1

Chapter 1

The Problem and its Background

Introduction

Since the last few decades technology has grown immensely and has

brought major changes globally. Communication barriers have been reduced

through technological advancement and new mediums are being introduced to

connect global audiences. Social networking has become an international trend

and has spread its reach to almost every corner of the world. With these

advancements a major concern arises as in this age of huge technological

development social networking sites are becoming more and more popular

among students especially in Pakistan. Statistics for 2011 suggested that around

20,431,000 Pakistanis were using internet on a regular basis (DAWN, 2011).

However, the question remains that whether Facebook has any impact on

student’s academic performance. There are handfuls of studies showing negative

relationship between Facebook and its impact on academic performance

including one which suggests how children with lower attention span focused

more on Facebook and children with higher attention span spent less time on

Facebook (Paul, Baker and Cochran, 2012).

Several research studies have been conducted across the world

examining the effect of social media on the academic performances of students.

Up to our knowledge, only a handful of studies have been conducted in Pakistan

on this issue. Previous researches were mostly based on one social networking
 2

site such as Facebook. A research was done by Madge, Meek, Wellens and

Hooley (2009) based on the universities in the U.K. The study showed negative

relationship between Facebook and the academic performance of students.

However, the study didn’t focus on which students were using Facebook and

what time of the day they used it the most. Moreover, the sample used for the

study was homogenous thereby restricting their research findings. Another

research by Asdaque, Khan and Rizvi (2010) was conducted on 100

undergraduate students of two federal universities in Pakistan. The research

focused on the use of internet and its effects on academic performance. The

results suggested a negative relationship. However, the study was carried out in

the same cultural environment and within the same city; therefore it did not

identify which social networking sites were being used. Moreover, it did not

highlight at what time of the day it was being used the most which resulted in

poor academic performance among students.

Further work on this area comprises of a study conducted by Bashir,

Mahmood and Shafique (2008) at one of the university in Pakistan which focused

on the internet usage by undergraduates, graduates and post graduate students.

The study analyzed a sample of 300 users and the analysis assessed the

relationship of internet with experience, frequency and places of internet usage.

The results suggested a positive relationship among students and internet usage,

and 63 percent of the total students mentioned that they used internet regarding

academic related work only. Nevertheless, this study only focused on internet

usage rather than specific impact of social media on academic performance.

 3

Majority of these studies were carried out at least 5 years ago. As the time

passed, the use of social media has increased. Therefore, more extensive study

is required to critically analyze this situation.

The advent of the internet in the 1990s led to major developments in the

world of communication hence the introduction of social networking sites (SNSs).

The coming into being of these sites revolutionized the world of communication

and today we celebrate its improvements ranging from education to

entertainment. The evolution of the internet has led to its usage as the best

medium of communication whereby two-third (2/3) of the internet world‘s

population visit social networking sites (SNSs) thus serving as communication

and connection tools. These networking sites are referred to as social media

(Boyd and Ellison, 2007). Social media exploded as a category of online

discourse which enables people to create contents, share them, bookmark them

and network at a prodigious rate (Jha and Bhardwaj, 2012). This has breached

the gab that existed in communication where people had to rely solely on

traditional methods such as letters and phone calls as a mode of getting in touch

with friends and relatives. Today, communication is as easy as walking into a

neighbor’s residence to deliver a piece of information or vice versa through the

use of social media. Social media is fast changing the public discourse in the

society and is setting trends and agenda in topics that ranges from the

environment and politics to technology and the entertainment industry (Asur and

Huberman, 2010). The driving factors for adoption of social media are the

progressively ubiquitous access, convenience, functionality, and flexibility of

 4

social technologies (Brown, 2010; Schroeder, Minocha and Schneider, 2010).

These factors have made the adoption of social media very easy and have

tremendously improved mankind’s life by exposing him to different ways of

creating and sharing information. An additional benefit of social technologies

provided on the internet is that they are frequently free or require marginal

investment, thereby eliminating a potential barrier to adoption (Brown, 2010).

