ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

A Look on cigarettes smoking among the Youths/Teenagers of Barangay Burgos,

Cagayan De Oro City

A research paper in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the program

Practical Research 2

John Michael S. Paalam

Angelo T. Balida

Jerard R. Balaba

Kent P. Libayao

September 2018

i
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
ABSTRACT

A large volume of data has gathered on the issues of cigarette smoking in health worldwide. The

relationship between cigarette smoking and health stops originally from clinical observations about lung

cancer, the first disease definitively connected to cigarette smoking. The proposed of this research which

entitled “A Look on cigarettes smoking among the Youths/Teenagers of Barangay Burgos, Cagayan De

Oro City” is to aware the youth that cigarette smoking is harmful to our body and cigarette smoking is

observed as a major risk factor in the development of lung cancer and also made a mark to everyone that

cigarette smoking can cause pre-mature death. The researcher conducts the research survey by providing

survey questionnaire Barangay 15, Cagayan De Oro City using the descriptive method and the respondents

of this research are the youth/teenagers in Barangay 15, Cagayan De Oro City has total number of fifty

(50).

Key words: Pre-mature death, Youth/Teenagers, Cigarette

ii
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers wish to acknowledge the presents of Mrs. Angelie Padilla as the research

coordinator of the senior high students, who helps and guide them in doing their research paper and also to

Ms. Marjorie Agapay who helps our research coordinator in complying all the development of the research

paper we have by giving help and suggestions. We also think God for the protection and the ability to do

work, and to our family who encouraged and prayed for us throughout the time of our research. To all our

friends thankyou for your understanding and encouragement in moments of crisis, your friendship makes

our life a wonderful experience. Were so grateful to Angeles Sisters National High School and most

especiall to the faculty of GAS and HUMMS 12 for making it possible for us to study here.

iii
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………… i

ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………. ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………………... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………... iv

LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………….. vii

CHAPTERS

I. THE PROBLEM

Introduction ……………………………………………………………1

Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………2

Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………...4

Statement of the Problem …………………………………………...5

Significance of the Study …………………………………………...5

Definition of Terms …………………………………………………..5

 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Review of Related Literature and Studies …………………………6

III. METHODOLOGY

Research Design …………………………………………………......13

Research Respondents ……………………………………………..13

Research Environment ……………………………………………...13

Research Instrument ………………………………………………...14

Statistical Treatment of Data ……………………………….……….14

IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

List of Tables

Table 1: Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to Age

Table 2: Frequency Distribution of the Respondent According to Gender

Table 3: Frequency Distribution of the Respondent According to Questionnaires

 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary ……………………………………………………………...18

Findings ………………………………………………………………18

Conclusions …………………………………………………………..18

Recommendations …………………………………………………..18

VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY

VII. APPENDICES

VIII. CURRICULUM VITAE

iv
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Tobacco use is a global epidemic among young people. As with adults, it poses a serious health

threat to youth and young adults in the United States and has significant implications for this nation’s

public and economic health in the future (Perry et al. 1994; Kessler 1995). The impact of cigarette smoking

and other tobacco use on chronic disease, which accounts for 75% of American spending on health care

(Anderson 2010), is well-documented and undeniable. Although progress has been made since the first

Surgeon General’s report on smoking and health in 1964 (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and

Welfare [USDHEW] 1964), nearly one in four high school seniors is a current smoker. Most young

smokers become adult smokers. One-half of adult smokers die prematurely from tobacco-related diseases

(Fagerström 2002; Doll et al. 2004). Despite thousands of programs to reduce youth smoking and hundreds

of thousands of media stories on the dangers of tobacco use, generation after generation continues to use

these deadly products, and family after family continues to suffer the devastating consequences. Yet a

robust science base exists on social, biological, and environmental factors that influence young people to

use tobacco, the physiology of progression from experimentation to addiction, other health effects of

tobacco use, the epidemiology of youth and young adult tobacco use, and evidence-based interventions that

have proven effective at reducing both initiation and prevalence of tobacco use among young people. Those

are precisely the issues examined in this report, which aims to support the application of this robust science

base. Nearly all tobacco use begins in childhood and adolescence (U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services [USDHHS] 1994). In all, 88% of adult smokers who smoke daily report that they started smoking

by the age of 18 years (see Chapter 3, “The Epidemiology of Tobacco Use Among Young People in the

United States and Worldwide”). This is a time in life of great vulnerability to social influences (Steinberg

2004), such as those offered through the marketing of tobacco products and the modeling of smoking by

attractive role models, as in movies (Dalton et al. 2009), which have especially strong effects on the young.

