-friendly product made through the use of recycled
wood fibers, plastics, adhesives and stabilizers. With the help of technologically-
advanced manufacturing process, eco deck advance to a new level as it resists

24
warpage, splintering, rotting and even insect infestation that surely makes it work
better than the commercially available one.
Improvenet (2014) defined synthetic wood decking as the combination of
different materials such as wood fiber and plastics. This process is also called
composite decking. The mentioned materials are used to generate a decking
plank that requires less maintenance and is believed that it can be used for many
years compared to the life span of an ordinary wood. Composite decking can
resist different weather conditions that may result to cracking, warping, and
breaking. It can't be easily damage by insects like termites and doesn't need to
put water repellant or stain treatments because of its various properties.
Synthetic wood decking is usually made from polymers such as poly ethylene,
polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene.
According to Gardner, et.al, (2015), wood plastic composites are the
combination of wood-based materials like lumber, veneer, fibers, or particles and
polymers, through the process of extrusion, injection molding, and compression
molding or thermoforming.
Extrusion process, melt the polymer and undergo compounding process
that mixes the polymer together with the wood-based materials and additives.
After extrusion, the mixed materials were subjected to injection molding. It is
used to produce parts containing complex geometrics. The last process is the
compression molding or the thermoforming.

25
They asserted that "wood-plastic composite technology continues to
mature with improvements being made in manufacturing processes (extrusion,
injection, and compression molding); material advances in novel polymers
matrices treatments, and additives; profiles and parts for construction,
automobiles, and furniture; durability from weather, fire, and biological track; as
well as the development of product standards for building construction. New
developments are being made especially in the area of nano additives for WPC's
including nano cellulose. Patent activity in WPCs continues to increase with the
development of new product types and market application areas. "
Wood plastic composite (WPC) products became a hit since the first time
it has been marketed in the early 1990s as weather resistant decking. It evolved
rapidly into nailing, fencing, grim, automotive parts, and other applications.
Indeed, adding word to plastic caused benefits to the WPC, however, it is
technically demanding. According to K Hanawalt (2012), "wood is not the only
natural fiber used in plastics composites but it is the most common." Also, mixing
and extruding wood fiber in a plastic matrix demand an extra effort as it involves
formulation, drying, and extrusion temperature.
According to Akinfiresoye (2017), wood plastic composite is the product
of combining wood flour and plastic, thermoplastic resin, saw dust and chemical
additives, and it was made through the use of an extruder. The machine includes
melting and mixing chamber, extruding chamber, the frame and the discharging
chamber. It melts the recycled shredded plastics at 200°C before they mixed it
with wood flour.

26
As a solution to the mentioned problem caused by the solid wastes, this
study aimed to create and determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the
developed plastic shredder machine and the mechanical properties of eco-
synthetic wood from the reused plastic solid waste to help in decreasing the
generated solid waste in Cardona, Rizal.
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of the study utilized the Coombs' System
Approach which illustrate the variables and their interrelationship, whereas input,
process, output were indicated.
The first frame contains the input variables which consist of materials
needed in making plastic shredder machine and the eco-synthetic wood such as
scrap metals, motor, plastic solid wastes and wood based materials and other
laboratory devices used for testing.
The second frame shows the process of making plastic shredder machine
and the eco-synthetic wood which includes the collection and preparation of
materials, development of the plastic shredder machine and the eco-synthetic
wood, conducting survey, laboratory testing, and gathering and analyzing the
data.
The third frame shows the output of the study, the plastic shredder
machine and eco-synthetic wood generation through the reuse of plastic solid
waste: an environmentally sustainable project.

27
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
 Materials
needed in
 Collection and
making plastic
preparation of
shredder
materials
machine and
 Development
the eco-
of the plastic
synthetic wood
shredder
such as scrap
machine and Plastic Shredder
metals, motor, Machine and Eco-
the eco- Synthetic Wood
plastic solid
synthetic wood Generation Through
wastes and the Reuse of Plastic
 Conducting Solid Waste: An
wood based
survey Environmentally
materials Sustainable Project
 Laboratory
 Equipment and
Testing
tools in making
 Gathering and
bio-synthetic
analyzing the
wood
data
 Other
laboratory
devices
FEEDBACK
Figure 2
Conceptual Model Showing the Plastic Shredder Machine and Eco-
Synthetic Wood Generation through the Reuse of Plastic Solid Waste: An
Environmentally Sustainable Project
28
Feedback arrow represents the continuous flow of steps to determine the
acceptability of bio-synthetic wood from reused plastic solid waste through the
step by step procedure made. As the result, the diagram shows an indirect flow
whereas input, process and output are related to one another.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to create and determine the mechanical properties of
eco-synthetic wood from the reused plastic solid waste.
Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:
1. What is the acceptability of Plastic Shredder Machine as evaluated by the two
groups of respondents, the experts and the students based on the following
criteria:
1.1. Functionality;
1.2. Safety and Maintenance;
1.3. Portability;
1.4. Design; and
1.5. Completeness?
2. What is the flexural strength and tensile strength of the eco-synthetic wood
from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials in accordance to
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics in
terms of :
2.1. 50% polyethylene plastics and 50% wood based materials;

29
and
2.3. 70% polyethylene plastics and 30% wood based materials?
3. Is there a significant difference on the flexural strength and tensile strength of
the eco-synthetic wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials
in accordance to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
standards for Plastics in terms of :
3.2. 60% polyethylene plastics and 40% wood based materials; and
3.3. 70% polyethylene plastics and 30% wood based materials?
4. How many grams of polyethylene plastics were used in making 8 by 8 inches
of eco-synthetic wood considering the results in accordance with American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics in terms of
making:
4.1. 50 pieces;
4.2. 100 pieces; and
4.3. 150 pieces?
Hypothesis
The study tested the following hypothesis:
1. There is no significant difference on the flexural strength and tensile
strength of the eco-synthetic wood from polyethylene plastics and wood

30
based materials in accordance to American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics in terms of 50% polyethylene
plastics and 50% wood based materials, 60% polyethylene plastics and
40% wood based materials and 70% polyethylene plastics and 30% wood
based materials.
Significance of the Study
The aim of the study was to test the effectiveness and efficiency of the
developed plastic shredder machine and the mechanical properties of eco-
synthetic wood from the reused plastic solid waste to help in decreasing the
generated solid waste in Cardona, Rizal.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study aimed to developed and identify the acceptability of the plastics
shredder machine and the mechanical properties of the eco-synthetic wood as a
basis for an environmentally sustainable project. Moreover, its main purpose is to
make a sustainable project ad livelihood that will lessen the amount of plastic
solid waste in Cardona generated every day. The study was conducted at
Cardona Senior High School, Cardona, Rizal. It started on September 2018 to
January 2018. The gathering and drying of plastic solid waste samples was done
at Cardona, Rizal. The process of making eco-synthetic wood was conducted at
the Materials and Science Division of Industrial Technology Development
Institute (ITDI)Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Bicutan, Taguig
City. The researchers had chosen the place because it provides a good service
for the laboratory and experimental procedure. The Forest Product Research
31
Development Institute (FPRDI), Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
at University of the Philippines at Los Banos, Laguna also helped in the process
because of the actual testing of the mechanical properties which were done in
their laboratory. The development of the plastics shredder machine was done at
the welding laboratory of Cardona Senior High School.
Definition of Terms
To have better understanding on the study, the following terms are hereby
defined conceptually:
Completeness.The state of the plastic shredder machine of having all the
necessary or appropriate parts.
Design. The look and function or workings of the plastic shredder
machine.
Eco-Synthetic Wood. A wood that is made from wood fibers and HDPE
plastics.
Flexural strength. This is a material property, defined as the stress in a
material just before it yields in a flexure test.
Functionality. The quality of the plastic shredder machine of being suited
to serve a purpose well.
High-density Polyethylene (HDPE) Plastic. This is a thermoplastic
polymer produced from the monomer ethylene. It is the type of plastic being used
in the study.
32
Plastic Shredder Machine. This is used for cutting the plastic in small
pieces to make waste management easier.
Portability. The ability of the plastic shredder machine to be easily carried
or moved.
Safety and Maintenance. The plastic shredder machine
remains safe and the maintenance operation is carried out safely.
Tensile Strength. The resistance of the eco-synthetic wood to break
under tension.
33
CHAPTER 2
THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design, subject of the study, settings of
the study, sources of data, procedure of the study and statistical treatment.
Research Design
The study utilized three research methods, the Developmental,
Descriptive and Experimental method. According to Manuel and Medel (1998),
experimental research has the basic purpose of discovering the influence of one
or more facts on condition, group or situation. It described and analyzed
variables in carefully controlled conditions to determine how/why a particular
event occurs.
Likewise, Wikipedia (July 2015) explained that experimental method is an
orderly procedure carried out with the goal of verifying, refuting, or establishing
the validity of a hypothesis. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by
demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated.
Experiments vary greatly in their goal and scale, but always rely on repeatable
procedure and logical analysis of the results. In experimental method, the
researchers control the allocation of a treatment to the research subject. Contrast
this with observational design where the researchers do not have this control.
Information from an experimental design is generally considered more
authoritative that information from an observational design.

34
The researchers utilized experimental method to determine the ideal
formulation of the eco-synthetic woods and mechanical properties of the wood.
On the same manner, the researcher’s utilized developmental research, as this
study opposed the simple instructional development includes systematic study of
designing and evaluating instructional programs, process and products that must
meet criteria of internal consistency and effectiveness.
Developmental research is particularly important in the field of instructional
technology. The researchers used developmental method as this study sought to
provide specific development to the subjected which is the plastic shredder
machine and descriptive to identify the acceptability of the product.
Subject of the Study
The subject of the study is the plastic shredder machine and the eco-
synthetic wood which was subjected for acceptability testing and mechanical
property testing.
Metal, textile, and wood fiber waste, it constitutes a major part of the
municipal solid wastes, and it originates from households, universities, schools,
or hospitals (hazardous and health-care waste). Other sources of solid waste are
industrial, commercial, construction demolition, furniture industry wastes, and all
business activities. Uncollected solid waste is associated with global challenges
and impacts.
Plastic waste is also a problem for municipal solid waste management.
The recycling process reduces the amount of waste going into landfills, and also
35
permits a reduction in the consumption of virgin material and resources used to
produce other materials (OKEYINKA, OLOKE, KHATIB, 2015; VAIDYA et al,
2016, AHMED, 2010].
Recycled plastic could be used as an input for the cycle production of new
products, which is the case for synthetic wood (VÉLEZ & VÉLEZ, 2017,
ROCHMAN, BROWNE, THOMPSON, 2013, YEH, AGARWAL, GUPTA, 2009)
Settings of the Study
There are three (3) sites which served as the place of the study. Solid
waste materials are from Cardona, Rizal where it is being collected.
Development of the plastics shredder machine was done at the welding
laboratory of Cardona Senior High School.
The process of making eco-synthetic wood was conducted at the
Materials and Science Division of Industrial Technology Development Institute
(ITDI)Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Bicutan, Taguig City. The
researchers had chosen the place because it provides a good service for the
laboratory and experimental procedure.
The Forest Product research Development Institute (FPRDI), Department
of Science and Technology (DOST) at University of the Philippines in Los Banos,
Laguna also helped in the process because of the actual testing of the
mechanical properties done in their laboratory.

36
Sources of Data
The researchers apparently used the analysis result of the mechanical
process from the Forest Product Research Development Institute, (FPRDI)
Department of Science and Technology (DOST) University of the Philippines,
Los Banos, Laguna.
Primarily, to determine the acceptability of the plastic shredder machine
Likert Scale below was used to interpret the result as evaluated by the groups of
respondents.
Procedure of the Study
A. Conduct of The Study
This part deals on the step by step procedure and process done in
conducting the study. The researcher used Gantt chart or schedule of activities,
37
which served as plan for the study. It also shows the duration of months in
covering the research study.
The study started in formulating the research title through the help of
information source such as books, magazine, articles and other related printed
local and foreign works that are suited and have relevance to the proposed title.
After the approval of the title, the researcher began working on the first
and second chapter of the research.
Upon completion of chapters one (1) and two (2), the research adviser
checked the chapters one and two and had given different suggestions for the
improvement of the study.
The generation of eco-synthetic wood through the reuse of plastic solid
waste materials and the laboratory testing of mechanical properties of the said
product were done.
Thereafter, all the collected data were analyzed carefully. Then, evaluation
of the results for which it is needed for the completion of Chapters three and four.
B. Conduct of The Experiment
For the proper conduct of the study, the following procedures had
transpired in the conduct of the experiment.

38
1. Materials used in the Study
The materials used in making the plastic shredder machine are metal
plate, angle bar, motor, bolt, welding rod, grinding disk, cutting disk, flat disk, drill
bit, nut, spacer, palm belt, pipe, bearings and acetylene tank. Other materials
used in the study included polyethylene plastics and wood based materials
(kusot).
The tools and equipment used in making eco-synthetic wood are scissors,
weighing scale, two-roll mill, compression machine, teflon and molder with a
thickness of 4 mm.
2. Making Plastic Shredder Machine
The researcher prepared all the materials needed in making plastic
shredder machine and ask for an assistance to the experts.
The researcher draws a triangular and curved shape that served as a
guide in making the blades and cut it using acetylene cutter. The researcher
used grinder to make the blade neat. The researcher weld the curved blades on
the pipe based on the desired length of the pipe. On the other hand, the
researcher weld the triangular blades on the other pipe, and made sure that the
blades are alternated and has a small space in it.

39
Figure 3
Materials used on making Plastic Shredder
The researcher made a plate that has the same length with the pipe and
has a space for the belt and washer. After that, the researcher weld it together
with the pipe with triangular blades and put the bearings to the pipe with curved
blades. The researcher put the bolt, and placed the washer on the other side.
And when the spacer and nut was putted on the pipe, the motor and belt were
assembled in the pipe.
Figure 4
Plastic Shredder Machine
40
3. Testing the Acceptability of the Plastic Shredder Machine
The researcher conducted a survey to the experts to test the acceptability
of plastic shredder machine as revealed by the respondents in terms of
functionality, safety and maintenance, portability, design, and completeness.
4. Preparation of the Materials in Making Eco-Synthetic Wood
As a second step, the researchers collected low density polyethylene
plastics and wood based materials at Cardona, Rizal.
The materials used in the study includes low density polyethylene plastics
and wood based materials (kusot). Other tools and equipment used in making
eco-synthetic wood are scissors, weighing scale, two-roll mill, compression
machine, teflon and molder with a thickness of 4 mm.
Figure 5
Tools used on making Eco-synthetic wood
41
A. Weighing of Low Density Polyethylene Plastics and Wood Based
Materials
Figure 6
Weighed materials needed on making Eco-synthetic wood
Based on the required weight of 230 g. of materials needed in making 8 by
8 inches eco -synthetic wood with a thickness of 4 mm as suggested by the
Science Aide from the Department of Science and Technology - Industrial
Technology Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) Material Science Division, the
researchers made three different formulations in making eco-synthetic wood as
presented in the table on the next page.

42
Table 1
Ratio and equivalent grams of Polyethylene Plastics and Wood-based
Materials
Polyethylene Plastics Wood Based Materials
Percentage (%) Grams (g.) Percentage (%) Grams (g.)
50% 115 g. 50% 115 g.
60% 138 g. 40% 92 g.
70% 161 g. 30% 69 g.
Afterwards, the researchers weighed the materials based from the given
formulation.
B. Eco-Synthetic Wood Generation Process
The weighed low density polyethylene plastics were put first at the Two-
Roll Mill within 5 minutes, and when the plastics were melted, the wood based
materials mixed together with it for another 5 minutes.
Figure 7
Photographic representation on combining wood-based materials
and plastic on making Eco-synthetic wood using Two-roll mill
43
After mixing the materials, it was placed at the molder with a teflon and
has a thickness of 4 mm and underwent compression at the Compression
Machine for 5 minutes, and cooled for 3 minutes. And then, the generated eco-
synthetic wood was removed at the molder.
Figure 8
Eco-synthetic wood
The process was done at the Department of Science and Technology -
Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) Material Science
Division Bicutan,Taguig City Metro, Manila.
C. Mechanical Property Testing

44
The mechanical property testing of the eco-synthetic wood was done at
the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Forest Products Research
and Development Institute (FPRDI), Los Banos, Laguna.
Statistical Treatment
The gathered data were subjected to statistical treatment and quantitative
description as a reference in the analysis and interpretation of data.
To determine the acceptability of plastic shredder machine as revealed by
the respondents in terms of functionality; safety and maintenance; portability;
design; and completeness, mean and rank distribution was used.
To determine the significant difference on the flexural strength of the eco-
synthetic wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials in
accordance to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards For
Plastics, one way analysis of variance was used.
Quantitative description and interpretation was used to answer the
statement of the problem.

45
CHAPTER 3
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of
data, and implications based on the results to answer the problem of the study.
Acceptability of Plastic Shredder Machine as Revealed by the Respondents
The researcher-made evaluation instrument was used to evaluate the
acceptability of the project.
The five – point scale was used as a basis in determining the acceptability
of the plastic shredder and to interpret the results of the evaluation.
Table 2 on the next page shows the level of acceptability of plastic
shredder machine as perceived by the technology experts in terms of
functionality has an average weighted mean of 4.48 and verbally interpreted as
“Extremely Functional” (EF).
Items number 1 “The developed Plastic Shredder Machine operates what
it is supposed to perform” and number 5 “The Plastic Shredder Machine execute
accordingly” got the first rank with the weighted mean of 4.60 and verbally
interpreted as “Extremely Functional”, followed by item number 4 “The Plastic
Shredder Machine gives the desired output” got the second rank with the
weighted mean of 4.47 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Functional”.
Followed by item number 2 “The Plastic Shredder’s motor performed well” got
the third rank with the weighted mean of 4.40 and verbally interpreted as
“Extremely Functional”, followed by item number 3 “The Plastic Shredder’s blade

46
easily cut the plastics” got the last rank with the weighted mean of 4.33 and
verbally interpreted as “Extremely Functional”.
Table 2
Computed Weighted Mean on the Acceptability of Plastic Shredder
Machine as Revealed by the Respondents in terms of Functionality
Functionality Experts End Users
Mean VI Rank Mean VI Rank
1. The developed Plastic 4.60 EF 1.5 4.67 EF 1

Shredder Machine operates
what it is supposed to
perform.
2. The Plastic Shredder’s 4.40 EF 4 4.47 EF 3

motor performed well.
3. The Plastic Shredder’s 4.33 EF 5 4.27 EF 5

blade easily cut the plastics.
4. The Plastic Shredder 4.47 EF 3 4.40 EF 4

Machine gives the desired
output.
5. The Plastic Shredder 4.60 EF 1.5 4.53 EF 2

Machine execute
accordingly.
Average Weighted Mean 4.48 EF 4.47 EF
EF – Extremely Functional
On the other hand, the perception of the end users to the device in terms
of functionality has an average weighted mean of 4.47 and verbally interpreted
as “Extremely Functional” (EF).

47
Item number 1 “The developed Plastic Shredder Machine operates what it
is supposed to perform” got the first rank with the weighted mean of 4.67 and
verbally interpreted as “Extremely Functional”, followed by item number 5 “The
Plastic Shredder Machine execute accordingly” got the second rank with
weighted mean of 4.53 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Functional”, the
next item is number 2 “The Plastic Shredder’s motor performed well” got the third
rank with the weighted mean of 4.47 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely
Functional”. Item number 4 “The Plastic Shredder Machine gives the desired
output” got the forth rank with the weighted mean of 4.40 and verbally interpreted
as “Extremely Functional” and item number 3 “The Plastic Shredder’s blade
easily cut the plastics” got the last rank with the weighted mean of
4.27 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Functional”.
It shows that the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely functional in terms
of the design of the product as revealed by the respondents.
This implies that the requirements of the experts and end users on the
Plastic Shredder Machine as far as functionality is concerned had been satisfied.
shredder machine as perceived by the technology experts in terms of safety and
maintenance has an average weighted mean of 4.55 and verbally interpreted as
“Extremely Safe and Easy” (ESE).

48
Table 3
Machine as Revealed by the Respondents in terms of Safety and
Maintenance
Safety and Maintenance Experts End Users
1. The developed Plastic 4.53 ESE 3 4.60 ESE 2.5

Shredder Machine is easy to
maintenance.
2. The Plastic Shredder 4.47 ESE 4.5 4.53 ESE 4.5

Machine is safe to use.
3. The maintenance of 4.60 ESE 2 4.67 ESE 1

Plastic Shredder Machine is
not costly.
4. All of its parts are 4.67 ESE 1 4.53 ESE 4.5

properly insulated to avoid
possible electrical accidents
5. Replacement of the 4.47 ESE 4.5 4.60 ESE 2.5

defective parts are easy.
Average Weighted Mean 4.55 ESE 4.59 ESE
ESE – Extremely safe and easy
Items number 4 “All of its parts are properly insulated to avoid possible
electrical accidents” got the first rank with the weighted mean of 4.67 and
verbally interpreted as “Extremely Safe and Easy”, followed by item number 3
“The maintenance of Plastic Shredder Machine is not costly” got the second rank
with the weighted mean of 4.60 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Safe and
Easy”, followed by item number 1 “The developed Plastic Shredder Machine is

49
easy to maintenance” got the third rank with the weighted mean of 4.53 and
verbally interpreted as “Extremely Safe and Easy”.
Followed by item number 2 “The Plastic Shredder’s motor performed well”
got the forth rank with the weighted mean of 4.40 and verbally interpreted as
“Extremely Safe and Easy”, and number 5 “Replacement of the defective parts
are easy” got the last rank with the weighted mean of 4.47 and verbally
interpreted as “Extremely Safe and Easy”.
of safety and maintenance has an average weighted mean of 4.59 and verbally
interpreted as “Extremely Safe and Easy” (ESE).
Item number 3 “The maintenance of Plastic Shredder Machine is not
costly” got the first rank with the weighted mean of 4.67 and verbally interpreted
as “Extremely Safe and Easy”, followed by items number 1 “The developed
Plastic Shredder Machine is easy to maintenance” and five “Replacement of the
defective parts are easy” got the second rank with weighted mean of 4.60 and
verbally interpreted as “Extremely Safe and Easy”, the next item is number 2
“The Plastic Shredder’s motor performed well” got the third rank with the
weighted mean of 4.47 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Functional”. And
items number 2 “The Plastic Shredder Machine is safe to use” and number 4 “All
of its parts are properly insulated to avoid possible electrical accidents” got the
last rank with the weighted mean of 4.53 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely
Safe and Easy”.

50
It shows that the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely safe and easy in
terms of the safety and maintenance of the product as revealed by the
respondents.
Plastic Shredder Machine as far as safe and easy as revealed by the experts and
the end users.
Table 4
Machine as Revealed by the Respondents in terms of Portability
Portability Experts End Users
1. The Plastic Shredder 4.73 EA 2 4.60 EA 2

Machine can be easily carry
and handle.

Machine is movable.

Machine can be easily
operate.

Machine is very convenient
to use.

Machine has a light weight.
Average Weighted Mean 4.59 EA 4.52 EA
EA – Extremely Acceptable
51
Table 4 shows the level of portability of plastic shredder machine as
perceived by the technology experts in terms of design has an average weighted
mean of 4.48 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable” (EA).
Items number 5 “The Plastic Shredder Machine has a light weight” got the
first rank with the weighted mean of 4.80 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely
Acceptable”, followed by item number 1 “The Plastic Shredder Machine can be
easily carry and handle” got the second rank with the weighted mean of 4.73 and
verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”. Followed by item number 2 “The
Plastic Shredder Machine is movable” got the third rank with the weighted mean
of 4.67 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”, followed by item
number 3 “The Plastic Shredder Machine can be easily operate” got the forth
Acceptable” and item number 4 “The Plastic Shredder Machine is very
convenient to use” got the last rank with the weighted mean of 4.27 and verbally
interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”.
of portability has an average weighted mean of 4.59 and verbally interpreted as
“Extremely Acceptable” (EA).
Item number 2 “. The Plastic Shredder Machine is movable” got the first
Acceptable”, followed by item number 1 “The Plastic Shredder Machine can be
easily carry and handle” got the second rank with weighted mean of 4.60 and
52
verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”, the next item is number 5 “The
Plastic Shredder Machine has a light weight” got the third rank with the weighted
mean of 4.53 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”. Item number 3
“. The Plastic Shredder Machine can be easily operate” got the forth rank with the
weighted mean of 4.47 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable” and
item number 4 “The Plastic Shredder Machine is very convenient to use” got the
last rank with the weighted mean of 4.27 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely
Acceptable”.
It shows that the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely acceptable in
terms of the portability of the product as revealed by the respondents.
Plastic Shredder Machine as far as portability is concerned had been satisfied.
The Table 5 on the next page shows the level of acceptability of plastic
shredder machine as perceived by the technology experts in terms of design has
an average weighted mean of 4.49 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Better”
(EB).
Item number 5 “The components of the plastic shredder machine have
been checked for quality” got the first rank with the weighted mean of 4.67 and
verbally interpreted as “Extremely Better”, followed by item number 4 “Different
parts of plastic shredder machine are proportion to each other considering the
scale ratio and space relationships” got the second rank with the weighted mean
of 4.53 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Better”.

53
Table 5
Machine as Revealed by the Respondents in terms of Design
Design Experts End Users

1. The device cannot harm 4.47 EB 3.5 4.53 EB 3

because it doesn’t have sharp
edges.
2. All components of plastic 4.33 EB 4 4.47 EB 4

shredder machine are fair to each
other serving equal visual weight.
3. Agreement and order of the 4.47 EB 3.5 4.40 EB 5

materials used in the
constructions and development of
plastic shredder machine is
observed.
4. Different parts of plastic 4.53 EB 2 4.67 EB 1

shredder machine are proportion
to each other considering the
scale ratio and space
relationships.
5. The components of the plastic 4.67 EB 1 4.60 EB 2

shredder machine have been
checked for quality.
Average Weighted Mean 4.49 EB 4.53 EB
EB – Extremely Better
Items number 1 “The device cannot harm because it doesn’t have sharp
edges” and number 3 “Agreement and order of the materials used in the
constructions and development of plastic shredder machine is observed” got the

54
third rank with the weighted mean of 4.47 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely
Better”, followed by item number 2 “All components of plastic shredder machine
are fair to each other serving equal visual weight” got the last ranked with the
weighted mean of 4.33 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Better”.
of design has an average weighted mean of 4.53 and verbally interpreted as
“Extremely Better” (EB).
Item number 4 “Different parts of plastic shredder machine are proportion
to each other considering the scale ratio and space relationships” got the first
Better”, followed by item number 5 “The components of the plastic shredder
machine have been checked for quality” got the second rank with the weighted
mean of 4.60 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Better”. Item number 1 “The
device cannot harm because it doesn’t have sharp edges” got the third rank with
the weighted mean of 4.53 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Better”,
followed by item number 2 “All components of plastic shredder machine are fair
to each other serving equal visual weight” got the fourth ranked with the weighted
mean of 4.47 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Better”. Item number 3
“Agreement and order of the materials used in the constructions and
development of plastic shredder machine is observed” got the last rank with the
weighted mean of 4.40 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Better”.

55
It shows that the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely better in terms of
the design of the product as revealed by the respondents.
This implies that the Plastic Shredder Machine is better as revealed by the
experts and the end users.
Table 6 on the next page shows the level of acceptability of Plastic
Shredder Machine as perceived by the Technology Experts in terms of
completeness that has an average weighted mean of 4.57 and verbally
interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable” (EA).
Item number 4 “The developed product contains correct and reliable
information that you need about the Plastic Shredder Machine” got the first rank
with the weighted mean of 4.73 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely
Acceptable”, followed by item number 2 “The developed product covers all the
aspects of the projects” got the second rank with the weighted mean of 4.67 and
verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”.
Item number 5 “The developed product includes self-containedness,
accuracy, robustness/integrity and consistency” got the third rank with the
weighted mean of 4.60 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”,
followed by item number 1 “The developed product covers all the features
needed” got the forth rank with the weighted mean of 4.53 and verbally
interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”. Item number 3 “The developed product
presents information about the detail” got the last rank with the weighted mean of
4.33 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”.

56
Table 6
Machine as Revealed by the Respondents in terms of Completeness
Completeness Experts End Users
1. The developed product 4.53 EA 4 4.47 EA 3.5

covers all the features
needed.
2. The developed product 4.67 EA 2 4.60 EA 2

covers all the aspects of the
projects.

presents information about
the detail.

contains correct and reliable
information that you need
about the Plastic Shredder
Machine.
5. The developed product 4.60 EA 3 4.47 EA 3.5

includes self-containedness,
accuracy,
robustness/integrity and
consistency.
Average Weighted Mean 4.57 EA 4.49 EA
EA – Extremely Acceptable
On the other hand, the perception of the end users to the product in
terms of completeness has an average weighted mean of 4.49 and verbally
interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable” (EA).

57
Item number 4 “The developed product contains correct and reliable
information that you need about the Plastic Shredder Machine” got the first rank
with the weighted mean of 4.67 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely
Acceptable”, followed by item number 2 “The developed product covers all the
aspects of the projects” got the second rank with the weighted mean of 4.60 and
verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”. Items number 1 “The developed
product covers all the features needed” and number 5 “The developed product
includes self-containedness, accuracy, robustness/integrity and consistency” got
the third rank which is equal with the weighted mean of 4.47 and verbally
interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”, followed by item number 3 “The
developed product presents information about the detail” got the last rank with
the weighted mean of 4.27 and verbally interpreted as “Extremely Acceptable”.
It shows that the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely acceptable in
terms of the completeness of the product as revealed by the respondents.
This implies that the Plastic Shredder Machine is acceptable as revealed
by the experts and the end users.
shredder machine in terms of functionality, portability, safety and maintenance,
design, and completeness.

58
Table 7
Composite Rank of the level of acceptability of Plastic Shredder Machine in
terms of Functionality, Portability, Safety and Maintenance, Design, and
Completeness
Mean Rank Verbal Interpretation
Functionality 4.48 5 Extremely Functional
Safety and 4.57 1 Extremely Safe and Easy

Maintenance
Portability 4.56 2 Extremely Acceptable
Design 4.51 4 Extremely Better
Completeness 4.53 3 Extremely Acceptable
It could be noticed from the table that safety and maintenance ranked first
with a weighted mean of 4.57 and has a verbal interpretation of “Extremely Safe
and Easy”, followed by portability with a weighted mean of 4.56 and a verbal
interpretation of “Extremely Acceptable” in second rank. Next is completeness
with a weighted mean of 4.53 and verbal interpretation of “Extremely
Acceptable”, followed by design with a weighted mean of 4.51 and verbal
interpretation of “Extremely Better” and last is functionality with a weighted mean
of 4.48 and a verbal interpretation of “Extremely Functional”.
Flexural Strength and Tensile Strength of the Eco-Synthetic Wood from

Polyethylene Plastics and Wood Based Materials In Accordance to
American Society for Testing And Materials (ASTM) Standards for Plastics
Table 8 on the next page shows the flexural strength and tensile strength
of the eco-synthetic wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials
59
in accordance to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards
for plastics.
Table 8
The flexural strength and tensile strength of the eco-synthetic wood from
polyethylene plastics and wood based materials in accordance to American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics
Mechanical Properties
Formulation
Flexural Strength Tensile Strength
50% polyethylene Plastics 17.7585 7.2773

and 50% wood based
materials
and 40% wood based
materials

and 30% wood based
materials
It means that the flexural strength of the eco-synthetic wood using the
formulation of 50% polyethylene Plastics and 50% wood based materials has an
average modulus of rupture (MOR), MPa, 17.7585. However, the formulation of
eco-synthetic wood with 60% polyethylene Plastics and 40% wood based
materials has an average modulus of rupture (MOR), MPa of 22.2313. While the
eco-synthetic wood with 70% polyethylene Plastics and 30% wood based
materials has an average modulus of rupture (MOR), MPa, 17.3124. Therefore,
the formulation, 60% polyethylene Plastics and 40% wood based materials has
the highest flexural strength.

60
On the other hand, the tensile strength of the eco-synthetic wood using
the formulation of 50% polyethylene Plastics and 50% wood based materials has
an average tensile strength (MPa) of 7.2773. However, the formulation of eco-
synthetic wood with 60% polyethylene Plastics and 40% wood based materials
has an average tensile strength (MPa) of 10.7663. While the eco-synthetic wood
with 70% polyethylene Plastics and 30% wood based materials has an average
tensile strength (MPa) 9.4089. Therefore, the formulation, 60% polyethylene
Plastics and 40% wood based materials has the highest tensile strength.
This result was supported by the study of T. S Bindusara et. al (2018)
stated that the tensile behavior of laminate with different orientation is high and
high flexure behavior of laminate with symmetrical arrangements is noted.
Table 9 shows the significant difference on the flexural strength of the eco-
accordance to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for
plastics.
Significant Difference on the Flexural Strength of the Eco-Synthetic Wood

from Polyethylene Plastics and Wood Based Materials In Accordance to
Table 9 shows that the flexural strength of the eco-synthetic wood has a P
– value of 0.00533 which is less than 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, the
null hypothesis is rejected with a verbal interpretation of not significant.

61
Table 9
Significant Difference on the Flexural Strength of the Eco-Synthetic Wood
from Polyethylene Plastics and Wood Based Materials In Accordance to
Source of Verbal
Variation SS df MS P-value Ho Interpretation
Between
Groups 44.40008 2 22.20004
Within Groups 9.399635 6 1.566606 R NS
Total 53.79971 8 0.005333
This result was supported by the study of Vineta Srebrenkoska et. al
(2009) stated that flexural strength of the composites produced from neat and
recycled pp was similar, although a significant increase of flexural modulus was
found for the recycled-pp kenaf fiber composites.
Table 10 shows the significant difference on the tensile strength of the
eco-synthetic wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials in
plastics.
Table 10
Significant Difference On The Tensile Strength Of The Eco-Synthetic Wood
From Polyethylene Plastics And Wood Based Materials In Accordance To
American Society For Testing And Materials (ASTM) Standards For Plastics
Source of Ho Verbal
Variation SS df MS P-value Interpretation
Between
Groups 18.56012 2 9.280062
Within Groups 7.536361 6 1.25606 R NS
Total 26.09648 8 0.0240846
62
The table shows that the tensile strength of the eco-synthetic wood has a
P – value of 0.0240846 which is less than 0.05 level of significance. Therefore,
the null hypothesis is rejected with a verbal interpretation of not significant it
means that there is no significant difference on the tensile strength of the eco-
plastics.
This result was supported by the study of Terciu, O. M et. al (2012) stated
that the experimental research results and aspects of mechanical characteristics
of composite materials reinforced with wood sawdust, subjected to tensile stress.
Sawdust, as wood waste resulting from sawing, is an important material
resource, natural and renewable.
Table 11 on the next page shows the grams of polyethylene plastics were
used in making 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood considering the results in
accordance with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards
for plastics.
Grams of polyethylene plastics were used in making 8 by 8 inches of eco-

synthetic wood considering the results in accordance with American
Table 11 shows that in terms of the formulation 50% polyethylene Plastics
and 50% wood based materials, in every 50 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-
synthetic wood, there’s a total amount of 5,750 grams or 5.750 kilograms that will
be lessened on the amount of plastic solid waste collected. Meanwhile, in every
100 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s a total amount of 11,500

63
grams or 11.5 kilograms that will be lessened on the amount of plastic solid
waste collected.
Then, in every 150 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s a
total amount of 17,250 grams or 17.25 kilograms that will be lessened on the
amount of plastic solid waste collected.
In terms of the formulation 60% polyethylene Plastics and 40% wood
based materials, in every 50 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s
a total amount of 6,900 grams or 6.9 kilograms that will be lessened on the
amount of plastic solid waste collected. Meanwhile, in every 100 pcs. of 8 by 8
inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s a total amount of 13,800 grams or 13.8
kilograms that will be lessened on the amount of plastic solid waste collected.
Then, in every 150 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s a total
amount of 20,700 grams or 20.7 kilograms that will be lessened on the amount of
plastic solid waste collected.
In terms of the formulation 70% polyethylene Plastics and 30% wood
based materials, in every 50 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s
a total amount of 8,050 grams or 8.05 kilograms that will be lessened on the
amount of plastic solid waste collected. Meanwhile, in every 100 pcs. of 8 by 8
inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s a total amount of 16,100 grams or 16.10
kilograms that will be lessened on the amount of plastic solid waste collected.
Then, in every 150 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s a total
amount of 24,150 grams or 24.15 kilograms that will be lessened on the amount
of plastic solid waste collected.

64
Table 11
Grams of polyethylene plastics were used in making 8 by 8 inches of eco-
Concentration Number of eco-synthetic wood

50 pcs 100 pcs 150 pcs
Grams Kilograms Grams Kilograms Grams Kilograms
50% polyethylene
Plastics and 50%
wood based 5,750 5.750 11,500 11.500 17,250 17.250
materials
60% polyethylene
Plastics and 40%
wood based 6,900 6.900 13,800 13.800 20,700 20.700
materials
70% polyethylene
Plastics and 30%
wood based 8,050 8.050 16,100 16.100 24,150 24.150
materials
This result was supported by the study of Jefferson Hopewell et. al (2009)
stated that recycling is one strategy for end-of-life waste management of plastic
products. It makes increasing sense economically as well as environmentally and
recent trends demonstrate a substantial increase in the rate of recovery and
recycling of plastic wastes.

65
CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter deals with the summary of findings, conclusions drawn based
from the data obtained and recommendations offered.
Summary of Findings
Based on the analysis of data and results obtained, the following findings
are hereby summarized:
2. Acceptability of Plastic Shredder Machine as evaluated by the two groups
of respondents, the experts and the students based on the following
criteria.
1.1In terms of functionality having an average weighted mean of 4.48, it
shows that Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely functional in terms of the
design of the product as revealed by the respondents. This implies that the
requirements of the experts and end users on the Plastic Shredder Machine
as far as functionality is concerned had been satisfied.
1.2 In terms of safety and maintenance having a weighted mean of 4.57, it
shows that the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely safe and easy in terms
of the safety and maintenance of the product as revealed by the respondents.
This implies that the requirements of the experts and end users on the Plastic
Shredder Machine as far as safe and easy as revealed by the experts and the
end users.
66
1.3 In terms of portability having a weighted mean of 4.56, it shows that
the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely acceptable in terms of the
portability of the product as revealed by the respondents. This implies that the
requirements of the experts and end users on the Plastic Shredder Machine
as far as portability is concerned had been satisfied.
1.4 In terms of the design having a weighted mean of 4.51, it shows that
the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely better in terms of the design of the
product as revealed by the respondents. This implies that the Plastic
Shredder Machine is better as revealed by the experts and the end users.
1.5 In terms of the completeness having a weighted mean of 4.53, it
shows that the Plastic Shredder Machine is extremely acceptable in terms of
the completeness of the product as revealed by the respondents. This implies
that the Plastic Shredder Machine is acceptable as revealed by the experts
and the end users.
3. Flexural strength and tensile strength of the eco-synthetic wood from
polyethylene plastics and wood based materials in accordance to
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics.
2.1 In terms of flexural strength, the most desired formulation of eco-
synthetic wood is 60% polyethylene Plastics and 40% wood based materials
having an average modulus of rupture (MOR), MPa of 22.2313.

67
2.2 In terms of tensile strength, the most desired formulation is 60%
polyethylene Plastics and 40% wood based materials having an average
tensile strength (MPa) of 10.7663.
4. Significant difference on the flexural strength and tensile strength of the
eco-synthetic wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials
in accordance to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
standards for Plastics.
3.1 In terms of the flexural strength of the eco-synthetic wood has a P –
value of 0.00533 which is less than 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, the
null hypothesis is rejected with a verbal interpretation of not significant it
means that there is no significant difference on the flexural strength of the
eco-synthetic wood from polyethylene plastics and wood based materials in
accordance to American Society for Testing And Materials (ASTM) standards
for plastics.
3.2 The tensile strength of the eco-synthetic wood has a P – value of
0.0240846 which is less than 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, the null
hypothesis is rejected with a verbal interpretation of not significant it means
that there is no significant difference on the tensile strength of the eco-
accordance to American Society for Testing And Materials (ASTM) standards
for plastics.
68
5. Grams of polyethylene plastics were used in making 8 by 8 inches of eco-
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for Plastics in terms
of making 50 pcs., 100 pcs., and 150 pcs.
4.1 The most desired formulation is 60% polyethylene Plastics and 40%
wood based materials, in every 50 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic
wood, there’s a total amount of 6,900 grams or 6.9 kilograms that will be
lessened on the amount of plastic solid waste collected. Meanwhile, in every
100 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s a total amount of
13,800 grams or 13.8 kilograms that will be lessened on the amount of plastic
solid waste collected. Then, in every 150 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-
synthetic wood, there’s a total amount of 20,700 grams or 20.7 kilograms that
will be lessened on the amount of plastic solid waste collected.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, the acceptability of plastic shredder
machine as revealed by the respondents is extremely acceptable in terms of
functionality, safety and maintenance, portability, design, and completeness.
This implies that the Plastic Shredder Machine is acceptable as revealed
by the experts and the end users.
Based also on the findings of the study, the formulation of 60%
polyethylene plastics and 40% wood based materials in making eco-synthetic
wood has the highest flexural strength and tensile strength. Since it is the most
69
suggested and acceptable formulation in making eco-synthetic wood, there’s a
total amount of 6,900 grams or 6.9 kilograms that will be lessened on the amount
of plastic solid waste collected. Meanwhile, in every 100 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of
eco-synthetic wood, there’s a total amount of 13,800 grams or 13.8 kilograms
that will be lessened on the amount of plastic solid waste collected. Then, in
every 150 pcs. of 8 by 8 inches of eco-synthetic wood, there’s a total amount of
20,700 grams or 20.7 kilograms that will be lessened on the amount of plastic
solid waste collected.
The researchers also found out that there is a significant difference on the
flexural strength and tensile strength of the eco-synthetic wood from polyethylene
plastics and wood based materials in accordance to American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM) standards for plastics.
Recommendation
Based on the analysis and interpretation of the gathered data, the
following recommendations are formulated:
1.Test the other mechanical properties of the eco-synthetic wood.
2. Try other formulation to enhance the mechanical properties of the eco-
synthetic wood.
3.Use another kind of materials in making eco-synthetic wood.
4. Enhance the plastic shredder machine.
5. Conduct further study to enhance the acceptability of the said project.

70
Bibliography
Acosta et.al,(2012)Development of the Philippines National Solid Waste

Management Strategy 2012-2016 Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878029612005415 on
July 21, 2018.
Akinfiresoye (2017), Development of a Wood Plastic Composite Extruder.

Retrieved from https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/development-of-
a-wood-plastic-composite-extruder-2252-5211-1000295.pdf on July
21,2018.
Bindusara T. S. et. al., (2018). A Study on Mechanical Properties of Symmetrical

and Asymmetrical Wove Jute Fiber Composite Polymer. Retrieved on
September 12, 2018 from:
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757899x/376/1/012070/pdf
Castillo & Otoma (2013),Status of Solid Waste Management in the Philippines.

Retrieved from
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsmcwm/24/0/24_677/_pdf/-char/en on
July 21, 2018.
Galarpe (2017), Review on the Impacts of Waste Disposal Sites in the

Philippines. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316598058_Review_on_the_Imp
acts_of_Waste_Disposal_Sites_in_the_Philippines on July 21, 2018.
Gardner & Lu Wang (2015), Wood–Plastic Composite Technology. Retrieved

from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40725-015-0016-6 on July
21,2018.
Hanawalt (2012)Wood-Plastics Composites Done Right. Retrieved from

https://www.ptonline.com/articles/wood-plastics-composites-done-right on
July 21,2018.
Improvenet (2014), Synthetic Wood Decking Costs. Retrieved from

https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/synthetic-wood-decking on
July 21,2018.
Matunog & Awa (2013), Solid Waste Generation Rate in Ozamiz City,
Philippines. Retrieved from
http://asianscientificjournals.com/new/publication/index.php/jmds/article/do
wnload/396/807 on July 21, 2018.
71
Miranda (2018), This company is taking eco-bricks to the next level. Retrieved
from http://nolisoli.ph/40991/company-taking-ecobricks-next-level/ on July
21,2018.
Perez, Philippines GHG Emissions : Waste Sector. Retrieved

from http://www-gio.nies.go.jp/wgia/wg9/pdf/3-wg1-4-
1_teresita_ramos_perez.pdf on July 21, 2018.
Rogers (2015), Everything You Need To Know About Polyethylene (PE)

Retrieved fromhttps://www.creativemechanisms.com/blog/polyethylene-
pe-for-prototypes-3d-printing-and-cnc on July 22, 2018
Senate of the Philippines (2017),Philippine Solid Waste at a Glance. Retrieved

From
https://www.senate.gov.ph/publications/SEPO/AAG_Philippine%20Solid%
20Wastes_Nov2017.pdf on July 21, 2018.
Senate of the Philippines (2013), GHG Emissions at a Glance. Retrieved

from https://www.senate.gov.ph/publications/AAG%202013-
03%20GHG%20emission.pdf on July 21, 2018.
Shamimur Rhaman et.al, (2016) Study of Solid Waste Management and its
Impact on Climate Change: A Case Study of Dhaka City in
Bangladesh. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256982220_Study_of_Solid_Wa
ste_Management_and_its_Impact_on_Climate_Change_A_Case_Study_
of_Dhaka_City_in_Bangladesh on July 21, 2018.
Singh et.al (2016),Recycling of plastic solid waste: A state of art review and
future applications. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308012924_Recycling_of_plastic
_solid_waste_A_state_of_art_review_and_future_applications on July 21,
2018.
The Observers (2017), Plastic bottles turned into eco-bricks at Philippines

hostels. Retrieved from http://observers.france24.com/en/20170608-
plastic-bottles-become-building-bricks-philippines-hostel-stuffitchallenge
on July 21,2018.
Terciu, O. M et. al., (2012). Effect of Wood Particle Size on the Tensile Strength
in Case of Polymeric Composites. Retrieved on September 12, 2018 from:
innomet.ttu.ee/daaam_publications/2012/terciu.pdf
72
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2017),Criteria for the Definition

of Solid Waste and Solid and Hazardous Waste Exclusions. Retrieved
from https://www.epa.gov/hw/criteria-definition-solid-waste-and-solid-and-
hazardous-waste-exclusions#solidwaste on July 21, 2018.
United Nations Environment Programme, Gas Emissions from Waste

Disposal.Retrieved from
http://www.grid.unep.ch/waste/download/waste4243.PDF on July 21,
2018.
Valdes (2016), Eco Deck, Ethan Allen set to spruce up any space. Retrieved
From https://business.inquirer.net/219261/eco-deck-ethan-allen-set-to-
spruce-up-any-space#ixzz5QsqYRTTi on July 21,2018.
Vineta Srebrenkoska et. al., (2009). Utilization of Recycled Polypropylene for

Production. Retrieved on September 12, 2018
from://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/35322290.pdf
Wolrdometers (2018), Philippines Population. Retrieved from

http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/philippines-population/ on
July 22, 2018
73
APPENDIX A
Gantt Chart of Activities
November 2018 – February 2019
Activities November December January February March
Planning
Formulating the
problem
Title Defense
Survey of related
literature
Development of
Chapter 1and 2
Construction of the
Product and
questionnaire checklist
Laboratory Testing and

Gathering of data
Interpretation of the
gathered data
Accomplishment of
Chapter 3 and 4
Oral defense
Finalization of the
result
74
APPENDIX B
PLASTIC SHREDDER MACHINE AND ECO-SYNTHETIC WOOD

GENERATION THROUGH THE REUSE OF PLASTIC SOLID WASTE: AN
ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE PROJECT
Name: ____________________________________ Student

Teacher
Direction: Put a check (/) on each box that best describe the design,
completeness, portability, safety and maintenance, and functionality of the plastic
shredder machine, five (5) as the highest, and one (1) as the lowest.
5 4 3 2 1
Functionality
1. The developed Plastic Shredder Machine

operates what it is supposed to perform.
2. The Plastic Shredder’s motor performed

well.
3. The Plastic Shredder’s blade easily cut

the plastics.
4. The Plastic Shredder Machine gives the

desired output.
5. The Plastic Shredder Machine execute

accordingly.
5 4 3 2 1
Safety and Maintenance
1. The developed Plastic Shredder Machine

is easy to maintenance.
2. The Plastic Shredder Machine is safe to

use.
3. The maintenance of Plastic Shredder

Machine is not costly.
4. All of its parts are properly insulated to

avoid possible electrical accidents
75
5. Replacement of the defective parts are

easy.
5 4 3 2 1
Portability
1. The Plastic Shredder Machine can be

easily carry and handle.
2. The Plastic Shredder Machine is

movable.
3. The Plastic Shredder Machine can be

easily operate.
4. The Plastic Shredder Machine is very

convenient to use.
5. The Plastic Shredder Machine has a light

weight.
Design 5 4 3 2 1
1. The device cannot harm because it
doesn’t have sharp edges.
2. All components of plastic shredder

machine are fair to each other serving equal
visual weight.
3. Agreement and order of the materials

used in the constructions and development
of plastic shredder machine is observed.
4. Different parts of plastic shredder

machine are proportion to each other
considering the scale ratio and space
relationships.
5. The components of the plastic shredder

machine have been checked for quality.
76
1
5 4 3 2
Completeness
1. The developed product covers all the

features needed.
2. The developed product covers all the

aspects of the projects.
3. The developed product presents

information about the detail.
4. The developed product contains correct

and reliable information that you need
about the Plastic Shredder Machine.
5. The developed product includes

accuracy, robustness/integrity and
consistency.
77
APPENDIX C
Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Division of Rizal
District of Cardona
CARDONA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Cardona, Rizal
Certificate of Content Validation

This is to certify that the questionnaire of the study entitled “PLASTIC
SHREDDER MACHINE AND ECO-SYNTHETIC WOOD GENERATION
THROUGH THE REUSE OF PLASTIC SOLID WASTE:AN
ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE PROJECT” underwent face validation of
the following experts:
Name Date Signature
_____________________ _________________ ________________
_____________________ _________________ ________________
_____________________ _________________ ________________
_____________________ _________________ ________________
_____________________ _________________ ________________

78
APPENDIX D
FOREST PRODUCT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE

LABORATORY RESULTS
79
80
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: CARL ADAM B. ESTACIO

Nickname: Billy
Birthday: November 25, 2000
Place of Birth: Cardona, Rizal
Address: 0008 F. Nido St. Dalig, Cardona, Rizal
Mother’s Name: Dyesebel B. Estacio
Father’s Name: Rocky C. Estacio
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Elementary: Mariano C. San Juan Elementary School

2012 - 2013
Junior High Bernardo F. San Juan National High School

School: 2016 - 2017
Senior High Cardona Senior High School

School: 2017 - 2019
ORGANIZATIONS
PRO: YES-O of Bernardo F. San Juan National High School

2014-2015
Vice President: YES-O of Bernardo F. San Juan National High School
2015-2016
President: YES-O of Bernardo F. San Juan National High School
81
2016-2017
Secretary: Interact of Bernardo F. San Juan National High
School
2016-2017
Vice President: YES-O of Bernardo F. San Juan National High School
2017-2018
President Elect: Interact of Bernardo F. San Juan National High
School
2017-2018
President: Interact of Cardona Senior High School
2018-2019
82
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: JONSYRILL F. VILLARAN

Nickname: Jai
Birthday:December 16, 2001
Address:Looc, Cardona, Rizal
Mother’s Name: Jannie F. Villaran
Father’s Name: Sammy Villaran
Elementary: Looc Elementary School

2013 - 2014
Junior High Bernardo F. San Juan National High School
School: 2014 – 2018
Senior High Cardona Senior High School

School: 2018 - present
ORGANIZATIONS
Vice President: YES-O of Cardona Senior High School

2018 -2019
President Elect: Interact of Cardona Senior High School
2018 -2019
83
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: JOJIMAR SJ. JULIAN

Nickname: Joji
Birthday: October 09, 1987
Address: 151 Provincial Road Looc, Cardona, Rizal
Mother’s Name: Lilibeth Sj. Julian
Father’s Name: Macario P. Julian
Elementary: Looc Elementary School

1999-2000
Junior High Cardona National High School
School: 2000-2004
College University of Rizal System
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Physics
2007-2008
Graduate School: University of Rizal System
Master of Arts in Teaching Science
2013-2014
Graduate School: Southern Luzon State University
Doctor of Philosophy in Science Education
42 Units
WORK EXPERIENCE
84
Classroom Teacher : San Francisco Parish School

Teacher : Bernardo F. San Juan NHS
Teacher : Cardona Senior High School
Part Time Instructor : University of Rizal System

Shredder Machine and Eco-Synthetic Wood Generation Through The Reuse of Plastic Solid Waste PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Shredder Machine and Eco-Synthetic Wood Generation Through The Reuse of Plastic Solid Waste PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Shredder Machine and Eco-Synthetic Wood Generation Through The Reuse of Plastic Solid Waste PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

SHREDDER MACHINE AND ECO-SYNTHETIC WOOD GENERATION

A Research presented to the Faculty of

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

CARL ADAM B. ESTACIO

This research entitled PLASTIC SHREDDER MACHINE AND ECO-

SYNTHETIC WOOD GENERATION THROUGH THE REUSE OF PLASTIC

SOLID WASTE: AN ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE PROJECT prepared

and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Inquiries,

Investigations and Immersion by Carl Adam B. Estacio, and Jonsyrill F. Villaran

is hereby recommended for approval and acceptance.

______________ MARIA VICTORIA I. SAN JUAN, M.A.T.

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Inquiries,

NERSON R. JULIAN, M.A.T. APRIL JOY V. RAMOS, M.A.T

JOJIMAR SJ. JULIAN, M.A.T.

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Inquiries,

_________________ LUCILLIE P. ANGELES

support and assistance in the success of this study.

MRS. LUCILLIE P. ANGELES, Principal, for her moral support in

conducting this study.

MRS. MA. VICTORIA I. SAN JUAN, Inquiries, Investigations and

MRS. RACQUEL B. PUNZALAN, English Teacher; MRS. TERESA F.

CAMPO, English Teacher; MRS. APRIL JOY V. RAMOS, English Teacher;

JULIAN, Research Teacher, for the validation of our research questionnaire.

and knowledge in the field for the success of this study.

Thank You and God Bless!

TITLE : PLASTIC SHREDDER MACHINE

AUTHORS : CARL ADAM B. ESTACIO

TYPE OF DOCUMENT : RESEARCH PAPER

INSTITUTION : Cardona Senior High School

The population of the Philippines is rapidly increasing. According to

Worldometers, as of July 21, 2018, the population size of our country is

106,586,806 based on the latest United Nations estimates the consequent of

increasing population and developing technologies, triggers the negative impact

of garbage accumulation which affects different regions. At the rate the

metropolis is generating trash, the 3 landfills it is using would be rendered

our biggest environmental problems. As a matter of fact, the implementation of a

successful management system must include the population and be compatible

Technologies. This article aims to determine the acceptability of the developed

Plastic Shredder Machine and the mechanical properties of eco-synthetic wood

developmental research design on making eco-synthetic wood through the reuse

and recycled plastic waste for the manufacturing of eco-synthetic wood

recycled plastic waste for the manufacturing of eco-synthetic wood composites is

investigated as a potentially environmental sustainable project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

2. THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES

Subject of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Setting of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Computed Weighted Mean on the Acceptability of Plastic

Composite Rank of the level of acceptability of Plastic

The flexural strength and tensile strength of the eco-synthetic

Significant Difference On The Flexural Strength and Tensile

Grams of polyethylene plastics were used in making

4. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Gantt Chart of Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

1 Ratio and equivalent grams of Polyethylene Plastics

2 Computed Weighted Mean on the Acceptability of Plastic