As we know, nothing interesting is ever completely one-sided, so it is for

social media as it comes with both positive and negative effects. There is a

correlation between social media usage and academic performance of students

in universities. There have been various views andopinions which recognize four

major advantages of social media use in higher education. These include;

enhancing relationship, improving learning motivation, offering personalized

course material, and developing collaborative abilities (Wheeler, Yeomans and

Wheeler,2008; Rifkin, Longnecker, Leach and Ortia,2009). Also, Liccardi et al

(2007), argued that students are socially connected with one another and

therefore share their daily learning experiences and do conversation on various

topics through social media whereas Kuppuswamy and Shankar (2010),

reviewed that social network websites grab students’ attention and then diverts it

towards noneducational and inappropriate actions including useless chatting.

Research has proved the heavy presence of social media usage among

students. Wiley and Sisson (2006), for instance argue that previous studies have

found that more than 90% percent of tertiary school students use social

networks. It is also found out that, students use social networking sites (SNSs)
 5

approximately thirty (30) minutes throughout the day as part of their daily routine

life (Nicole, Charles, and Cliff, 2007).This shows the level at which students are

patronizing these sites and this may bring along both positive and negative

effects on students as far as their academic performance is concerned.

In light of this, the researchers’ objective is to investigate the effect of social

media on academic performance of students and to determine whether it has a

negative or positive relationship. The researchers plan to conduct their research

in order to learn how the use of Social Networking Sites (SNS) has an impact on

a student’s academic performance.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims at investigating the main idea of social media networking,

its importance and utilization. The study aims to answer the following questions:

1. Is there positive effects of social media to the academic performance

of the students?

2. Is there negative effects of social media to the academic performance

of the students?

Significance of the Study

The purpose of the study is to examine the role of social media in

students’ academic endeavours and ultimately their academic performance

through their reported perceptions and reflections. It also seeks to examine

factors that might influence the nature of this relationship, and its tentative impact

on the academic performance of Saint Aloysius Institute of Technology

 6

undergraduate students. The results of this study are expected to be of benefit to

students, teachers and beyond. It is expected that the results will provide a

deeper understanding of the phenomenon at hand, especially within the

Ormocanon local context. It will also help the school administrators and faculty

members recognize the extent to which university students’ use social media and

in what ways it might impact their academic engagement and performance, and

accordingly make more informed decisions with regard to the usage of social

media for academic purposes.

Scope and Limitation

This study aims to determine the impacts of social networking sites on the

academic performance of students. It involves gathering data through a survey in

a form of a questionnaire. This study also aims to provide people the knowledge

of the impacts of social networking sites into an individual.

Although the research has reached its aims, there were some unavoidable

limitations. First, because of the time limit, this research was conducted only

during the second semester of the school year 2018-2019.

Conceptual

Framework
SOCIAL NETWORKING ACADEMIC
SITES USAGE PERFORMANCE

Figure 1.Conceptual Framework of the Study

Figure 1 discusses about the process of making the research. In the theoretical model

the independent variable is social media and dependant variable is academic performance.
 7

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

The following is summary of the previous researches made in the impact

of social networking sites on the academic performance of students. This review

allows the reader to be brought up to date regarding the state of research or

familiarizes the reader with contrasting perspectives and viewpoints on the topic.

Related Literature

The advanced and improved usage of social media platforms such as

Facebook has become a worldwide phenomenon for quite some time. Though it

all started has been a hobby for several computer literates individual has

changed to become a social norm and existence-style for students around the

world (Nicole, 2007). According to Nicole, (2007), students and teenagers have

especially recognized these social media platforms to be able to contact their

peers, share information, reinvent their personas and showcase their social live.

