SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE
FIRST SEMESTER, SCHOOL YEAR: 2020-2021

DES 213
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 3
Creative Design in Architectural Interiors
RESEARCH NO. 1

“IMPORTANCE OF CLIMATOLOGICAL,
SOLAR AND WIND CONSIDERATIONS,
DAY LIGHTING TO DESIGN ”

SUBMITTED BY:

JOHN PAUL C. DASIG

B.S. ARCHITECTURE – 2A

SUBMITTED TO:

AR. EVAN JONE G. NABAUNAG, uap, GreenAP

Instructor, Bachelor of Science in Architecture

September 25, 2020

INTRODUCTION.

Climate means a region with a certain condition of temperature, dryness,

wind, light, etc. It is rather an integration in time of physical states of atmospheric

environment, characteristics of geographical location.

Weather is the momentary state of atmospheric environment at a certain

location .Climate can be called the integration of time of weather condition.

Climate has 4 major elements:

EARTH – soil

WATER – humidity

FIRE – sun and temperature

AIR – wind

Climatology is all about the study of these elements.

ARCHITECTURAL CLIMATOLOGY

Architecture is all about ART and TECHNOLOGY. It includes public services,

water supply and drainage, air conditioning, ventilation, lighting, etc.

it is the basic science a designer is concerned about. It involves majorly on:-

climatic elements how they are behaving on us how to be benefited by these

climatic elements how to protect ourselves from the adverse effect of climatic

elements.

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The major steps in architectural climatology are:-

climatology-study of climatic elements biology-study of human comfort level

with respect to climatology technology-creating of built environment architecture -the

combination of the above and the final product.

SITE PLANNING

In landscape architecture and architecture refers to the organizational stage of

the design process.

It involves the organization of land use zoning, access, circulation, privacy, security,

shelter, land drainage, and other factors.

This is done by arranging the compositional elements of landform, planting, water,

buildings and paving and building.

Site planning generally begins by assessing a potential site for development through

site analysis.

Information about slope, soils, hydrology, vegetation, parcel ownership, orientation,

etc. are assessed and mapped.

By determining areas that are poor /better for development, the architect can assess

optimal location and design a structure that works there.

So the major concerns of planning are:-

Topography

Air temperature

Humidity

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Precipitation

Air movement

Vegetation and local factors

TOPOGRAPHY

topography is concerned with local detail in general,

including not only relief but also vegetative and human-

made features, and even local history and culture.

TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING

In its contemporary definition, topographic

mapping shows relief. In the United States, USGS

topographic maps show relief using contour lines.

These maps show not only the contours, but also

any significant streams or other bodies of water, forest

cover, built-up areas or individual buildings (depending on

scale), and other features and points of interest

P AS S I V E S O L AR D E S I G N

Passive solar design refers to the use of the sun’s energy for the heating and

cooling of living spaces by exposure to the sun. When sunlight strikes a building, the

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building materials can reflect, transmit, or absorb the solar radiation. In addition, the

heat produced by the sun causes air movement that can be predictable in designed

spaces. These basic responses to solar heat lead to design elements, material

choices and placements that can provide heating and cooling effects in a home.

Unlike active solar heating systems, passive systems are simple and do not involve

substantial use of mechanical and electrical devices, such as pumps, fans, or

electrical controls to move the solar energy.

Passive Solar Design Basics

A complete passive solar design has five elements:

 Aperture/Collector: The

large glass area through

which sunlight enters the

building. The aperture(s)

should face within 30

degrees of true south and

should not be shaded by

other buildings or trees from

9a.m. to 3p.m. daily during the heating season.

 Absorber: The hard, darkened surface of the storage element. The surface,

which could be a masonry wall, floor, or water container, sits in the direct path of

sunlight. Sunlight hitting the surface is absorbed as heat.

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  Thermal mass: Materials that retain or store the heat produced by sunlight. While

the absorber is an exposed surface, the thermal mass is the material below and

behind this surface.

 Distribution: Method by which solar heat circulates from the collection and

storage points to different areas of the house. A strictly passive design will use the

three natural heat transfer modes- conduction, convection and radiation-

exclusively. In some applications, fans, ducts and blowers may be used to

distribute the heat through the house.

 Control: Roof overhangs can be used to shade the aperture area during summer

months. Other elements that control under and/or overheating include electronic

sensing devices, such as a differential thermostat that signals a fan to turn on;

operable vents and dampers that allow or restrict heat flow; low-emissivity blinds;

and awnings.

SOLAR SHADING

Solar radiation can be useful in providing natural light and heat for buildings,

reducing the need for artificial lighting or heating. This can reduce energy use and

so emissions. However, excessive solar radiation can result in overheating, which

may need to be countered with energy-intensive cooling, or can cause glare,

a form of visual discomfort experienced when lighting is excessively bright.

Part L of the UK building regulations places restrictions on the amount of glazing that

can be used in buildings.

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 Solar shading, is a form of solar control that can be used to optimise the amount

of solar heat gain and visible light that is admitted into a building. This can have a

significant impact on the energy use of a building as well as on the thermal and

visual comfort of occupants, protecting against overheating and glare on hot or

sunny days. It can also provide privacy.

Solar shading can be fixed or moveable (dynamic).

Fixed solar shading can be provided by:

 Canopies.

 Overhanging eaves or balconies.

 Trees and other vegetation.

 External louvers or braise.

 Light shelves.

 Canopies and awnings.

 Solar control glazing.

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 Dynamic solar shading can be provided by:

 Internal blinds.

 Curtains.

 Internal or external shutters.

 External roller blinds.

 Other adjustable shading devices that respond to conditions.

Under cloudy conditions, moveable shading can be retracted to allow daylight and

useful solar gain to enter the buildings, reducing dependence on electric

lighting and heating.

However, The way these systems are controlled can have a significant impact

on building energy and on occupant comfort and wellbeing.

Incorrect operation can lead to overheating and glare, or can result in

a building being shaded when it does not need to be.

Dynamic solar shading can be operated manually by chords, chains and crank

handles, or it can be motorised, either hard wired, battery operated or solar powered.

This can make control easier and safer and can allow automation, either by timer or

in response to actual conditions.

DAYLIGHTING

Daylighting describes the controlled use of natural light in and around buildings

(Reinhart, 2014). It is the practice of placing windows, or other transparent media

and reflective surfaces so that natural light provides effective internal illumination

during the day. Successful daylighting requires design considerations at all stages of

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the building design process, from site planning to architectural, interior and lighting

design.

Daylight in buildings is composed of a mix – direct sunlight, diffuse skylight, and light

reflected from the ground and surrounding elements. Daylighting design needs to

consider orientation and building site characteristics, facade and roof characteristics,

size and placement of window openings, glazing and shading systems, and

geometry and reflectance of interior surfaces. Good daylighting design ensures

adequate light during daytime.

Some basic characteristics of daylight outdoors:

• Direct sunlight is characterised by very high intensity and constant movement. The

illuminance produced on the surface of the earth may exceed 100 000 lux. The

brightness of direct sunlight varies by season, time of day, location and sky

conditions. In a sunny climate, thoughtful architectural design is required, with careful

management of allowance, diffusing, shading and reflecting.

• Skylight is characterised by sunlight scattered by the atmosphere and clouds,

resulting in soft, diffuse light. The luminance level produced by an overcast sky may

reach 10 000 lux in the winter and as high as around 30 000 lux on a bright overcast

day in the summer. In a cloudy climate, the diffuse sky is often the main source of

useful daylight.

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• Reflected light is characterised by light (sunlight and skylight) that is reflected from

the ground: terrain, trees, vegetation, neighbouring buildings etc. The surface

reflectance of the surroundings will influence the total amount of reflected light

reaching the building facade. In some dense building situations, the light reflected

from the ground and surroundings can be a major contributor part of daylight

provisions indoors.

The goals of room daylighting are to adequately illuminate visual tasks, to create an

attractive visual environment, to save electrical energy and to provide the light

needed for our biological needs. A good luminous environment is simultaneously

comfortable, pleasant, relevant, and appropriate for its intended uses and users

(Lam, 1977).

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PRECIPITATION

Precipitation is a relevant climatic variable for building and urban design in hot

climates,

because of its potential to naturally mitigate heat excess in buildings and cities by

evaporative cooling; and as a primary source of water to artificially reproduce this

cooling mechanism, particularly in the humid tropics and subtropics. However,

precipitation is commonly neglected in the analysis and development of climate

responsive architecture and is rather seen as a cause of problems. This paper

proposes a practical graphical method for building designers and planners which

facilitates the meaningful “reading” of a climate, to reveal the potential use of

precipitation in architecture. This method supplements existing climate analysis tools

by defining a scale and benchmarks that easily link potential water requirements of

buildings with water availability from precipitation. To complement this method, the

concept of Urban Precipitation Surplus is also proposed, a measure of the excess of

precipitation that is usually discarded which could be exploited for building cooling

and contribute to regenerate the water cycle and improve microclimates in cities.

Finally, a brief discussion is given about the analogy between buildings and

vegetation, and the importance of enriching architecture with concepts from fields

like agriculture and climatology.

SITE DRAINAGE

Site Drainage, by definition, is the movement of water to another area away from the

site. For purposes of this manual, we are dealing with standing water on sites

caused by poor drainage. Site Drainage measures help prevent the flooding of

property, drainage structures, waterways and roadways.

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WIND

Issues in the Design of Buildings explains the ways that structural designers

accommodate the impact of extreme wind events on the built environment. By

studying the flow and pressure fields around buildings, architects and engineers can

identify and select the best strategies for ensuring that a building will resist the loads

due to high winds, maintaining pleasant conditions in outdoor spaces, assessing

natural ventilation potential, and seeing that any exhaust fumes are dispersed

adequately.

This volume identifies wind characteristics and describes the effects of winds

generated by hurricanes, tornadoes, and thunderstorms. It explains the internal and

external pressures on a building's cladding (skin) and the effects of wind-borne

debris. A building's response to the structural loads caused by wind is outlined, along

with techniques for resisting wind. A chapter is devoted to wind tunnels and physical

modeling to predict structural loads, cladding response, pedestrian experience,

topographic effects, and snow deposition. A section of frequently asked questions, a

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glossary, and recommended reading make this material in this volume accessible to

students and nontechnical members of project teams.

Structural engineers and architects will find this book a useful aide in explaining

wind-related issues to clients, builders, building officials, and owners. Students in

structural and architectural engineering will welcome the clear, concise presentation

of an important component of structural design.

SOUND

Sound is a spatial event, a material phenomenon and an auditive experience rolled

into one. It can be described using the vectors of distance, direction and location.

Within architecture, every built space can modify, position, reflect or reverberate the

sounds that occur there. Sound embraces and transcends the spaces in which it

occurs, opening up a consummate context for the listener: the acoustic source and

its surroundings unite into a unique auditory experience.

VIEW

A view is a representation of a whole system from the perspective of a related set of

concerns. In capturing or representing the design of a system architecture, the

architect will typically create one or more architecture models, possibly using

different tools.

Viewpoint element: Description

Concerns: Show the top-level relationships bet...

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SOURCE

https://www.slideshare.net/kumarsadananda/climatology-presentation-1

https://sustainability.williams.edu/green-building-basics/passive-solar-design

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Solar_shading

https://www.velux.com/what-we-do/research-and-knowledge/deic-basic-book/daylight/daylighting

http://anzasca.net/paper/precipitation-and-buildings-estimation-of-the-natural-potential-of-

locations-to-sustain-indirect-evaporative-cooling-strategies-through-hot-seasons/

https://www.ejprescott.com/products/stormwater/site-drainage

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/book/10.1061/9780784412251

https://designingsound.org/2014/09/29/sonic-architecture/

http://www.opengroup.org/public/arch/p4/views/vus_intro.htm

JOHN PAUL C. DASIG

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