This is also a time in life of heightened sensitivity to normative influences: as tobacco use is less tolerated

in public areas and there are fewer social or regular users of tobacco, use decreases among youth (Alesci et

1
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
al. 2003). And so, as we adults quit, we help protect our children. Cigarettes are the only legal consumer

products in the world that cause one-half of their long-term users to die prematurely (Fagerström 2002;

Doll et al. 2004). As this epidemic continues to take its toll in the United States, it is also increasing in low-

and middle-income countries that are least able to afford the resulting health and economic consequences

(Peto and Lopez 2001; Reddy et al. 2006). It is past time to end this epidemic. To do so, primary prevention

is required, for which our focus must be on youth and young adults. As noted in this report, we now have a

set of proven tools and policies that can drastically lower youth initiation and use of tobacco products.

Fully committing to using these tools and executing these policies consistently and aggressively is the most

straight forward and effective to making future generations tobacco-free.

Theoretical Framework

Behavioural theories

Behavioural theories (or behaviourism) focus on how people learn to behave in particular ways.

Behaviourism was born from two main schools of thought:

 Classical conditioning, whereby a person learns to associate two previously unrelated stimuli (e.g.,

Pavlov’s famous experiments in which dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell with food).3 In

terms of smoking, a person can learn to associate smoking with other feelings and events (such as

being in a stressful situation or having a coffee) and these situations then automatically induce

cravings and ‘cue’ his or her smoking behaviour. 4

 Operant conditioning, which posits that behaviour is shaped by its consequences (i.e., reward or

punishment).5 When nicotine is inhaled, it causes a rapid release of dopamine, in turn causing

feelings of pleasure that reward and reinforce the behaviour. This pleasure and reinforcement drive

the process of addiction.4

Behavioural modification approaches to smoking cessation are underpinned by these principles.

Behavioural approaches to cessation focus on changing habits and patterns that cue smoking, replacing

smoking with a different, more desirable behaviour, rewarding abstinence, and emphasising the immediate

2
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
and longer term benefits of quitting. A review of behavioural interventions for smoking cessation found

that most report moderate success in quitting at six months. 6 (See Section 7.13.)

Social cognitive theory

Social cognitive theory, an extension of social learning theory, posits that people learn from one

another through observation, instruction, or modelling. It expands on behaviourism by explaining

behaviour as a product of reciprocal interactions between cognitive, behavioural, and environmental

influences. An important tenet of social cognitive theory is self-efficacy, or the belief or expectation a

person has that he or she can successfully perform a task. Social cognitive theory posits that self-efficacy is

fundamental to any behaviour change. A number of studies have shown a positive relationship between

self-efficacy and changes in smoking behaviours.

Social learning theory forms the basis of cognitive behavioural therapy, which considers that people’s

thoughts, feelings, and behaviours can interact with and influence each other to maintain problem

behaviours. Cognitive behavioural approaches to smoking cessation aim to break the situational and

emotional connections that have been established with smoking. Behavioural strategies target the

pleasurable associations and situational cues that reinforce and maintain smoking, while cognitive

strategies target the cognitions and emotions that may also play a role in the person’s tobacco use (for

example, the person may believe he or she does not have any control over smoking, or perceive that it helps

with coping).

Theory of planned behaviour

The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) states that people’s behavioural intentions and behaviours
are determined by their attitudes, social pressure (i.e., subjective norms), and the amount of control they
perceive to have over the behaviour. A meta-analysis exploring the efficacy of the TPB found it to be
useful in predicting intentions and behaviour across a range of health behaviours. One study has shown that
the theory strongly predicts smoking intentions and behaviours, especially perceived behavioural control.
Other studies exploring the TPB and cessation have highlighted the predictive value of attitudes and norms
in intention to quit smoking,16 and the important role of behavioural intentions in subsequent quit attempts.

3
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

CIGARETTE NUMBER OF
SMOKING YOUTH

FIGURE 1

The figure 1 shows the relationship of the independent variable (cigarette smoking) to the

dependent variable (Number of Youth)

The figure above shows the relationship between the independent and dependent variable. The

Independent variable represents the cigarette smoking while the dependent variable represents the number

of youth.

4
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Cigarette smoking is one of the common problem in our society , most especially the

teenagers nowadays. Specifically this study aims to answer the following:

1. What is the profile of the Youths/Teenagers respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

2. What are the effects of cigarette smoking to the youths/teenagers of barangay 15?

3. What are the major causes of cigarette smoking that can affect the health of the Youths/Teenagers of

barangay 15?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Those People in barangay 15, most especially the teenagers who are user of cigarette smoking. To make

them aware on what are effects of cigarette smoking to the health. This study will benefit the:

Students – who are still studying because it will give them more information about the Effects of

Cigarette Smoking to health.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Important terms uses in this study are define for the new purpose of facilitating comprehension of certain

concepts presented in the course of exposition.

Gender – the state of being male or female Education – the process of receiving or giving systematic

instruction, especially at a school or university.

Location – the action or process of placing someone or something in a particular position.

Age – the length of time that a person has lived or a thing has existed.

Adolescent - transitional phase of growth and development between childhood and adulthood.

Cigarette Smoking- Smoking is the inhalation of the smoke of burning

tobacco encased in cigarettes, pipes, and cigars.

5
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

Local Literature

(Lynch and Bonnie 1994) released Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children

and Youths, a report that provided policy recommendations based on research to that date. In 1998, IOM

provided a white paper, Taking Action to Reduce Tobacco Use, on strategies to reduce the increasing

prevalence (at that time) of smoking among young people and adults.

Bain 2008, Although young people were not the sole focus of this Monograph, the causal relationship

between tobacco advertising and promotion and increased tobacco use, the impact on youth of depictions of

smoking in movies, and the success of media campaigns in reducing youth tobacco use were highlighted as

major conclusions of the report

Braven 1994, that report concluded that if young people can remain free of tobacco until 18 years of age,

most will never start to smoke. The report documented the addiction process for young people and how the

symptoms of addiction in youth are similar to those in adults. Tobacco was also presented as a gateway

drug among young people, because its use generally precedes and increases the risk of using illicit drugs.

Cigarette advertising and promotional activities were seen as a potent way to increase the risk of cigarette

smoking among young people, while community-wide efforts were shown to have been successful in

reducing tobacco use among youth.

Kulbok et al (2008, 505) Investigated nonsmoking attitudes, beliefs and norms among 16-17 year old

nonsmokers. This was a qualitative study comprising of 39 participants. Data was gathered by means of

interviews. The findings of the study suggested that positive concerns for health and addition, positive self-

image and perceived confidence were reasons affecting participants’ decisions not to smoke. Gabriel

Garcia (2010) Philippines has one of the highest cigarette smoking rates in Southeast Asia, yet few studies

have been published on the smoking patterns and behaviors of Filipinos. The purpose of this study is to

identify environmental, demographic, cognitive, lifestyle, and personal health factors associated with

6
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
smoking cigarettes among Filipinos in the Philippines. METHODS: This study analyzed the 2000 Adult

Philippine Behavioral Risk Factor Survey. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to

identify factors associated with being a never smoker, current smoker, and former smoker for both Filipino

men and women. Using STATA, data were weighted and results were adjusted to reflect the general

Philippine adult population. RESULTS: Approximately 53% of men and 9% of women are current

smokers. Factors independently associated with smoking among men include being married and employed

in agriculture or blue-collar industry, while factors associated with smoking among women include having

less than a college degree and being older. Drinking alcohol and the interaction effect of living in an urban

community and having negative attitude toward anti-smoking policies were associated with smoking for

both men and women. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that the factors associated with smoking

cigarettes among Filipinos are gender specific. They also show that there is a significant interaction

between one's type of community and one's attitudes toward anti-smoking policies. Tobacco prevention and

control efforts should not be a one-size-fits-all approach. Program planners should develop interventions

within the context of the male and female perspective and the type of community they live.

Helena B. Florendo (2014) Cigarette smoking is always harmful since it is one of the primary reasons for

human death, however, smoking can be prevented. In the Philippines, there are dearth of studies conducted

that deal with cigarette smoking and anxiety among college students. The main purpose of the study is to

find out the cigarette-smoking behavior among college students and its correlates to anxiety. The researcher

used of questionnaires, standardized test and interviews to gather data. Likewise, descriptive-correlational

method, purposive sampling and SPSS were utilized. Out of 1,866 freshman students surveyed in Isabela

State University Main Campus, Philippines, 286 were current smokers. Findings revealed that most of the

participants are in their adolescence stage, male dominated, received minimal allowance, have parents with

high educational attainment, and their parents’ jobs require physical labor. Results showed that peer,

familial, mass media, environmental factors respectively except for the teacher factor had considerable

impact on the smoking behavior of the participants. Findings indicated that most of the smokers have a

high level of anxiety. Anxiety is significantly related to the developmental stage when one started smoking

7
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
and sticks he/she consumed per day. An intervention program aimed at reducing anxiety and cigarette

smoking among students need further research.

Kear ME 2002, although the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adolescents and adults consistently

declined in the past decade, smoking among college students rose sharply. To reduce the morbidity and

premature mortality caused by smoking, antismoking interventions need to target this vulnerable

population. Anonymous self-report data were collected from a convenience sample of 224 college students

who voluntarily completed a Web-based survey developed to assess the relation of risk-taking tendency,

depression, social normative beliefs, and smoking resistance self-efficacy to cigarette smoking behavior.¹

Employing structural analysis using LISREL (Jöreskog & Sörbom,1996), all 4 factors were confirmed as

determinants of smoking. Resistance self-efficacy, the only direct antecedent, mediated the link to risk-

taking tendency, depression, and social normative beliefs. Antismoking interventions that focus on

enhancing refusal skills and are delivered to homogeneous groups are proposed as an effective approach to

reducing cigarette smoking among college students.

Oliveira A, Barros 2007, We conducted a population-based case-control study with 329 incident acute

myocardial infarction cases (42 women; 287 men), consecutively admitted to the Cardiology department of

hospitals in Porto, Portugal, and 778 controls (486 women; 292 men), selected within the non-

institutionalized Porto population, during 2001-2003. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (OR,

95%CI) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression.

Foreign Literature

Ahmadi J, Khalili H 2001. The current research assessed the prevalence of cigarette smoking in Shiraz, Iran

by randomly selecting 1,335 subjects (782 men and 553 women) from the city for a face-to-face interview

and completion of a questionnaire. Of the participants, 205 (26%) of the men and 20 (3.6%) of the women

reported being current smokers. The mean ages of smokers and nonsmokers were 41.8 and 37.0 yr.,

respectively (range between 16 and 90 years for smokers and nonsmokers). The mean age of starting to

smoke cigarettes was 21.3 yr. (range of 10 to 60). The most common reasons for current cigarette smoking

8
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
were Need to avoid withdrawal symptoms, Release of tension, and Pleasurable purposes. Foreign filter-

tipped cigarettes were the most common type consumed. The mean number of cigarettes per day was 13.4

(SD = 10.3). Reports for onset of cigarette smoking included Modeling, Release of tension, and Pleasurable

purposes. Cigarette smoking was reported by more males than females. The most common reason for onset

of cigarette smoking was different from that for current smoking. Frequencies of smokers within age

groups were varied.

Fotouhi A, Khabazkhoob M 2009. The results of this study showed lower prevalence of cigarette smoking

has relatively decreased compared with previous studies. However, healthcare officials should consider

educational and healthcare programs to decrease the prevalence of smoking.

Jafari F, Haji Zamani A 2011. The mean age of students was 21.70 ± 2.73 years, and 92% of them were

single. The prevalence of smoking was 27.3% including 35.4% of men and 12.6% of women (P < 0.001).

The mean duration of smoking was 4.22 ± 3.05 years. There was a significant association between smoking

behaviors among students and their age, gender, type of accommodation, field of study, income status,

duration of study, and existence of smoking habits among family members.

Metintas S, Sariboyaci MA 1998

The prevalence of smoking among university students was 42.5% (being highest among the students of the

Faculty of Arts and lowest among the students of the medical faculty (60.9% vs 33.9%). The results of the

analysis indicated that: being male, studying arts or education as opposed to medicine, being a final year

student, being resident with friends, having a father with a lower education level and have a family

member(s) who smokes were independently associated with smoking.

Kusma B, Quarcoo D 2010. The smoking rate was 22.1% among women, 32.4% among men. Students

underestimated smoking-related mortality and the negative effect of smoking on longevity. A considerable

number of subjects erroneously assumed that nicotine causes coronary artery disease. Students' overall

9
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
knowledge of the effectiveness of smoking cessation methods was inadequate. Only one third of the

students indicated that they felt qualified to counsel patients about tobacco dependence.