Facebook users often experience poor academic performance. Also Karpinski

(2009) stated that social media has a negative association with students’

academic performance which is much greater than the advantages derived

through the use of social media platforms. People around the globe have been

addicted to the internet which has given rise to more students using social media

more often than before. Nalwa&Anand (2003) advised and recommended that

those who are addicted users love to use the internet to set back their personal

and professional responsibilities in which the final outcome is poor academic

 8

performance. It was highlighted in the finding of Karpinski (2009) that social

media platforms (Facebook, watzappetc) users usually devote lesser time to their

studies has to compared to nonusers did and subsequently has lower GPAs. It

was also mentioned by Karpinski, & Duberstein (2009), that among the major

distraction of current generation that social media platform (such Facebook,

Watzapp etc.) remains a major distractions. According to Kubey, Lavin, and

Barrows (2001), there is a correlation between academic performance and the

dependency on social media platforms. Researchers have conducted different

studies to find out the influence of social platforms users, for instance a study on

‘’impact of Facebook on undergraduates academic performance’’, stated that

social platforms have negative impact on students. According to the outcome,

students’ academic performance is affected the more they use Facebook. Social

platforms are mainly used by students for socializing activities rather than

academic purpose (Oye, 2012).

In addition (Oye, 2012) said that majority of students feel that social

platforms have positive impact on academic growth. In a different research

conducted by Shana (2012) it was ascertain that students use platforms mainly

for chatting and making friends. ‘’The consequences of internet and social

platforms on students’ academic growth’’ a study than by Young (2006) it was

seen that internet has spread its wings to reach teenager’s school life. It was also

observed by Young that students are more dependent on internet to access info

that pertain their academic life as well as entertainment. Additionally, Young said

that internet, though take a lot of time, and have less impact on studies. It was
 9

observed by Wang (2011) that impact of social platforms rest on the degree of

usage. Jeong(2005) observed that internet addiction is significantly and

negatively related to students’ academic growth, as well as emotional attributes.

Seo (2004) confirms Jeong statement when he opined that the negative influence

of internet is only on excessive users and not on all users. Rather (2013, p. 69)

avers that: the social platforms which are being used today with great desire and

enthusiasm have altered the way of using internets in this modern age by

defining online tools and utilities which allow users for communication,

participation and collaboration of information online. Today’s young generation,

especially teens and youth are using technology through innovative ways due to

which they are referred to as millennial and have changed the way they think,

work and communicate even though they are in formative years of their life.

Today’s youth because of social platforms have become technology addicts and

are quite withdrawn.

Related Studies

Studies found out that academic outcome of students who spent most of

their time interactingusing social media are positive because they were able to

share and generate ideas and concepts related to their studies. They also use

these sites for having fun as these social media sites are helpful in their

academic work. A similar study revealed that online social media had improved

the communication between the faculty member and students which facilitate the

communication of the correct information and improve understanding and the

development of the ideas and the courses. Based on the information collected, it
 10

is noticeable to say that the use of the social media during the lecture time is not

recommended.

Mensah &Nizam concluded in their study that social media platforms has

a significant impacton students’ academic performance in Malaysia tertiary

institutions. Nevertheless, among the six variables used in their study, time

appropriateness and health addiction has a stronger significant influence on

students’ academic performance. This is because time management plays an

essential role in determining the success and failure of an individual. Thus

students who lack time management can easily fall prey to the negative impact of

social media. Likewise, health and addiction, students who are engrossed with

social media platforms ends up skipping meals which has health impact.

According to the study of Owusu-Acheaw& Larson, it was revealed that

there was a strong positive relationship between the use of social media and

academic performance. Their study further revealed that most of their

respondents use social media sites to chat rather than for academic purpose.

Based on the study of Alwagait, Shazad and Alim, it was found that social media

usage on weekly basis displayed a positive skew where most students do not

use social media excessively. Respondents in their study felt that time

management and football were factors that contributed towards negative

academic performance besides excessive social media use. Study in Kogi State

University found out that the exposure of the students to social media have effect

on their academic performance. Evident show that social media have negative

influence onthe academic performance of students. Students who spend more

 11

time on social media are likelyto perform poorly in their academics this is

because instead of reading books, thy spend time chatting and making friends

via social media and this will definitely have negative effect on their

academic performance. Another study shows that students are not only affected

by social media, employees and employers too. A U.K. firm released a study

showing that people who use Facebook , Twitter and other social networks while

at work extracts a heavy cost on their employers.

According to Kolan and Dzadza, the nature of social media as a useful

servant but a dangerousmaster and a two-edge sword has been revealed in the

findings of the study. Despite the benefits that students can harness from social

media networks such as sharing of information, building relationship, partaking in

group discussion, there is to some extent addiction and distraction of attention

caused by the use of social media which could have serious consequences on

the academic life of students. One of the negative effect of social media is piracy.

The primary motivator for Australians of all ages illegally downloading movies

and TV shows is that it is free.

According to Landry, social media a tool that could be used for good or

bad, it all depends on the person. Social media has its layers of good and bad.

Yes, it is easier to remember the bad rather than the good but, social media sites

have created opportunities for people all over the world.

 12

Chapter 3

Methodology

This section will explain the research methodology used for the research

under study. The overall design or strategy that helps in obtaining the desired

goals and objectives of the research is referred to as research methodology. It is

basically a confirmation that the problem under study has been analyzed and

addressed thoroughly. This gives effectiveness and completion to the research.

The research methodology includes research design, data collection, reliability

and validity, analysis of data and ethical issues involved in the research process.

Research Design

The study used the quantitative as well as qualitative methods of

research. Descriptive research design was utilized to gain accurate profile of

situation. The research design of this product is purely qualitative i.e. using

questionnaires. The reason behind choosing this design is because this study

focuses on measuring the behavior of students to analyze the impacts of social

media on them. Human behavior varies a lot and is highly unpredictable. It

cannot be mathematically calculated. Whenever research has to be done in order

to measure a quality or extent of something, qualitative research design is

preferred. It is most commonly used when traits like human behavior,

preferences and thoughts have to be analyzed. Whenever trend towards a

particular element has to be analyzed, qualitative research design is used. This is

important because not everything can be measured by putting them in pre-

 13

decided mathematical formulas. For examples, a product is designed based on

preferences and requirements of people, this is obtained through qualitative

research. Questionnaires, surveys, case studies and interviews are the examples

of this type of research design.

Research Locale

The research locale of this study is at Saint Aloysius Institute of

Technology, Inc.The researchers conductedthe study in the said institution and

performed the survey on the institution’s students. The researchers conductedthe

study in the said school because the school provides theneeded results for the

researchers’ study.

Research Tools

The qualitative instrument for this study is a survey questionnaire.Ohaja

(2003) defines a survey as the study of the characteristics of a sample through

questioning, which enables the researcher to make generalizations concerning

the population of his/her study. This design is considered appropriate because it

enables the researcher to establish the range and distribution of some social

characteristics, and to discover how these characteristics may be related to

certain behavior patterns or attitudes (Zurmuehlin, 1981).

All the responses were collected online and were accessed using 5-point

Likert-type scale with anchors SD = Strongly Disagree, D= Disagree, N= Neutral,

A= Agree and SA= Strongly Agree. Questions used for the questionnaire for both

variables were adopted from multiple authors which included Ogedebe and
 14

Emmanuelien (2011), Gabre (2012) and Shah, Subramanian, Rouis and

Limayem (2012).

Research Procedure

In this research, qualitative data is involved. The preferences of students to

use social media, their usage and duration of use belong to qualitative data. For

this research, the chosen data collection method is questionnaire. Since the

social media network environment cannot be controlled unless otherwise

designed, the most suitable and cost effective method is conducting surveys

through questionnaire to different students and collecting their opinions on

various impacts. To support the study, information relevant to the study were

obtained. Data were acquired from the respondents of the study which were 55

student respondents. Twenty respondents were specializing ICT, ten

respondents were specializing caregiving, ten respondents were specializing

home economics, ten respondents were specializing HUMSS, and ten

respondents were specializing cookery. The instrument for data collection was

the survey questionnaire, observations, review of previous studies and analysis.

To gather data for the three research questions, survey, review of literatures and

analysis were used. Survey questionnaires were floated to the respondents. It is

a tool containing several questions to gather information from the respondents.

The survey questionnaire contains clear and simple seven likert-scale questions

that elicited information about the students’ use of social media: Strongly Agree

(SA), Agree (A), Neutral (N), Disagree (D) and Strongly Disagree (SD) (Osharive,

2015). Each item in the survey questionnaires are intended to answer the
 15

research sub problems. The data that were gathered were collected by random

sampling of respondents, tallied and tabulated. These data were presented in

graphs were analyzed and interpreted for the readers to understand better the

results obtained. The researchers selected 55 students to serve as respondents.

To determine the appropriate sample size, Slovin’s formula was used. Slovin's

formula is written as:

n = N / (1 + N e2)
Where:
n = number of samples
N = total population
e = error tolerance (0.05)

thus,
n = N / (1 + N e2)
=55 / (1 + (55x ((0.05) 2))
= 55 / 1.1375
= 48.35 or 48

The researcher desired sample size was 48.

 16

CHAPTER IV

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

This chapter involves the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

gathered and recorded in the third chapter. Here, the whole study was decided

into its constituent parts of the categories according to the specific questions

under the statement of the problem.

Analysis

The researchers inspected the information based on the results of the

previously done survey and organized the collected outcomes in order to bring

into focus the essential features of the study. The data were collected and then

processed in response to the problems posed in Chapter one of this research.

This research ought to answer the following question:

1. Is there positive effects of social media to the academic performance

of the students?

2. Is there negative effects of social media to the academic performance

of the students?

To answer the three research questions, statistical tools were identified.

For first and second research question, aside from literature review, mode was

used. For the third research questions, average weighted mean was utilized.

The collected data were used to analyze the impact of social media on students’

academic performance.
 17

Presentation of Data

Statement Strongly Agree Neutral Strongly Disagree

Agree Disagree
Social media have 21 20 4 2 1
impacted my
studies positively.

Social media has 22 19 6 0 1

improved my
communication
skills.

Once I interrupt my 12 22 11 2 1
study time with
social media, I lose
concentration

The time I spend 13 27 6 1 1

online on social
networks takes
away from my time
for studying.

I use social media 8 24 10 5 1

to understand what
I have been taught
in class.

Social media can 11 26 6 3 2

enhance the
intellectual of the
student.

I follow the latest 28 24 5 3 0

developments in my
field through social
media.
Table 1.Responses on the students’ usage of social media.
 18

Table 1 shows the results obtained from the survey for the effect of social

media to the academic performance of the student.

Interpretation of Data

According to the results of the survey, it was found out that twenty-seven

agreed that social media has negative effect on their academic performance. It

was revealed on interview with the respondents that sometimes they don’t have

time to make assignment or study because they had long been on social media;

one did not face such problem; six answered neutral; and one revealed that they

don’t encounter any problem due to social media usage.

In terms of positive effect of social media, respondents revealed the

following: twenty-one strongly agree of the positive effect; twenty agreed; four

claimed that it neutral neither positive nor negative; and two stronglydisagree of

the positive effect.

Summing up, it turned out that the internet occupies a specific place in the

life of student respondents. Majority of the respondents cannot leave their phone

even during the class session.Majority of them performs homework through the

internet, watch the series every day, but it does not interfere with their

educational process.
 19

CHAPTER V

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

In this chapter, the results, findings, of the whole study are summarized

and translated into valid and reliable conclusions which later forms the basis for

giving recommendations as possible solutions in the problem in the study

addressed to entities or people concerned.

Summary of Findings

The purpose of this study was to understand the effect of social media to

the academic performance of the student. The entire study was conducted during

the academic year of 2018-2019. The study used the descriptive method of

research. This study involved the effect of social media to the academic

performance of the student. Based on the gathered data, the researchers found

out that the primary motives for using social networks for them are the search for

friends, classmates and communication with them. The time spent on informal

organizations enables most respondents to compose their own particular

relaxation time, and in addition get ready for exams. Most students spend around

20% of their time using social media.

Almost half of those surveyed admit that using the social network helped

them in their personal lives and communicating with friends, organizing leisure

and in search of interest groups, some argue that social networks did not affect
 20

their way of life in any way, and only a few acknowledged that social networks

had influenced on their free time, 10% caused addiction.

Summing up, it should be noted that social networks, becoming an integral part

of the students’ full life, took up most of their free time. Having superseded the

methods for correspondence, they replaced the understudies' leisure activities

and verbal correspondence. The informal organization, and not the course book

and the instructor, moved toward becoming for them the main colleague in

anticipation of exams. Often the student does not have time to absorb the

information received in the lessons. After all, in the phone or tablet screen, there

are things much more interesting - correspondence with peers, news tapes, all

kinds of social networks, and, of course, YouTube videos. Also, all the free time a

student can spend on the Internet. Instead of doing sports, reading a book,

chatting with their peers "live," preparing for lessons or just walking, he will spend

time on social networks. Of course, this negatively affects their physical and

intellectual development. Undoubtedly, in social networks, there are also things

useful for the development of the student - a lot of educational groups on

Facebook and educational videos from YouTube. In addition, communication

with peers through social networks can help a student socialize, find new friends,

discuss with them issues related to studies. In addition, in social networks, a child

can relax for a while and get distracted from the everyday academic routine.

Conclusion
 21

Based on the findings of the study, the researchers concluded that social

media becomes an integral part of the student's full life, took up most of his spare

time. The time spend by the respondents on social media stressed that the

impact on their academic performance ends up negative

So, the social media, which also has a familiar name as a social networks

or web, chooses students as its potential victims. All kinds of computer

technologies, mobile phones have significantly expanded the scope of both

positive and negative factors of the spiritual and intellectual development of the

younger generation.

Thus, it can be concluded that social media have both positive and

negative impact on student achievement, and it is necessary to approach

adolescents' use of social networks with ultimate responsibility. In no case should

we forget about the negative consequences that excessive social infatuation

could have.

Recommendations

Based on the finding and conclusions drawn, the following

recommendations are hereby offered:

Institutions should focus on making pleasant things useful - promoting

social networks as a tool not only for communication and entertainment but also

for learning.
 22

Social networks should allow their users to voluntarily restrict attendance

on certain days, for example, to students during a session.

Seminars should be organized in the various schools or faculties to

enlighten students more about the possible implications of social media usage on

their academic performance.

Students should make sure that they use these social networking sites

judiciously to ensure that they do not become detrimental to their academics.

Teachers/lecturers can adopt new strategies by channelling assignments

or discussions on social media platforms to help inculcate the habit of using

these sites for academic work.

Students must minimize the time they spend on social media to avoid

being obsessed by these sites for unnecessary chatting.

The school authority should also restrict access to certain social media

sites that may be prone of distracting students’ attention during school hours as a

means of minimizing their use.

Finally, students themselves must realize all the potential harm from

excessive use of social networks, and responsibly approach the learning process

and academic results.

 23

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 25

Appendices

Appendix A

Survey Questionnaire on the “The Effect of Social Media tothe Academic

Performance ofthe Student”

Name: (Optional)____________________________

Age: _____ Grade Level: _______ Specialization:__________

Gender: Male Female

Directions: Please read each statement carefully and choose the most

appropriate answer.

SA – Strongly Agree A – Agree N – Neutral

SD – Strongly Disagree D – Disagree

Statement: SA A N SD D

Social media have impacted my studies positively.

Social media has improved my communication

skills.
Once I interrupt my study time with social media, I
lose concentration.
The time I spend online on social networks takes
away from my time for studying.

Use social media to understand what I have been

taught in class.
Social media can enhance the intellectual of the
student.
I follow the latest developments in my field through
social media.
If you have any further comments on the impact of social media on your
academics, please share it below: