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Representations of simple Lie algebras with vectors having a zero

stationary subalgebra
To cite this article: E Yu Kuzmina 2021 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1847 012031

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Dynamic Systems and Computer Science: Theory and Applications (DYSC) 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1847 (2021) 012031 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1847/1/012031

Representations of simple Lie algebras with vectors having

a zero stationary subalgebra

E Yu Kuzmina
Department of Probability Theory and Discrete Mathematics, Irkutsk State University,
1, Karl Marx St., 664003 Irkutsk, Russia

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. The paper solves the problem of describing the representations V of compact Lie
groups G and vectors 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 with single stationary subgroups. It builds the classification of
the representation of simple Lie algebras with vectors having a zero stationary subalgebra.
If the codimension of the submanifold 𝑀0 of dimension т in an N-dimensional Euclidean
space RN is less than the dimension and the group G is simple, then all these cases are
described in the corresponding tables in sections 3 and 4.

1. Introduction
Let G be a compact Lie group acting linearly in an n-dimensional vector space V. For any point v ∈ V,
the dimension of its orbit 𝐺𝑣 is equal to the dimension of the subspace 𝐺̂𝑣 , where 𝐺̂ is the Lie algebra
of the Lie group 𝐺̂ .
Papers [1-3] consider 𝐺̂ -modules of V, for which the following condition holds true:
dim 𝑉 < dim 𝐺.̂
Paper [4] considers compact Lie groups for which dim 𝑉 ≥ dim 𝐺̂ . To make possible
representations V of the Lie algebra G, the dimension of the 𝐺̂ –module of V is limited by the
condition
dim 𝐺̂ ≤ dim 𝑉 < 2 dim 𝐺̂ . (1)
Not only simple Lie algebras, but also reductive ones are taken as the algebra 𝐺 .̂
One can distinguish three groups of modules among the 𝐺̂ -modules of V that satisfy the
inequality (1):
1. Reducible 𝐺̂ -modules of V.
2. Irreducible 𝐺̂ -modules of V with irreducible complexification {𝐺̂ 𝐶 , 𝑉 𝐶 }.
3. Irreducible 𝐺̂ -modules of V with reducible complexification {𝐺̂ 𝐶 , 𝑉 𝐶 }.
Let a 𝐺̂ module of V be given. Let us move on to its complexification {𝐺̂ 𝐶 , 𝑉 𝐶 }. Its components
are pairs of the same dimension or admit a bilinear invariant symmetric form.
Note that a direct sum of one-dimensional submodules 𝑉 1 can be added to the 𝐺̂ -module of V;
the algebra 𝐺̂ acts trivially on them. The number of terms in the sum is limited by condition (1) on
dimensions 𝐺̂ and V. Therefore, from this point on, without loss of generality, we can assume that
V does not contain one-dimensional submodules.
If the 𝐺̂ -module of V is irreducible, then the transition to the complexification {𝐺̂ 𝐶 , 𝑉 𝐶 } offers
two possibilities:

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1847 (2021) 012031 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1847/1/012031

1. The 𝐺̂ 𝐶 -module of 𝑉 𝐶 is irreducible. Then the condition (1) for space dimensions will be
written down as

dim ̂ 𝐶 dim 𝐶
𝐺 ≤ 𝑉 < 2 dim 𝐺̂ 𝐶 . (2)
𝐶 𝐶

2. The 𝐺̂ 𝐶 -module of 𝑉 𝐶 is reducible. Then the space of V is a complex space 𝐺̂ 𝐶 , acts on V,

and the inequality (1) is written down as
1 dim 𝐶 dim dim ̂ 𝐶
𝐺̂ ≤ 𝑉< 𝐺 , (3)
2 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
dim
where means a complex dimension.
𝐶
In [4], the problem of describing the 𝐺̂ modules of V, satisfying the inequality (1), is solved
completely for the simple Lie algebras 𝐺̂ . For semi-simple Lie algebras, only irreducible
representations satisfying the inequality (1) were considered. For them, this problem was not fully
solved, since the possible infinite number of these representations forced us, in a number of cases,
to impose a more stringent condition on their dimensions,
dim 𝑉 = dim 𝐺̂ + 𝛿, 𝛿 = 0,2
̅̅̅̅,
̂
under which all such possible irreducible 𝐺 modules of V are found.
The present article builds the classification of the representation of simple Lie algebras with
vectors having a zero stationary subalgebra.

2. On the existence of a vector with a zero stationary subalgebra

Before we select such representations V of Lie algebras 𝐺̂ that have vectors with a zero stationary
subalgebra from the known and obtained by the author, we prove the following statement.
Statement. Let a 𝐺̂ -module of V is written down as V = 𝐺̂ + W, where 𝐺̂ is a simple Lie
algebra, W is a standard representation of the Lie algebra 𝐺̂ . Then there is a vector 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉, which
has a zero stationary subalgebra 𝐺̂𝑣 .
Proof. Let 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉. Then we represent the vector 𝑣 in the form of 𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 , where 𝑣1 ∈
𝐺, 𝑣2 ∈ 𝑊. The stationary subalgebra 𝐺̂𝑣 of the vector v is equal to the intersection of stationary
̂
subalgebras of the elements 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 . If 𝑣1 is a regular element, then 𝐺̂𝑣1 coincides with the Cartan
subalgebra H of the Lie algebra 𝐺̂ . Since the restriction of a standard representation for Н is
diagonable, then there is an element 𝑣2 ∈ 𝑊, the stationary subalgebra of which in Н is equal to zero.
It follows from the Statement that all the representations listed in table 1 (see [4, table 1],
containing the adjoint representation as components and at least one standard representation, have a
zero stationary subalgebra.

Table 1. Reducible representations of exceptional Lie

algebras of small dimension, satisfying the equality (1).
𝐺̂ 𝐶 𝑉𝐶 n
𝐸6 2(𝐶 + 𝐶 27∗ ) + 𝑛𝐶 1
27
𝑛 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
0,47
𝐸6 + 𝐶 27 + 𝐶 27∗ + 𝑛𝐶 1 𝑛 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
0,23
𝐸7 (𝐶 56 + 𝐶 56∗ ) + 𝑛𝐶 1 𝑛 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
0,41
𝐶 56 + 𝐶 56∗ +𝐸7 + 𝑛𝐶 1 ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑛 = 0,20
𝐺2 3𝐶 7 + 𝑛𝐶 1 𝑛 = ̅̅̅̅
0,6
𝐶 + 𝐺2 + 𝑛𝐶 1
7 ̅̅̅̅
𝑛 = 0,6
𝐹4 𝐶 26 +𝐹4 + 𝑛𝐶 1 ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑛 = 0,25
3𝐶 26 + 𝑛𝐶 1 𝑛 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
0,25

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Dynamic Systems and Computer Science: Theory and Applications (DYSC) 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1847 (2021) 012031 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1847/1/012031

3. A case of exceptional Lie algebras

Let us consider exceptional Lie algebras. Let 𝐺̂ = 𝐺2 , 𝑉 = 3𝐶 7 . If 𝐺2 acts on the standard
representation of 3𝐶 7 , then 𝐺̂𝑣 = 𝐴2 (see [1, table 1]). The action of 𝐴2 on 𝐶 7 = 2𝐶 3 + 𝐶 1 gives 𝐴1
as a semisimple component of the stationary subalgebra. The action of A1 on 𝐶 7 gives a zero stationary
subalgebra.
Similarly, it can be shown that:
a) if 𝐺̂ = 𝐹4 , 𝑉 = 3𝐶 26 , then the restriction of a stationary subalgebra on 𝐶 26 gives 𝐷4 , and 𝐺̂𝑣 =
𝑠𝑜(2);
b) if 𝐺̂ = 𝐸6 , 𝑉 = 2(𝐶 26 + 𝐶 26∗ ), then 𝐺̂𝑣 = 𝐷4;
c) if 𝐺̂ = 𝐹7 , 𝑉 = 2(𝐶 56 + 𝐶 56∗ ), then 𝐺̂𝑣 = 𝐷4.
All compact exceptional Lie algebras 𝐺̂ and 𝐺̂ -modules of 𝑉 satisfying the inequality (1) and
having vectors with a zero stationary subalgebra are finally listed in table 2.

Table 2. Compact exceptional Lie algebras of small

dimension having vectors with a zero stationary
subalgebra.
𝐺̂ 𝐶 𝑉𝐶 Condition on n
𝐸6 𝐶 27 +𝐸6 + 𝑛𝐶 1 𝑛 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
0,50
𝐸7 𝐶 56 + 𝐶 56∗ +𝐸7 + 𝑛𝐶 1 𝑛 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
0,20
𝐺2 3𝐶 7 + 𝑛𝐶 1 ̅̅̅̅
𝑛 = 0,6
𝐺2 𝐶 7 + 𝐺2 + 𝑛𝐶 1 𝑛 = ̅̅̅̅
0,6
𝐹4 𝐶 26 +𝐹4 + 𝑛𝐶 1 ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑛 = 0,25

4. A case of classic Lie algebras

If 𝐺̂ is a classic algebra, 𝑉 is its reducible representation from table 3 (see [4, table 2]), then,
according to Lemma 1, the representations containing adjoint and standard representations as their
components have a vector with a zero stationary subalgebra.

Table 3. Reducible representations of compact classical Lie algebras,

satisfying the inequality (1).
𝐺̂ 𝑉 Condition on coefficients
𝑠𝑜(𝑛), 𝑛 ≥ 2 𝑠𝑜(𝑛) + 𝑙𝑅 𝑛 + 𝑘𝑅1 𝑙 < (𝑛 − 1)/2
𝑙𝑅 𝑛 + 𝑘𝑅1 𝑙 <𝑛−1
𝑠𝑝(𝑛), 𝑛 ≥ 1 𝑠𝑝(𝑛) + (Λ2 𝐶 2𝑛 − 𝐶 1 ) 𝑛 < (𝑚 − 1)/2
+ 𝑚𝐶 1 𝑙 < (𝑛 + 1)/2
𝑠𝑝(𝑛) + 𝑙𝑄 𝑛 + 𝑚𝐶 1 𝑙 < (𝑛 + 2)/2
(Λ 𝐶 − 𝐶 1 ) + 𝑙𝑄 𝑛 + 𝑚𝐶 1
2 2𝑛 𝑚 = 0,1
2(Λ2 𝐶 2𝑛 − 𝐶 1 ) + 𝑄 𝑛 + 𝑚𝐶 1 𝑙 < 2𝑛 + 1
𝑙𝑄 𝑛 + 𝑚𝐶 1
𝑠𝑢(𝑛), 𝑛 ≥ 2 𝑠𝑢(𝑛) + 𝑚𝐶 1 𝑚 < 𝑛2 − 1

Let us find stationary subalgebras of the rest of the representations from table 3. Let
a) 𝐺̂ = 𝑠𝑜(𝑛), 𝑉 = 𝑙𝑅 𝑛 + 𝑘𝑅1 . As 𝑙 < 𝑛 − 1, then 𝐺̂𝑣 = 𝑠𝑜(2);
b) if 𝐺̂ = 𝑠𝑢(𝑛), 𝑉 = 𝑠𝑢(𝑛) + 𝑚𝐶 1 , then 𝐺̂𝑣 = 𝐻;

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Dynamic Systems and Computer Science: Theory and Applications (DYSC) 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1847 (2021) 012031 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1847/1/012031

c ) i f t h e n 𝐺̂ = 𝑠𝑝(𝑛), 𝑉 = Λ2 𝐶 2𝑛 − 𝐶 1 + 𝑙𝑄 𝑛 , the stationary subalgebra has a dimension no

greater than unity for reasons of dimension, therefore, i f 𝑙 > 1, t h e n 𝐺̂𝑣 = 0;
d ) i f 𝐺̂ = 𝑠𝑝(𝑛), 𝑉 = Λ2 𝐶 2𝑛 − 𝐶 1 + 𝑠𝑝(𝑛), then the stationary subalgebra of the universal
position vector in 𝑠𝑝(𝑛) is equal to the Cartan subalgebra. Then in the space Λ2 𝐶 2𝑛 − 𝐶 1 you can
always choose such an external form ω that ∀ℎ ∈ 𝐻, ℎ ≠ 0, it follows that 𝐺̂𝑣 = 0;
e) if 𝐺̂ = 𝑠𝑝(𝑛), 𝑉 = 𝑙𝑄 𝑛 , 𝑙 = 𝑛, then 𝐺̂𝑣 = 0;
f) if 𝐺̂ = 𝑠𝑢(𝑛), 𝑉 = 𝑠𝑢(𝑛) + 𝑚𝐶 1 , then 𝐺̂𝑣 = 𝐻 ≠ 0.
All representations 𝑉 of Lie algebras 𝐺̂ , satisfying the inequality (1) and having vectors with a zero
stationary subalgebra, are finally listed in table 4.

Table 4. Representation of Lie algebras, satisfying the inequality (1)

and having vectors with a zero stationary subalgebra.
𝐺̂ 𝐶 𝑉𝐶 Condition on coefficients
𝑠𝑜(𝑛) 𝑠𝑜(𝑛) + 𝑙𝐶 𝑛 + 𝑘𝐶 1 𝑙 < (𝑛 − 1)/2
𝑠𝑝(𝑛) 𝑠𝑝(𝑛) + 𝑙𝑄 𝑛 + 𝑚𝐶 1 𝑙 < (𝑛 + 1)/2
Λ2 𝐶 2𝑛 − 𝐶 1 + 𝑙𝑄 𝑛 + 𝑚𝐶 1 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑙 = 2, (𝑛 + 2)/2
2(Λ2 𝐶 2𝑛 − 𝐶 1 ) + 𝑄 𝑛 + 𝑚𝐶 1 𝑚 = 0,1
𝑙𝑄 𝑛 + 𝑚𝐶 1 𝑙=𝑛
Λ2 𝐶 2𝑛 − 𝐶 1 + 𝑠𝑝(𝑛) + 𝑚𝐶 1 𝑚 < 2𝑛 + 1

Now let the reducible representations of the Lie algebra so(n) contain a spinor representation as a
component. From all admissible representations listed in table 3, we eliminate representations of the
form 𝑉 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 , where W1 is the standard representation of the corresponding algebra 𝐷𝑟 (𝑟 ≠
8) or 𝐵𝑟 (𝑟 ≠ 7, 8), 𝑊2 is the spinor representation, since the minimal stationary subalgebra 𝐺̂ 𝐶 is
equal to 𝑠𝑜(2) for them. In case when 𝐺̂𝑣 = 𝐷8 , 𝐵7 or B8 the dimension of the spinor representation
exceeds the dimension of the algebra, therefore, 𝐺̂𝑣 = 0.
All such representations V of the Lie algebra G are listed in table 5.

Table 5. Reducible representations of the Lie algebra so(n) with a spinor

representation as a component having a vector with a zero stationary
subalgebra.
𝐺̂ 𝐶 𝑉𝐶 Conditions on coefficients
𝑠𝑜(8) 23 𝑘 = 1,2; 8𝑘 + 8𝑛 + 𝑝 < 28
𝑘𝐶 + 𝑠𝑜(8) + 𝑛𝐶 8 + 𝑝𝐶 1
𝑠𝑜(16) 7
𝐶 2 + 𝑛𝐶 16 + 𝑝𝐶 1 𝑛 = ̅̅̅̅
0,6; 16𝑛 + 𝑝 < 112
𝑠𝑜(7) 3
2𝐶 2 + 𝑠𝑜(7) + 𝑝𝐶 1 𝑝 = ̅̅̅̅
0,4
3
𝐶 2 + 𝑠𝑜(7) + 𝐶 7 + 𝑝𝐶 1 𝑝 = ̅̅̅̅
0,5
4
𝑠𝑜(9) 𝑠𝑜(9) + 𝐶 2 + 2𝐶 9 + 𝑝𝐶 1 ̅̅̅̅
𝑝 = 0,1
4
𝑠𝑜(9) + 𝐶 2 + 𝐶 9 + 𝑝𝐶 1 ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑝 = 0,10
4
𝑠𝑜(9) + 𝐶 2 + 𝑝𝐶 1 ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑝 = 0,19
4
𝑠𝑜(9) + 2𝐶 2 + 𝑝𝐶 1 𝑝 = ̅̅̅̅
0,3

Let us consider the case when the 𝐺̂ -module of V is irreducible. Work [4, table 4] indicates
irreducible 𝐺̂ -modules of V with irreducible complexification {𝑉 𝐶 , 𝐺̂ 𝐶 } satisfying the inequality (2). It

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Dynamic Systems and Computer Science: Theory and Applications (DYSC) 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1847 (2021) 012031 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1847/1/012031

is obvious that the stationary subalgebras 𝐺̂𝑣 of these representations for the corresponding Lie
algebras 𝐺̂ are equal to zero, since dim 𝑉 > 𝑑𝑖𝑚 𝐺̂ by hypothesis.
If the complexification of {𝑉 𝐶 , 𝐺̂ 𝐶 } is reducible, then such 𝐺̂ 𝐶 -modules of 𝑉 𝐶 , satisfying inequality
(3), are presented in [4, table 5]. When passing on to the compact form of Lie algebras, we pass on
from complex stationary subalgebras to compact ones. In the stationary subalgebra, one should take a
maximal compact subalgebra, but since they are unsolvable, then the maximal compact subalgebra
will be nonzero and, therefore, the stationary subalgebra 𝐺̂𝑣 = 0.

5. Conclusion
The work describes the representations V of compact Lie groups G and vectors 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 with single
stationary subgroups. It builds the classification of the representation of simple Lie algebras with
vectors having a zero stationary subalgebra. All cases are noted when the codimension of the
submanifold 𝑀0 of dimension т in an N-dimensional Euclidean space RN is less than the
dimension, and the group G is simple.

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Lie groups Funct. Anal. Appl. 6(2) 139–48
[3] Hsiang W C and Hsiang W Y 1970 Differentiable functions of compact connected classical
groups II Ann. of Math. 92(2) 189–223
[4] Kuzmina E Yu 1990 Representations of reductive Lie algebras of small dimension Differential
geometry of spaces with a fundamental group. Proc. (Irkutsk: Irkutsk University Press) 53–
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