(Tushar Singh. MD, PhD | 2016) Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the

United States; if current smoking rates continue, 5.6 million Americans aged <18 years who are alive today

are projected to die prematurely from smoking-related disease (1). Tobacco use and addiction mostly begin

during youth and young adulthood (1,2). CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analyzed data

from the 2011–2015 National Youth Tobacco Surveys (NYTS) to determine the prevalence and trends of

current (past 30-day) use of seven tobacco product types (cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, electronic

cigarettes [e-cigarettes], hookahs [water pipes used to smoke tobacco], pipe tobacco, and bidis [small

imported cigarettes wrapped in a tendu leaf]) among U.S. middle (grades 6–8) and high (grades 9–12)

school students. In 2015, e-cigarettes were the most commonly used tobacco product among middle (5.3%)

and high (16.0%) school students. During 2011–2015, significant increases in current use of e-cigarettes

and hookahs occurred among middle and high school students, whereas current use of conventional tobacco

products, such as cigarettes and cigars decreased, resulting in no change in overall tobacco product use.

During 2014–2015, current use of e-cigarettes increased among middle school students, whereas current

use of hookahs decreased among high school students; in contrast, no change was observed in use of

hookahs among middle school students, use of e-cigarettes among high school students, or use of

cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, pipe tobacco, or bidis among middle and high school students. In

2015, an estimated 4.7 million middle and high school students were current tobacco product users, and,

therefore, continue to be exposed to harmful tobacco product constituents, including nicotine. Nicotine

exposure during adolescence, a critical period for brain development, can cause addiction, might harm

brain development, and could lead to sustained tobacco product use among youths (1,3). Comprehensive

and sustained strategies are warranted to prevent and reduce the use of all tobacco products among U.S.

youths.

(Reynolds A. Morrison | 2001) Tobacco use is a major preventable cause of morbidity and mortality

worldwide. Most smokers initiate smoking in childhood, become addicted, and continue the habit into

10
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
adulthood. Various factors have been shown to impact smoking behavior. It is important to determine how

these factors impact smoking behavior in developing regions of the world, such as in South Africa. This

study examines the association between parental smoking status; peer smoking status; exposure to pro-

tobacco marketing; and current smoking status among adolescents in South Africa. It also determines

which factor is the most significant predictor of current smoking status among the study population and

further examines the trends in these factors among survey populations from 1999 – 2008.Secondary

analysis was conducted on data obtained from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Logistic regression

analyses were conducted to determine the association between the independent variables; parental smoking

status, peer smoking status, and exposure to pro-tobacco marketing; and the dependent variable, current

smoking status, controlling for other factors. Adolescents who had at least a parent or a friend who smoked

had greater odds of being current smokers as compared to those who had neither a parent nor a friend who

smoked. Similarly, exposure to average and high levels of pro-tobacco marketing was associated with

greater odds of an adolescent being a current smoker as compared to exposure to low levels of pro-tobacco

marketing. Maternal smoking appeared to have a greater impact on adolescent smoking behavior as

compared to paternal smoking. Also, peer smoking had the greatest impact on smoking behavior as

compared to the other independent factors. Smoking rates among South African adolescents has decreased

from 23% in 1999 to about 17% in 2008. Similarly, the proportion of adolescents who had a parent or a

friend who smoked, or had been exposed to average and high levels of pro-tobacco marketing has also

decreased over the same period. Programs must be implemented to educate parents on how their smoking

behavior is being transmitted to their children, with a special focus on maternal influences. Tobacco use

prevention campaigns aimed at the youth should also be implemented, and laws restricting tobacco

marketing must be enforced.

(David M. Lydon | 2014) Smoking is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Smoking

initiation often occurs during adolescence. This paper reviews and synthesizes adolescent development and

nicotine dependence literatures to provide an account of adolescent smoking from onset to compulsive use.

We extend neurobiological models of adolescent risk-taking, that focus on the interplay between incentive

processing and cognitive control brain systems, through incorporating psychosocial and contextual factors

11
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
specific to smoking, to suggest that adolescents are more vulnerable than adults to cigarette use generally,

but that individual differences exist placing some adolescents at increased risk for smoking. Upon smoking,

adolescents are more likely to continue smoking due to the increased positive effects induced by nicotine

during this period. Continued use during adolescence, may be best understood as reflecting drug-related

changes to neural systems underlying incentive processing and cognitive control, resulting in decision-

making that is biased towards continued smoking. Persistent changes following nicotine exposure that may

underlie continued dependence are described. We highlight ways that interventions may benefit from a

consideration of cognitive-neuroscience findings.

(Helen Darling | 2006) To comply with workplace legislation, New Zealand schools are required to have

policies regarding tobacco smoking. Many schools also have policies to prevent tobacco use by students,

including education programmes, cessation support and punishment for students found smoking. This paper

investigated the associations between school policies and the prevalence of students' cigarette smoking.

Furthermore, we investigated the association between school policy and students' tobacco purchasing

behavior, knowledge of health effects from tobacco use and likelihood of influencing others not to smoke.

Data were obtained from a self-report survey administered to 2658 New Zealand secondary school students

and staff from 63 schools selected using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Components of school policy

were not significantly associated with smoking outcomes, health knowledge or health behavior, and weakly

related to a punishment emphasis and students advising others to not smoke. Similarly, weak associations

were found between not advising others to not smoke and policies with a punishment emphasis as well as

smoke-free environments. The results suggest that having a school tobacco policy was unrelated to the

prevalence of tobacco use among students, tobacco purchasing behavior and knowledge of the negative

health effects of tobacco.

12
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study used the Descriptive Methodology. The researchers use the descriptive survey research design

that uses survey questionnaire to gather data.

RESEARCH RESPONDENTS

The respondents of the study will be the Youths/Teenagers of barangay 15, Cagayan De Oro City.

The researcher chose purposive sampling to them because they are easy to approach and interested to

cooperate.

RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
This study was conducted at Barangay 15, Cagayan De Oro City.

13
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Questionnaires were developed from questionnaires which have been used in earlier researcher

and from different article related to cigarette smoking that was used for the survey. The questions were

directed towards knowing information regarding those cigarette users. Socio-demographic characteristics of

the respondents were included in the said questionnaire. The questionnaire was translated from English to

Visayan and the researchers made sure that the original meaning was retained.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

 Permission Letter

 Survey Questionnaire

 Tally the result

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

The researcher caught to use the T-test dependent to know the effect of Cigarette smoking to the

health of respondents.

14
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the analysis, and Interpretation of the data collected in the course of the study.

The presentation follows the same order according to the research problem statements in chapter 1.

Table 1
Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to Age
Age Frequency Percentage (%)

15-17 years old 16 32

18-20 years old 26 52

21-23 years old 8 16

Total 50 100

Table 1 present the total number of respondents and its percentage according to their age. There

were 16 respondents with percent of thirty-two (32%) belong to 15-17 years old, while 26 respondents with

percent of fifty-two (52%) belong to 18-20 years old and also 8 respondents with percent of sixteen (16%).

Base on the data gathered, it shows that 18-20 years old respondents is obtained the highest percentage in

terms of age.

Table 2

Frequency Distribution of the Respondent According to Gender

Gender Frequency Percentage (%)

Male 45 90

Female 5 10

Total 50 100

Table 2 present the number of respondent according to their gender.

15
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
There were 45 respondents with percent ninety percent (90%) whom were male, and 5 of whom were

female with ten percent (10 %) of its total percentage. Base on the data gathered, it was revealed that male

respondent obtained the highest percentage it terms of gender.

Table 3

Frequency Distribution of the Respondent According to Questionnaires

No. of Freq. (%) Freq. (%) Freq. (%) Total

Questions

Always Sometimes Never

1 15 30 35 70 0 0 50

2 23 46 27 54 0 0 50

3 26 52 24 48 0 0 50

4 50 100 0 0 0 0 50

5 0 0 12 24 38 76 50

6 2 4 0 0 48 96 50

7 0 0 13 26 37 74 50

8 45 90 0 0 5 10 50

9 41 82 9 18 0 0 50

10 11 22 39 78 0 0 50

11 0 0 0 0 50 100 50

12 42 84 8 16 0 0 50

13 0 0 5 10 45 90 50

14 10 20 25 50 15 30 50

15 14 28 33 66 3 9 50

16
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 The question number 1 shows that 70 % people are smoking sometimes.

 The question number 2 shows that 54% people are sometimes aware of the negative health

impacts cause by smoking such as lung cancer and asthma.

 The question number 3 shows that 52% people are always aware of what is fact, that passive

smoking kills millions of people per year.

 The question number 4 shows that 100% people know that the cigarette smoking is harmful.

 The question number 5 shows that 76% people don’t used an electronic cigarette.

 The question number 6 shows that 96% people are not smoking at home.

 The question number 7 shows that 74% people never considered their self’s addicted to cigarette.

 The question number 8 shows that 90% people always know that cigarettes are the one who kill

you slowly.

 The question number 9 shows that 82% people always in favor of cigarettes can make their life

complicated.

 The question number 10 shows that 78% people say that sometimes they continue smoking.

 The question number 11 shows that 100% people never tried smoking 1 pack of cigarettes in 1

day.

 The question number 12 shows that 84% people sometimes still control their self’s not to smoke.

 The question number 13 shows that 90% people never felt the effects of smoking.

 The question number 14 shows that 50% people smoking sometimes after eating.

The question number 15 shows that 66% people are considering smoking as their hobby.

17
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, the conclusions, and recommendations of

the respondents.

SUMMARY

CONCLUSION

The youth of barangay 15, was engaged in cigarette smoking.

RECOMMENDATION

Based on the conclusion that has been made, the researchers recommended,

Youth/teenagers- to avoid smoking cigarette because it can cause a respiratory disease (lung cancer,

asthma, Pneumoconiosis, Lower respiratory tract infection, etc.), age restricted in buying cigarettes and

further research on other place in the Philippines.

Future researcher- expounds the result we’ve got and try to study higher number of respondents.

18
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
CHAPTER VI

REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmadi J, Khalili H 2001-

https://www.ncbi.nln.nih.gov/pmc/article/PMC3722692/

Cesar, et al.[32],

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Cesar.+et+al.+(1996)%2C&rlz=1C1GNAM_enPH686&httpsoq=Ces

ar.+et+al.+(1996)%2C&aqs=chrome..69i57.723j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

Cesar (2015)-

https://scholar.google.com.ph/scholar?q=Cesar,+er+al+SMOKING+2015&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&ois

cholar&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDuYT6h_rSahWCk5QKHaARCW0QgQMIFjAA

(David M. Lydon | 2014)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4157230/

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=According+to+World+Health+Organization+(WHO)+Global+burde

n+disease+report%2C+2004%2C&rlz=1C1GNAM_enPH686PH686&oq=According+to+World+Health+O

rganization+(WHO)+Global+burden+disease+report%2C+2004%2C&aqs=chrome..69i57.682j0j7&sourcei

d=chrome&ie=UTF-8

Daniel, et al,

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Daniel+(2010)+smoking&rlz=1C1GNAM_enPH686PH686&oq=Da

niel+(2010)+smoking&aqs=chrome.69i57.777j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8.

Daniel (2005)-

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(14)70294-2

Fotouhi A, Khabazkhoob M 2009

https://thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(14)70136-X/fulltext

Helena B. Florendo (2014)

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0706740#t=article

(Helen Darling | 2006)

http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/15/suppl_3/iii3
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Joao, et al.

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=effect+of+smoking+on+dentalimplants.&rlz=1CIGNMenPH686PH6

86&oq=effect+of+smoking+on+dentalimplnts.&aqs=chrome..69i57.826j0j&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-

8Ties

Jafari F, Haji Zamani A 2011

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=%2C+Jafare+F.+Haji+Zamani+(2011)&rlz=1C1GNAMenPH686PH

686&oq=%2C+Jafare+F.+Haji+Zamani+(2011)&aqs=chrome..69i57.789j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-

Kear ME 2002

https://www.idionline.org/article.asp?issn=09746781;year=2013;volume=3;issue=1;spage=46;epage=51;au

last=Goutam

Kusma B, Quarcoo D 2010

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Kusma+B.+Quarcco+(2010)&rlz=1C1GNAMenPH686PH686&oq=

Kusma+B.+Quarcco+(2010)&aqs=chrome..69i57.1021j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

Metintas S, Sariboyaci MA 1998

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5129a3.htm

Oliveira A, Barros 2007

https://onlinelibrary.wifey.com/doi/10.1111/apt.12086/full

(Reynolds A. Morrison | 2001) https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5745a2.htm

 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
APPENDIX A

Directions: Please put a check in a box to the answer of your choice or write in the space provided as
the case may be.
Part I. Socio- Demographic Characteristics

Age (Edad): __________ Gender (Kasarian): ______________

School (Eskwelahan): ______________

APPENDIX B

Part II. Knowledge about cigarette smoking

Questions Always Sometimes Never

1. Do you smoke?

2. Are you aware of the negative health impacts of

smoking, such as lung cancer and asthma?

3. Are you aware of the fact that passive smoking kills

millions of people per year?

4. Is the cigarette smoking is harmful?

5. Have you ever tried an electronic cigarette?

6. Are you able to smoke at home?

7. Do you consider yourself addicted to cigarette?

8. Do you know that cigarettes are the one who kill you
slowly?

9. Are you in favor of cigarettes make your life

complicated?

10. Now that you know that cigarette smoking can kill you,
do you still continue smoking?

11. Do you ever try smoking 1 pack of cigarettes in 1 day?

12. Do you still control yourself not to smoke?

 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
CURRICULUM VITAE

JOHN MICHAEL S. PAALAM

D-1 Consolacion
Consolacion, Cagayan de Oro City
Mobile: 09269653270
Email: [email protected]

Personal Data

Date of Birth July 24, 2001

Place of Birth D-1 Consolacion C.D.O
Age 17 years old
Civil Status Single
Special Skills Computer Skills on:
Microsoft Office Word
Drawing, Painting, Singer, Dancer, Love solving Math problem,
and
Love playing Basketball & Online Games

Academic Background

1. Junior High School- Angeles Sisters National High School, Consolacion Cagayan de Oro
City

2. Primary School- Consolacion Elementary School, Consolacion Cagayan de Oro City

Organizations and Affiliation

Research and Publications

Seminars and Trainings Attended

Character Reference

Mrs. Angelie Taclap Padilla

Licensed Professional Teacher
Senior High Coordinator at Angeles Sisters National High School
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
ANGELO T. BALIDA

D-1 Consolacion
Consolacion, Cagayan de Oro City
Mobile: 09656608671
Email: [email protected]

Personal Data

Date of Birth January 18, 2000

Place of Birth D-1 Consolacion C.D.O
Age 18 years old
Civil Status Single
Special Skills Computer Skills on:
Microsoft Office Word
Love solving Math problem, and Love playing Basketball & Online
Games

Academic Background

1. Junior High School- Angeles Sisters National High School, Consolacion Cagayan de Oro
City

2. Primary School- Consolacion Elementary School, Consolacion Cagayan de Oro City

Organizations and Affiliation

Research and Publications

Seminars and Trainings Attended

Character Reference

Mrs. Angelie Taclap Padilla

Licensed Professional Teacher
Senior High Coordinator at Angeles Sisters National High School
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
KENT P. LIBAYAO

D-2 Consolacion
Consolacion, Cagayan de Oro City
Mobile: None
Email: [email protected]

Personal Data

Date of Birth January 25, 2001

Place of Birth D-1 Consolacion C.D.O
Age 17 years old
Civil Status Single
Special Skills Computer Skills on:
Microsoft Office Word
Reading Books, Surfing Internet, Love solving Math problem,
and Love playing Online Games

Academic Background

1. Junior High School- Angeles Sisters National High School, Consolacion Cagayan de Oro
City

2. Primary School- Consolacion Elementary School, Consolacion Cagayan de Oro City

Organizations and Affiliation

Research and Publications

Seminars and Trainings Attended

Character Reference

Mrs. Angelie Taclap Padilla

Licensed Professional Teacher
Senior High Coordinator at Angeles Sisters National High School
 ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
JERARD BALABA

D-7 Puntod
Puntod, Cagayan de Oro City
Mobile: 09126486758
Email: [email protected]

Personal Data

Date of Birth December 9, 1999

Place of Birth D-7 Puntod C.D.O
Age 18 years old
Civil Status Single
Special Skills Computer Skills on:
Microsoft Office Word
Love playing Online Games & Basketball, Love watching Movie

Academic Background

1. Junior High School- Angeles Sisters National High School, Consolacion Cagayan de Oro
City

2. Primary School- Puntod Elementary School, Puntod Cagayan de Oro City

Organizations and Affiliation

Research and Publications

Seminars and Trainings Attended

Character Reference

Mrs. Angelie Taclap Padilla

Licensed Professional Teacher
Senior High Coordinator at Angeles Sisters National High School
ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
ANGELES SISTERS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL