10.

Vectors
Important Concepts & Formulae

Vector: A quantity that has magnitude as well as direction is called a vector. Consider the directed line segment
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ given above. A is called the initial point and B, the terminal point.
𝑎⃗ or 𝐴𝐵
Position Vector: Consider a point P in space, having coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) with respect to the origin O(0, 0, 0).
Then, the vector having O and P as its initial and terminal points, respectively, is called the position vector of the
point P with respect to O. The magnitude of 𝑂𝑃⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is given by |𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 .

Zero Vector: A vector whose initial and terminal points coincide, is called a zero vector (or null vector), and
denoted as ⃗0⃗.
Unit Vector: A vector whose magnitude is unity (i.e., 1 unit) is called a unit vector. The unit vector in the
𝑎⃗⃗
direction of a given vector is denoted by 𝑎̂. For a given vector 𝑎⃗, 𝑎̂ = |𝑎⃗⃗|.

Coinitial Vectors: Two or more vectors having the same initial point are called coinitial vectors.
Collinear Vectors: Two or more vectors are said to be collinear if they are parallel to the same line, irrespective
of their magnitudes and directions.
Equal Vectors: Two vectors are said to be equal, if they have the same magnitude and direction regardless of the
positions of their initial points.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ), but direction is
Negative of a Vector: A vector whose magnitude is the same as that of a given vector (say, 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝐴𝐵
opposite to that of it, is called negative of the given vector. 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐵𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
Triangular Law of Addition: In a triangle ABC, 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐶𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
⃗⃗.

Parallelogram of Addition: The diagonal of a parallelogram with 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ as its adjacent sides is given by 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗.
Direction Cosines: The cosines of angles a vector makes with the coordinate axes is called direction cosines.
They are given by cos 𝛼 , cos 𝛽 , cos 𝛾 or 𝑙, 𝑚 and 𝑛. 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1.
If 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are the direction angles of vector 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂ , then its direction cosines are given by
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
cos 𝛼 = |𝑎⃗⃗|1 , cos 𝛽 = |𝑎⃗⃗|2 and cos 𝛾 = |𝑎⃗⃗|3

Components of a Vector: A unit vector along 𝑥-axis, 𝑦-axis and 𝑧-axis, are denoted by 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂ respectively. If a
vector is such that it moves 𝑎 units along 𝑥-axis, 𝑏 units along 𝑦-axis and 𝑐 units along 𝑧-axis, then it is expressed
as 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂ . 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are the scalar components and are called the direction ratios of 𝑟⃗. The magnitude
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
(r), direction ratios (a, b, c) and direction cosines (𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛) of any vector are related as: 𝑙 = 𝑟 , 𝑚 = 𝑟 , 𝑛 = 𝑟.

Some Important Properties of Vectors:

For any two vectors 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂,

1. The sum, or resultant is given by 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ = (𝑎1 + 𝑏1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )𝑗̂ + (𝑎3 + 𝑏3 )𝑘̂
2. The difference is given by 𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗ = (𝑎1 − 𝑏1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )𝑗̂ + (𝑎3 − 𝑏3 )𝑘̂
3. The vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ are said to be equal if and only if 𝑎1 = 𝑏1 , 𝑎2 = 𝑏2 and 𝑐1 = 𝑐2 .
4. The multiplication of vector by any scalar 𝜆 is given by 𝜆𝑎⃗ = 𝜆𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝜆𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝜆𝑎3 𝑘̂.
5. For any two scalars, 𝑘 and 𝑚, i) 𝑘𝑎⃗ + 𝑚𝑏⃗⃗ = (𝑘 + 𝑚)𝑎⃗ ii) 𝑘(𝑚𝑎⃗) = (𝑘𝑚)𝑎⃗ iii) 𝑘(𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗) = 𝑘𝑎⃗ + 𝑘𝑏⃗⃗
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
6. 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ are collinear or parallel if and only if 𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂ = 𝜆(𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂ ) or 1 = 2 = 3 = 𝜆.
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3

Prepared by Lenin A | Sishya School, Hosur Page | 1

Magnitude of a vector: For a vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵, the distance between initial and terminal points of a vector is called the
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |. For 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂ , the magnitude of 𝑟⃗ is given by
magnitude (or length) of the vector, and is denoted as |𝐴𝐵
|𝑟⃗| = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 .
Vector Joining Two Points: If 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) are any two points, then
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑗̂ + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘̂ and |𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2

Section Formula: The position vector of a point R dividing the line segment joining the points P and Q the
position vectors of which are 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗
⃗⃗+𝑛𝑎⃗⃗
𝑚𝑏 ⃗⃗−𝑛𝑎⃗⃗
𝑚𝑏
i) in the ratio 𝑚: 𝑛 internally, is given by 𝑚+𝑛
ii) in the ratio 𝑚: 𝑛 externally, is given by 𝑚−𝑛

Scalar or Dot Product: The scalar or dot product of two given vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ having an angle 𝜃 between them is
defined as 𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗| cos 𝜃.
𝑎⃗⃗⋅𝑏 ⃗⃗ 𝑎⃗⃗⋅𝑏 ⃗⃗
Projection of a Vector: The projection of 𝑎⃗ along 𝑏⃗⃗ is ⃗⃗ and the projection vector of 𝑎⃗ along 𝑏⃗⃗ is ( ⃗⃗ ) 𝑏⃗⃗.
|𝑏| |𝑏|

Some Properties of Dot Product:

1. 𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑏⃗⃗ is a real number 3. 𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑎⃗ = |𝑎⃗|2 5. 𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝑎⃗

2. If 𝜃 = 0, 𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗| 4. If 𝜃 = 𝜋, 𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑏⃗⃗ = −|𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗| 6. 𝑎⃗ ⋅ (𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗) = 𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑐⃗
7. For any two vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ and scalar 𝜆, (𝜆𝑎⃗) ⋅ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝜆(𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑏⃗⃗) = 𝑎⃗ ⋅ (𝜆𝑏⃗⃗)
8. For any two nonzero vectors, 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0 if and only if 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ are perpendicular to each other.
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0 ⇔ 𝑎⃗ ⊥ 𝑏⃗⃗
9. For mutually perpendicular unit vectors 𝑖⃗, 𝑗⃗ and 𝑘⃗⃗, 𝑖̂ ⋅ 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂ ⋅ 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂ ⋅ 𝑘̂ = 1 and 𝑖̂ ⋅ 𝑗̂ = 𝑗̂ ⋅ 𝑘̂ = 𝑘̂ ⋅ 𝑖̂ = 0
10. For the vectors 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂, the scalar product 𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3

Vector or Cross Product: The scalar or dot product of two given vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ having an angle 𝜃 between them
is defined as 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗| sin 𝜃 𝑛̂.
Some Properties of Cross Product:

1. 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ is a vector 3. 𝑎⃗ × 𝑎⃗ = 0 5. 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = −𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑎⃗

𝜋
2. If 𝜃 = 0, 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = ⃗0⃗ 4. If 𝜃 = , 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗| 6. 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗) = 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑎⃗ × 𝑐⃗
2
7. For mutually perpendicular unit vectors 𝑖⃗, 𝑗⃗ and 𝑘⃗⃗, 𝑖̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂ × 𝑘̂ = 0 and 𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂ , 𝑗̂ × 𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂, 𝑘̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂
8. For any two vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ and scalar 𝜆, (𝜆𝑎⃗) × 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝜆(𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) = 𝑎⃗ × (𝜆𝑏⃗⃗)
9. For any two nonzero vectors, 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0 if and only if 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ are parallel (or collinear) to each
other. 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0 ⇔ 𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗
1
10. If 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ represent the adjacent sides of a triangle then its area is given as |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗|
2
11. If 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ represent the adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then its area is given as |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗|
12. A vector perpendicular to both 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ will be in the direction of 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗.
13. For 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ given as 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂, their cross product may be given by
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 |
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗⋅𝑏 ⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗⋅𝑏
Angle between two nonzero vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ is given by i) cos 𝜃 = |𝑎 ⃗⃗|
and ii) sin 𝜃 = |𝑎 ⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗||𝑏 ⃗⃗||𝑏

Cauchy-Schwartz Inequality: For any two vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗, we always have |𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑏⃗⃗| ≤ |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗|

Triangle Inequality: For any two vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗, we always have |𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗| ≤ |𝑎⃗| + |𝑏⃗⃗|
2 2 2
Lagrange’s Identity: For any two vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗, |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗| = |𝑎⃗|2 |𝑏⃗⃗| − |𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑏⃗⃗|

Prepared by Lenin A | Sishya School, Hosur Page | 2

Set 1
1. Find the position vector of the point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q with the position
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑂𝑄
vectors 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎⃗ − 2𝑏⃗⃗ respectively in the ratio 1: 2 internally and externally.

2. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ are the position vectors of A and B respectively, find the position vector of a point C in AB produced
such that 𝐴𝐶 = 3𝐴𝐵 and the point D in BA produced such that 𝐵𝐷 = 2𝐵𝐴
3. Find the position vector of the midpoint of the vector joining the points P(2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) and Q(4𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ )
4. Find a unit vector in the direction of 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 12𝑘̂

5. Find a vector of magnitude 5 units parallel to the resultant of the vectors 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂

6. Show that the points with position vectors 𝑎⃗ − 2𝑏⃗⃗ + 3𝑐⃗, 2𝑎⃗ + 3𝑏⃗⃗ − 4𝑐⃗ and − 7𝑏⃗⃗ + 10𝑐⃗ are collinear.
7. Show that the vectors 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ and − 4𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 8𝑘̂ are collinear.
8. If the points 𝐴(𝑚, −1), 𝐵(2, 1)and C(4, 5) are collinear, find the value of 𝑚.
9. If a vector 𝑟⃗ is inclined to 𝑥-axis at 45° and 𝑦-axis at 60° and |𝑟⃗| = 8 units, find 𝑟⃗
10. Find the direction ratios and direction cosines of the vector 6𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
11. Show that the points 𝐴(6, −7, 0), 𝐵(16, −19, −4), 𝐶(0, 3, −6) and 𝐷(2, −5, 10) are such that AB and CD
intersect at the point 𝑃(1, −1, 2).
12. Find the angle at which the vector 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ are inclined to each of the coordinate axes.

13. For what value of 𝜆 are the vectors 𝑎⃗ = 𝜆𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 4𝑖̂ − 9𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ perpendicular to each other?

14. Find the angle between the vectors 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂, and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
15. Find the angle between the vectors 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ , and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂

16. If 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ and 𝑐⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ , and 𝑎⃗ is perpendicular to 𝜆𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗, find the value of 𝜆.
17. If 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = ⃗0⃗, |𝑎⃗| = 3, |𝑏⃗⃗| = 5, |𝑐⃗| = 7, find the angle between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗.

18. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ are two vectors such that |𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗| = |𝑎⃗|, prove that 2𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ is perpendicular to 𝑏⃗⃗.
𝜋 𝜋
19. If a vector 𝑎⃗ makes an angle 4 with 𝑖̂, 3 with 𝑗̂ and an acute angle 𝜃 with 𝑘̂ , then find the components of 𝑎⃗
and the angle 𝜃.
20. Find the value of 𝑥 if the angle between the vectors 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + 4𝑥𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 7𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑥𝑘̂ is obtuse.
21. If the dot product of a vector with 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ , 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ and 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ are 0, 5 and 8 respectively, find
the vector.
22. If the dot product of 𝑎⃗ with 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ are 4, 0 and 2 respectively, find 𝑎⃗.

23. Find |𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗| and |𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗| If two vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ are such that (i) |𝑎⃗| = 3, |𝑏⃗⃗| = 2 and 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = 6. (ii) The length
of 𝑎⃗ is 4 units and that of 𝑏⃗⃗ is 6 and 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ are mutually perpendicular.
θ |â − b| ̂
24. If â and b̂ are unit vectors inclined at an angle θ, then prove that tan 2 = ̂ + b̂
|a |

25. If 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = 0
⃗⃗, |𝑎⃗| = 3, |𝑏⃗⃗| = 5, and |𝑐⃗| = 7, find the angle between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗.

Answers
5 3 4 12 5
1. 𝑎⃗, 3𝑎⃗ + 4𝑏⃗⃗ 2. 3𝑏⃗⃗ − 2𝑎⃗, 2𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗ 3. 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 4. 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ 5. √ (3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂) 8. 1
3 13 13 13 2
6 −2 −3 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
9. 4(√2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ ± 𝑘̂) 10. 6, −2 & − 3; , , 12. , , 13. 4 14.
7 7 7 2 4 4 3
√2 𝜋 𝜋 1 1 1 1
15. cos−1 ( ) 16. −2 17. 19. ; 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂, 𝑘̂ 20. 0 < 𝑥 <
3 3 3 √2 2 2 2
𝜋
21. 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 22. 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 23. (i) 5 & 1 (ii) 52 25.
3

Prepared by Lenin A | Sishya School, Hosur Page | 3

Set 2
1. If 𝑎⃗, and 𝑏⃗⃗ are two vectors such that |𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗| = |𝑎⃗|, then prove that 2𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ is perpendicular to 𝑏⃗⃗

2. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, find |2𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗|.

3. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, prove that the magnitude of their difference is √3
4. If 𝑢⃗⃗, 𝑣⃗, and 𝑤 ⃗⃗⃗ are such that 𝑢
⃗⃗ + 𝑣⃗ + 𝑤 ⃗⃗. If |𝑢
⃗⃗⃗ = 0 ⃗⃗| = 3, |𝑣⃗| = 4 and |𝑤
⃗⃗⃗| = 5, find the value of
𝑢
⃗⃗. 𝑣⃗ + 𝑣⃗. 𝑤⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑤 ⃗⃗⃗. 𝑢
⃗⃗.
5. Show that the position vectors 4𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, 2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ , and 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ form a right-angled triangle.
6. Forces of magnitudes 3 and 4 units acting in the directions 6𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ respectively act on
a particle which is displaced from the point (2, 2, −1) to (4, 3, 1). Find the work done by the forces.
7. Find 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ if 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂.
8. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂.
9. Find a vector of magnitude 9, which is perpendicular to both the vectors 4𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and − 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂.
10. Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the points 𝐴(3, −1, 2), 𝐵(1, −1, −3) and 𝐶(4, −3, 1)
11. Find the area of a parallelogram having 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ as its adjacent sides.
12. Find the area of a parallelogram having 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ as its diagonals.
13. Find the area of a triangle with vertices 𝐴(3, −1, 2), 𝐵(1, −1, −3) and 𝐶(4, −3, 1).
14. Find the angle between the vectors 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ using cross product.
15. Find the vectors of length 5 units and perpendicular to the vectors 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ and 6𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂.
⃗⃗ and c⃗ is 𝜋. Prove that
⃗⃗, and c⃗ be unit vectors such that 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑎⃗ . 𝑐⃗ = 0 and the angle between b
16. Let a⃗⃗, b 6
⃗⃗ x c⃗).
a⃗⃗ = ±2(b
17. If with reference to a right handed system of mutually perpendicular vectors 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂ , 𝛼⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ and
𝛽⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂, express 𝛽⃗ as 𝛽⃗ = 𝛽⃗1 + 𝛽⃗2 where 𝛽⃗1 is parallel to 𝛼⃗ and 𝛽⃗2 is perpendicular to 𝛼⃗
18. Express 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ as the sum of a vector parallel and a vector perpendicular to 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
19. Decompose 6𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ into vectors which are parallel and perpendicular to the vector 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
2 2 2
20. Show that |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗| = |𝑎⃗|2 |𝑏⃗⃗| − (𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗)

21. If |𝑎⃗| = √26, |𝑏⃗⃗| = 7 and |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗| = 35, find 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗.

22. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑐⃗ = 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ are given vectors, then find a vector 𝑏⃗⃗ such that 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑐⃗ and 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = 3

23. If a⃗⃗, ⃗⃗
b, and c⃗ are three vectors such that 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = ⃗0⃗, prove that 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗ = 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗
24. Find the ratio in which the position vector 𝑎⃗ = 5𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ divides the line joining the points
𝑏⃗⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ and 𝑐⃗ = 9𝑖̂ + 8𝑗̂ − 10𝑘̂.

25. Three vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑐⃗ are such that |𝑎⃗| = 2, |𝑏⃗⃗| = 3, |𝑐⃗| = 4, and 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = ⃗0⃗. Find the value of
4𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ + 3𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ + 3𝑐⃗. 𝑎⃗.

Answers
124 1
2. √6 4. −25 6. 7. −𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ 8. (−𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ )
7 √3

1 1
9. −3𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ 10. (−10𝑖̂ − 7𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂) 11. 8√3 sq. units 12. 5√3 sq. units 13. √165 sq. units
√165 2

𝜋 3 1 1 3 1 1 5
14. 15. ±5(2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) 17. 𝛽⃗1 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ and 𝛽⃗2 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ 18. 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ + (𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂ )
3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

5 2 2
19. −𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂, 7𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ 21. 7 22. 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 24. 1: 2 25. −42
3 3 3

Prepared by Lenin A | Sishya School, Hosur Page | 4