Research Manual 2072 PDF
Research Manual 2072 PDF
Research Manual 2072 PDF
Tribhuvan University
Dean's Office
Kirtipur
2014
TUFHOSS
Published by:
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
Dean's Office
Kirtipur
2014
© FOHSS
Printed at:
T.U. Press, Kirtipur
Ph.: 4331320,4331321
Price: NRS.
TUFHOSS
Acknowledgements
Contents
Pages
Acknowledgements 3
Chapter 1: Introduction 8
1.1 Context 8
1.2 Requirements and Processes for Ph.D. 8
1.3 The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 10
1.4 Purpose and Delimitation 11
1.5 Research Paradigms 12
5.1 Indentation 33
5.2 Line Spacing 33
5.3 Alignment 33
5.4 Pagination 34
5.5 Typography 34
5.6 Diction 35
5. 7 Verb Tense 35
5.8 Mood and Voice vi 36
5. 9 Spelling 36
5.10 Numbers 36
5.11 Punctuation 36
Chapter 6: Documenting Sources 40
6.1 Documentation and Plagiarism 40
6.2 In-text Citation 43
6.2.1 Presenting /Citing Tables and Figures 43
6.2.2 Citing the Text 44
6.2.3 Block /Set- off Quotation 45
6.3 Reference and Works Cited Examples 46
6.3.1 APA Samples 46
6.3.2 MLA Samples 48
7. Appendixes: Samples 51
Appendix A: The Title Page (Sample) 51
Appendix B: Letter of Recommendation (Sample) 52
Appendix C: Declaration (Sample) 53
Appendix D: Table of Contents (Sample) 54
Appendix E: Footnote (Sample) 56
Appendix F: Reference (Sample) 57
TUFHOSS
vii
TUFHOSS
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Context
Established more than fifty years ago, the Faculty of Humanities and
Social Sciences at Tribhuvan University is not just the oldest Faculty but
the largest academic body to conduct graduate programs in the country.
The Faculty offers Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Degree in sixteen
different disciplines including Nepali, English, Economics, History,
Nepalese History, Culture and Archaeology, Psychology, Geography,
Population Studies, Sociology and Anthropology, Linguistics, Political
Science, Home Science, Hindi, Nepal Bhasa, and Rural Development. The
Faculty has been conducting Ph.D. Programs since it offered its first Ph.D.
Degree in Nepali in 1974. Since six Central Departments at the University
Campus including Nepali, English, Economics, Anthropology, Sociology
and Anthropology, and Population Studies started teaching Master of
Philosophy (M. Phil.) Degree half a decade ago, M. Phil. Degree is
compulsory for the enrolment in Ph.D. Program in these subjects.
However, in the remaining ten subjects, Ph.D. enrolment can be made
without M. Phil. Degree.
10
11
12
13
stresses the role of inner life experience, culture and/or imagination on the
part of the interpreter. So, it studies the phenomena of human behavior. Its
task is to understand how people see, think, and feel about the world,
seeking to grasp diverse perspectives in their own terms. Critical research,
as Hammeresley (2012) further adds, sees social science as playing a key
oppositional role in political terms, for example as being able to capture
the real social forces involved, whereas commonsense views are regarded
as frequently distorted by ideology, by misconceptions that are socially
generated so as to disguise injustice and its causes. It is different from
other research methods as it takes explicit political position, it is
interventionist, and works with some emancipatory agenda and social
transformation. Constructionism, as posited by Hepburn (2006), is an
orientation to research that considers facts, descriptions and other features
of "objective reality" to be inescapably contingent and rhetorical (p. 38).
In this view people are seen as produced (constructed) through social
interaction rather than through genetic programming and biological
maturation.
14
15
1. Title
2. Introduction /Context
3. Statement of the Problem
4. Objectives
5. Research Questions
6. Hypothesis (if any)
7. Delimitation
8. Conceptual Framework /Theoretical Background
9. Review of Literature
10. Research methodology
11. Organization of the Study
12. Appendixes
13. Working Bibliography with Annotation
14. References (in American Psychological Association), or Works
Cited (in Modern Language Association)
TUFHOSS
16
2.1.1 Title
The title should be descriptive and comprehensive, but unambiguous. It
should be a concise statement of the main topic and should identify the
main variables and /or issues under investigation. In the case of two-part
titles, a title and a subtitle separated by a colon, should be used to
represent a concise statement of the proposal.
17
2.1.5 Hypothesis
The introduction should state the anticipated outcomes of the research in
the form of hypothesis. It is a set of presuppositions set forth for further
verification. It is a predictive statement capable of being tested by
verificatory processes.
2.1.6 Objectives
Objectives shape the overall destination and scope of the study. Objectives
help the researcher identify the key study variables and their possible
interrelationships. They inform the reader what the researcher wants to
achieve through this study. Usually, objectives are categorized as
main/general and specific. Main objective is the overall statement of the
thrust of the study based on the central research question. Specific
objectives are based on the specific aspects of the issue under research.
2.1.7 Delimitation
The proposal should define the boundary, limitations and scope of the
research. It should clearly state the compass of the research universe such
as the texts and data under analysis, the area of study, the variables under
scrutiny, and the sample size of the population under study.
18
19
20
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 3: Conceptual Framework and/or Methodology
Chapter 4: Results/ Analysis
Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusions
2.1.12 Appendixes
An appendix should be used for materials that supplement the text but are
not appropriate for inclusion in the main text. Original data, detailed
descriptions of some resources, lengthy quotations, legal decisions or
laws, illustrative materials, questionnaires, verbatim comments, and
documents that are not readily available are documented in Appendixes.
21
i. Title Page
ii. Recommendation Page
iii. Approval Sheet
iv. Declaration
v. Acknowledgements
TUFHOSS
22
vi. Abstract
vii. Contents
viii. List of Tables
ix. List of Figures (if any)
x. List of Abbreviations, Acronyms and/or Symbols (if any)
23
3.1.3 Declaration
Declaration is the claim made by the researcher in which s/he asserts that
this work of research has not been previously published nor was it used to
get any sort of award or degree, and whatever is cited/used has properly
been acknowledged (for a sample, see Appendix C).
3.1.4 Acknowledgements
The acknowledgements section contains expressions of appreciations for
guidance. The recognition of various persons' generosity with their time
and knowledge is a courtesy that is widely appreciated. The language of
acknowledgements should be simple, polite and tactful.
3.1.5 Abstract
Most universities require a doctoral candidate to submit the Abstract, a
concise descriptive summary of the dissertation. It should explain the
project rather than defend it or evaluate it. It should begin with a precise
statement of the problem; continue with the description of the research
methods and design of the study, if applicable. Then it should include
findings and conclusions. The key words and important terminologies
should appear in the Abstract. Although it is the last part of a dissertation
to be written, it is generally one of the first elements a reader will look at.
The Abstract aims at providing an overview of the study which answers
the following questions: What is/was the general purpose of the study?
What is/was the particular aim of the study? Why is/was the study carried
TUFHOSS
24
out? How is/was the study carried out? What does/did the study reveal?
However, the elements of the abstract can be arranged in a number of
ways.
3.1.6 Contents
The table of contents in theory precedes all of the sections it lists. It should
list all the elements of the preliminaries that follow it, the chapter titles,
the main headings and subheadings in the text, and the reference materials.
The sample page of Table of Contents is given in Appendix D.
25
In the first types of dissertations, chapters are usually divided into five
categories corresponding to the stages of research. Although they may be
variously labeled, they can be categorized as Introduction, Review of
Literature, and Methodology/Methods of the Investigation, Findings,
Discussions and Interpretations.
26
The Methodology section should explain how the research was conducted
and how the data were obtained. The section requires a detailed
description of the research processes such as the participants, materials,
and procedures and an explanation of the reasons for doing so (see also
2.1.8). In social sciences and humanities, research scholars rarely make
general remarks because various disciplines /fields use different methods.
Indeed, different fields have different standards. In all cases, however, the
methods used should be aligned with the study's research questions and
theoretical assumptions. A non-evaluative analysis of the results is the
heart of the dissertation based on the collection of the empirical data.
27
Chapter 1: Introduction
28
Research design
Methods used to collect data Research instruments
Methods used to analyze the data
Details about who, how, when and why
(For ethnography, description of the setting and participants Issues of
ethics and consent)
Chapter 4: Results (with thematic and descriptive headings)
The findings of the study, described under themes that emerged from
The data, under the research questions or under the data collection
Techniques that were used
29
30
31
4.3 Consistency
Consistency is required in the entire dissertation so that it can be easy to
read. Consistency should be maintained at various levels. Most researchers
do not stick to one point of view; rather they make inconsistent
perspectives from which the text is written. Point of view is reflected from
the system of persons of pronouns ("I" versus "he" or "she"), tense (past
versus present), aspect (simple versus perfect), adverbs (now versus then,
close versus distant), number (singular versus plural), and voice (active
versus passive). As far as possible, the consistent point of view should be
maintained. In the case of variation, there must be some valid reason.
Consistency should be maintained in the selection of letters (types and
size), style of documentation (whether to use APA, MLA or other),
variation of spelling and grammar (whether to use North American or
British English variety). Put shortly, consistency should be observed at
every level of the dissertation.
TUFHOSS
32
33
5.1 Indentation
The first line of each paragraph of the entire dissertation (except Abstract
and References /Works Cited) is indented with about five spaces or one-
half inch. However, the paragraph which connects the ideas quoted in the
"block quote" or "set-off quote" is not indented. APA style recommends
that a piece of quoted material consisting 40 or more words is to be
considered as the block quotation and has to be indented with just five
spaces (one-half inch). MLA, however, recommends that the set-off
quotation is to be indented with ten spaces (one inch) from the left from
where normal lines start. The indentation system of References and Works
Cited is different from the rest of the dissertation. In this part, hanging
indentation is used. To use a hanging indentation, any additional line
except the first of each entry is flushed left by one-half inch. The purpose
of hanging indentation is to make readers easy to find out authors' last
names.
5.3 Alignment
The entire text (except the text of the Title Page which is centered) is
aligned to the left without justifying the paragraphs. However, headings,
titles and epigraphs are centered.
TUFHOSS
34
5.4 Pagination
All the preliminaries except Abstract and Approval Letter are counted as
pages of the dissertation. All pages except the title page are numbered. For
the preliminaries, the lower cases of roman numerals are used at the center
of the bottom. For the body and the back matter, Arabic numerals are used
starting from the first page of the body and ending with the last page of the
back matter. APA recommends that a shortened version of the title (up to
50 characters) followed by five spaces and page number at the right top
corner just one inch below the top margin. One line space is left between
the header and the first line of the text. MLA recommends that the header
should have the last name of the author and the page number. This header
with the page number is placed just one-half inch below the top margin.
Margins should measure at least one inch on all sides. For the binding
purpose, the left margin is increased by one-half inch.
The type size for the text of dissertation is twelve-point font. Decorative
fonts should not be used for dissertations. Times New Roman is normally
used as its italicized form is easily noticed. The paper size recommended
is 8.5 by 11 inches. The minimum printed area should be 6.5 by 9 inches.
5.5 Typography
Italics is accepted by both style manuals (APA and MLA). The following
titles of resources are italicized: books, magazines, newspapers,
pamphlets, long poems, plays, films, television programs, radio programs,
musical compositions, works of visual arts, electronic databases, and
websites. Non-English words used in the English text are italicized. But
Anglicized foreign words are not italicized. Words, letters and numbers
are italicized as they are used as words, letters and numbers. As per the
TUFHOSS
35
The direct quotes (except the block quotes) are put in double quotes.
However, MLA recommends that the titles of articles, short stories,
essays, episodes of radio and television programs, songs and short poems
are put within double quotes. The basic purpose of using quotation marks
is to write words as exactly they were mentioned. In the case of the
quotation within a quotation, single quotation marks are used. Unless
otherwise suggested, footnotes are not used in both the systems. If
essential, notes are placed just before the references or works cited list.
5.6 Diction
Words should be chosen to suit the project. The diction in research paper
should be formal rather than colloquial. Each words should convey the
meaning as exactly as possible. Slangs and words of everyday
conversation are rarely used in the research text. In the case of specialized
words and jargons, definitions should be given.
36
5.9 Spelling
Since words may be spelt /spelled variously, for the sake of consistency
the researcher should stick to one system. Since, the documentation
systems practiced in the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in
Tribhuvan University are U.S. based (American Psychological
Association and Modern Language Association), American (North
American English) spellings system should be followed. The most reliable
authority for spelling is Webster's Third New International Dictionary or
its abridgment, or the eleventh edition of Merriam-Webster's Collegiate
Dictionary. Where Webster's offers a choice between spellings, the
researcher should use any one of the variants where variants are separated
by "or" s/he should use the first option if variants are separated by "also."
5.10 Numbers
In APA format, numbers one through ten are spelled out. Numbers above
ten should always be written in numerals. Sentence should not begin with
numerals including dates.
5.11 Punctuation
Periods (.) are often used:
(a) at the end of a complete sentence: What Americans call a
period is named a full stop in Britain.
(b) in initials of an author's name: S. P. Lohani
TUFHOSS
37
38
Question marks (?) are placed at the end of a complete sentence which is
phrased as a question (yes/no or information question): Are you disturbed
by the niose? Who would tell the right answer?
A question mark also indicates the meaning of uncertainty.
Exclamation mark (!) is rarely used in academic writing, except where
they are part of quoted material.
39
The ellipsis mark ([. . .] three periods with spaces between) is used to
condense a quoted passage to indicate that some of the words are left out:
The last sentence “. . . I e the one to cook” places Celie in the su ject
position ut denies her the freedom, power and agency exercised by the
rapist agent.
(But if the ellipsis mark is placed after one or more full sentences, a period
is used just before three ellipsis dots).
On the contrary, the portrayal of Celie in the same sentences is just the
reverse. She is in fact represented as a patient [my italic], a sufferer that
“can est e characterized as the role of the being or that is affected by the
action . . . . If I kill a person, that person is present and affected by the
action.”
TUFHOSS
40
MLA style gives the authors "full name when it is first mentioned. This
approach emphasizes authorship and interpretation. APA style, which uses
TUFHOSS
41
only the last names of authors, gives a date after the authors' name. This
approach reflects the social scientists' concern with the currency of
research. MLA style places the date in the works cited list but omits it in
the text.
While currency is important, what someone had to say a century ago may
be as significant as the latest contribution to the field. Both styles include
page numbers for quotations. MLA style requires page numbers for
summaries and paraphrases as well. With a page number, readers can
easily find the original passage that has been summarized or paraphrased.
While APA does not require page numbers for summaries and
paraphrases, it recommends that writers use a page number if doing so
would help readers find the passage in a longer work. Finally, MLA style
uses the present tense (such as argues) to introduce cited material, whereas
APA style uses the past or present perfect tense (such as argued or have
argued) in signal phrases. The present tense evokes the timelessness of a
literary text; the past or present perfect tense emphasizes that research or
experimentation occurred in the past. Comparatively, APA style
recommends researchers to write initial letters of the first names and
middle names of the author whereas MLA recommends for full names.
APA recommends that except the first letter of the first word and the first
letters of the proper names, all other letters should be written in smaller
letters in the list of references. MLA recommends that all first letters of
the lexical items of the woks cited list should be written in capital letter.
MLA seems to be concise in the in-text citation as it does not recommend
writing p (p), and year, the shortened version UP that stands for University
Press. MLA in its 7th edition also recommends that the mode of
production is given at the end. For the detailed illustrations of every item
TUFHOSS
42
APA: Beasley, R., & Marcel, D. (2002). Persuasive signs: The semiotics
of advertising. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
43
Note. Adapted from The Harvard Medical School guide to men’s health, p. 107
44
45
chapter, paragraphs
The only difference with MLA is that it does not permit to write year of
publication, p for pages.
46
An edited book
Van Dijk, T. A. (ed.). (1985). Handbook of discourse analysis: Discourse
analysis in society, 4 vols. London: Academic Press.
47
An article in a newspaper
Sinha, S. (2013, June 1). Redefining women's work. The Kathmandu Post,
p. 4.
A film
Guggenheim, D. (Director), & Bender, L. (Producer). (2006). An
inconvenient truth [DVD]. United States: Paramount Home
Entertainment.
A Website
Adams, B. (2004). The theory of social revolutions. Retrieved from
http://www gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=44092
(Original work published 1913)
TUFHOSS
48
A television program
Pratt, C. (Executive producer). (2008, October 5). Face the nation
[Television broadcast]. Washington, DC: CBS News.
A DVD or BD
Guggenheim, D. (Director), & Bender, L. (Producer). (2006). An
inconvenient truth [DVD]. United States: Paramount Home
Entertainment.
An edited book
Van Dijk, Tuen. A. ed. Handbook of Discourse Analysis: Discourse
Analysis in Society, 4 vols. London: Academic Press, 1985. Print.
TUFHOSS
49
An article in a newspaper
Sinha, S. (2013, June 1). "Redefining Women's Work." The Kathmandu
Post 1 June 2013. 4. Print.
A film
Frozen River. Dir. Courtney Hunt. Perf. Melissa Leo, Charlie McDermott,
and Misty Upham. Sony, 2008. Film.
A Website
Gristmill. Grist Magazine, 2008. Web. 19 Jan. 2009.
TUFHOSS
50
A television program
“Machines of the Gods.” Ancient Discoveries. History Channel. 14 Oct.
2008. Television.
A DVD or BD
Forster, Marc, dir. Finding Neverland. Perf. Johnny Depp, Kate Winslet,
Julie Christie, Radha Mitchell, and Dustin Hoffman. Miramax,
2004. DVD.
TUFHOSS
51
7. Appendixes: Samples
Appendix A: The Title Page (Sample)
A Dissertation
Submitted to the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of
Tribhuvan University in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
in
SUBJECT
By
CANDIDATE'S NAME
Ph.D. Reg. No. 062/15
Tribhuvan University
Kathmandu, Nepal
August 2012
TUFHOSS
52
LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION
Dissertation Committee
-------------------------------------
Full Name
Supervisor
-------------------------------------
Full Name
Co Supervisor
Date:
TUFHOSS
53
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this Dissertation is my own work and that it contains
no materials previously published. I have not used its materials for the
award of any kind and any other degree. Where other authors' sources of
information have been used, they have been acknowledged.
Signature:
Name:
Date:
TUFHOSS
54
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION
APPROVAL LETTER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS /ACRONYMS
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of the Problem
1.2 Objectives of the Study
1.3 Outline of the Study
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Theoretical Framework
3.2 Data Collection and Processing
3.3 Estimation Procedure
55
APPENDIXES
REFERENCES
TUFHOSS
56
1 Sidney and Beatrice We descri e the Maharajah as a “pathetic creature” who had
“Theodore Morrison as tutor, and had taken to reading Comte and Her ert Spencer and
G.H. Lewes alternating with Marie Corelli,” Sidney and Beatrice We , Indian Diary
(Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987) 75.
TUFHOSS
57
REFERENCES
Aarts, B., & April M., (Eds.). (2006). The handbook of English linguistics.
Malden: Blackwell.
Barthes, R. (1977). Image- music-text. London: Fontana.
Bauer, L. ( 2006). Compounds and minor word-formation types. In Aarts
B. & and April Mc.
(Eds.). The handbook of English linguistics (pp. 483- 505). Malden:
Blackwell.
Beasley, R., & Marcel, D. (2002). Persuasive signs: The semiotics of
advertising. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Bednarek, M. (2006). Evaluation in media discourse: Analysis of a
newspaper corpus. New York: Continuum.
Bell, A., & Garrett, P. (1998). Approaches to media discourse. London
and New York: Blackwell.
Berger, A. (2011). Ads, fads, and consumer culture: Advertising's impact
on American character and life. New York: Rowman and
Littlefield.
Blommaert, J. (2005). Discourse: A critical introduction. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Brown, G., &, Yule, G. (1983).Discourse analysis. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Bucholtz, M. (2005). Black feminist theory and African women’s linguistic
practice. London: Routledge.
Cameron, D. (2001). Working with spoken discourse. London: Sage
Publications.
TUFHOSS
58
59
WORKS CITED
60
SUBMITTED TO:
Supervisor Co Supervisor
Name Name
By
Candidate's name
T.U. Regd. No.:
Ph.D. Roll No.:
Date of submission
TUFHOSS
61
REFERENCES
62
63
64
g]kfnL v08
[k|:t't cfn]vdf zf]w k|ltj]bg n]vg;“u ;Da4 k|fljlws kIfsf af/]df 5nkmn ul/Psf]
5 . To; qmddf vf; u/L k|ltj]bgleq ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u s;/L ul/G5 / pkof]u
ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf] ljj/0f cyjf ;"rgf s;/L k|:t't ul/G5 eGg] lh1f;fdf s]lGb|t /x]/ oxf“
gd'gf lb+b} ;ª\lIfKt 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . To;sf nflu dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q
;ª\sfodf k|rlnt MLA / APA k4ltnfO{ pbfx/0f ;lxt lrgfp“b} ;Gbe{ ;"rLsf ljlzi6
9f“rfsf] ;ª\lIfKt t/ ;f]bfx/0f JofVof klg ul/Psf] 5 / zf]w k|ltj]bg tof/ kfbf{ zf]wfyL{n]
cfkm\gf] ljifout cg'zf;gsf cfwf/df pko'Qm 9f“rfsf] rog ug'{ kg]{ / cfjZostf cg';f/
ldl>t k4ltsf] k|of]u ug{ klg ;lsg] t/ To;df k|ltj]bgel/ Ps¿ktf ckl/xfo{ x'g]
;'emfj klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .]
!= ljifo k|j]z
Zff]w s'g} g s'g} k|fl1s lh1f;fsf] ;dfwfgsf] Jojl:yt k|of; xf] . of] :jo+df Ps k|sf/sf]
cWoog klg xf] t/ of] ;fdfGo cWoog xf]Og . s'g} k|fl1s lh1f;f jf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
cWoogaf6} k|fKt x'G5 . o;f] eP klg cWoogsf cg]s 9f“rf jf k4lt x'G5g\ . cWoog
cyf{t\ 1fgfh{gsf cg]s k|sf/ ljsl;t x'“b} cfPsf 5g\ . dfgj r]tgf qmdzM ljsl;t /
;d[4 aGb} hfg] qmddf cWoogsf tl/sfx¿ klg Jojl:yt aGb} uPsf x'g \ / o;/L x]bf{
cg'ej, cfKtjfSo, cfudgfTds clg lgudgfTds k4lt x'“b} zf]wsf] ljlw ljsl;t ePsf]
b]lvG5 -aGw' @_ . oL k4lt dWo] zf]w jf cg';Gwfg cWoogsf] ;j{yf cfw'lgs ;fy}
Jojl:yt / j}1flgs k4lt klg xf] . of] j}1flgs / Jojl:yt x'g'sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] of]
sfo{ sf/0f ;DaGwdf cfwfl/t x'G5 / ;fIosf cfwf/df j:t'k/s 9Ën] lgisif{ lgsflnG5 .
j:t'k/s ljZn]if0f clg j:t'k/s lgisif{0fsf] o; k|lqmofnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpgsf nflu
zf]wsf] of]hgf lgdf{0f -zf]w k|:tfjsf] tof/L_ b]lv k|ltj]gbg n]vgsf clGtd r/0f;Dd
lglZrt tl/sf, 9f“rf / k4ltsf] k|of]u ul/G5 eg] tL ;a} kIfnfO{ ;dli6df zf]wljlw
cGtu{t /flvG5 . zf]wljlw cGtu{t cfpg] tL kIfaf/] ;}4flGts ¿kn] :ki6 x'g'sf ;fy}
ltgsf k|of]u kIfsf af/]df ;d]t /fd|/L :ki6 geO{ zf]wsfo{nfO{ pko'Qm lsl;dn] cufl8
TUFHOSS
65
a9fpg ;ls“b}g . clg tL ljljw kIfx¿ cWoog / 5nkmnsf a]Unfa]Un} kIf klg x'g\ . Pp6}
n]vdf tL ;a} kIfsf] cWoog ;Dej x'“b}g . o; s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ oxf“ d'Vo ¿kn] zf]w
k|ltj]bgsf] n]vg k4lt;“u ;Da4 /x]/ To;df vf; u/L ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u s;/L
ul/G5 / pkof]u ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf] ljj/0f cyjf ;"rgf s;/L k|:t't ul/G5 eGg]
lh1f;fdf s]lGb|t /x]/ oxf“ ;ª\lIfKt 5nkmn ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . k|:t't cfn]vsf] d"n kf7
rflx“ MLA k4ltdf n]lvPsf] 5 .
66
67
v_ n]vs / s[ltsf ldltsf] pNn]v ul/g] ul/g] ue]{ l6Kk0fL (Parenthetical Reference)
sf] 9f“rf h;nfO{ APA (American Psychological Association) k4lt elgG5 /
u_ km'6gf]6, kf7fGt gf]6 (End Note) / lalAnof]u|flkmsn gf]6sf] k4lt klg 5 h;nfO{
l;sfuf] Dofg'cnn] k|of]udf Nofp“5 .
oL ltg k4lt dWo] s'gsf] k|of]u ug]{ eGg] s'/f zf]w ul/g]÷u/fpg] ;+:yfsf] lgod tyf
zf]wsf] ljifout k|s[ltdf klg e/ k5{ . h'g k4ltsf] k|of]u u/] klg cfBGt Ps¿ktf eg]
x'g} kb{5 . o;f] eP klg hflg /fVg' kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] km'6gf]6sf] k4lt cr]n k'/fgf] /
e2f dflgG5 / clwsf+ztM MLA jf APA k4lts} k|of]u x'G5 . oL dWo] MLA k4lt
ljz'4 dfgljsL cGtu{tsf ljifosf] zf]wdf k|of]u ul/G5 eg] APA k4lt ;fdflhs zf:q
cGtu{tsf ljifosf] zf]wdf k|of]u ul/G5 . oL b'j} k4ltdf ;fdfGo cGt/ 5g\ t/ oL b'j}
k4ltn] zf]w k|ltj]bgnfO{ 5l/tf] agfpg] sfd u5{g\ . logsf] ljz]iftf eg]sf] k|fylds jf
låtLos ;fdu|Lsf] k|:t'lt ePs} 7fp“df To;sf] ;|f]tsf] ;ª\s]t ug'{ xf] . To;}n] o;nfO{ ue]{
l6Kk0fL -cyf{t\ Parenthetical Note_ elgG5 . hxf“;Dd lqe'jg ljZj ljBfnosf] ;Gbe{
5, o;sf] dfgljsL cGtu{t cª\u|]hL ljifosf] zf]wdf s8fOsf ;fy MLA k4ltsf] k|of]u
eO /x]sf] 5 eg] dfgljsL cGtu{ts} g]kfnL ljifosf] zf]wdf MLA / APA b'j}sf]
ldl>t k|of]u ePsf] 5 . oL b'j} k4lt j}1flgs eP klg MLA k4ltn] Dofg'cn 6fOk
/fO6/sf] hdfgfsf s]xL k'/fgf k|rngnfO{ hah{:tL lgjf{x ul/ /x]sf] 5 . To;sf] Pp6f
pbfx/0f s] xf] eg] Dofg'cn 6fOkdf nfOgx¿nfO{ …hl:6kmfOÚ u/]/ bflxg]k6\l6 a/fa/ ug{
ldNb}GYof] . clxn] sDKo'6/sf] ;dodf of] ;'ljwf eP klg o;n] bflxg]lt/ …hl:6kmfOÚ ub}{g .
h] xf];\, ca oL b'j} k4ltdf p4/0f / ;|f]t ;ª\s]t s;/L ul/G5 eGg] af/] rrf{ u/f}+ .
s_ MLA k4ltdf p4/0f / ue]{ ;Gbe{sf] k|of]u
MLA (Modern Language Association) cd]l/sfdf ljsl;t k4lt xf] . o;sf]
k|of]u dfgljsL cGtu{tsf ljifosf] zf]wdf x'G5 . o; k4ltn] kf7leq p4[t ;fdu|Lsf
;|f]tsf] ;"rgf km'6gf]6 jf kf7fGt gf]6df geO{ kf7leq} lbg' kg]{ cfu|x /fVb5 . o;nfO{
n]vs k[i7 k4ltsf ¿kdf klg hflgG5 . o; k4ltdf k|ltj]bgsf kf7leq k|o'Qm k"j{ dt,
dfGotf, lgisif{ jf k|fylds ;fdu|Lsf] p4/0f ePs} 7fp“df To;sf] n]vs / k|sfzg ;|f]taf/]
lj:tf/df geO{ ;"qfTds hfgsf/L pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 . To;f] ubf{ n]vs / s[ltsf] ;Gbe{
TUFHOSS
68
cgfjZos ¿kn] gbf]xf]l/g] u/L jfSox¿sf] u7g / k'gn]{vgdf ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 -:n]8
/ k]l/g @)@_ .
MLA k4ltdf ;|f]t v'nfp“bf olb jfSo -kf7_ leq} n]vssf] gfd k/]]sf] 5 eg] sf]i7sleq
km]l/ gfd bf]xf]¥ofpg' kb}{g, k[i7 ;ª\Vof dfq n]lvG5, h:t}M
lqkf7L zf]wefiffsf] rrf{ ug]{ qmddf s] eG5g\ eg] ædfgjLo jf /fufTds efiffsf] snfTds
cleJolQmIf]q:j¿k ;flxTosf] ljZn]if0f :jod\ g} sl7g 5 eg] To; cWoognfO{ JoQm ug]{ zf]wefiff
klg kof{Kt efjdo / /fufTds x'g hfg' ;d]t :jfefljs g} /xG5Æ-&)_ .
o; sygnfO{ o;/L klg k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
lqkf7L ;flxlTos zf]wefiffsf ljz]iftf rrf{ ug]{ qmddf eG5g\ M ædfgjLo jf /fufTds efiffsf]
snfTds cleJolQmIf]q:j¿k ;flxTosf] ljZn]if0f :jod\ g} sl7g 5 eg] To; cWoognfO{ JoQm
ug]{ zf]wefiff klg kof{Kt efjdo / /fufTds x'g hfg' ;d]t :jfefljs g} /xG5Æ-&)_ .
n]vssf] gfd kf7df gePsf cj:yfdf ue]{ ;Gbe{ o;/L k|:t't ul/G5 M
;flxlTos zf]wsf] efiffdf /fufTdstfsf] pkl:yltnfO{ ztzM lgif]w ug{ ;lsGg . ;flxTo dfgjLo
jf /fufTds efiffsf] snfTds cleJolQm ePsfn] o;sf] ljZn]if0f cfkm}df sl7g 5 eg] To;
cWoog;“u ;DalGwt zf]wefiff efjdo jf /fufTds x'g hfg' :jfefljs g} /xG5 -lqkf7L &)_ .
clg, olb s'g} l;ª\uf] s[lts} ;Gbe{ vf]n'jf ;lxt kf7df cfPsf] 5, cyf{t\ l;ª\u} s[lt g}
;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|o'Qm 5 eg] To;sf nflu sf]i7sdf ;|f]t v'nfO /xg kb}{g, h:t} M
lqkf7Ln] ;flxTo l;4fGt M zf]w tyf ;[hgljlw zLif{ssf] k':tsdf zf]w / ;[hgfsf ljljw kIfdf
lj:t[t ljj]rgf ub}{ logsf k|fljlws kIfsf hl6ntfnfO{ km'sfpg] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ .
MLA k4ltdf o;/L ue]{ ;Gbe{sf] k|of]u ubf{ Pp6} s[ltsf] n]vssf] ;ª\Vof rf/ jf
;f]eGbf a9L eP rf/-;Dd_ sf n]vssf] clGtd gfds} pNn]v ug]{ cyjf klxnf] n]vssf]
clGtd gfd n]v]/ …/ c¿x¿Ú k|of]u ug]{ k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 -:n]8 / k]l/g @)#_ . o;sf]
tfTko{ ltg hgf n]vs /x]5g\ eg] ltg} hgfsf] clGtd gfdsf] pNn]v ug'{ k5{ . rf/
hgfeGbf a9L n]vs ePsf cj:yfdf eg] klxnf] n]vss} clGtd gfd n]v]/ …/ c¿x¿Ú s}
k|of]u ul/G5 .
Pp6} y/ -clGtd gfd_ ePsf PseGbf a9L n]vssf ;fdu|L pkof]u ul/Psf] cj:yfdf
To:tf ;fdu|Lsf] ue]{ ;Gbe{ lb“bf n]vssf] clGtd gfdcl3 klxnf] gfdsf] ;ª\lIfKt ¿k lbP/
TUFHOSS
69
k[i7 lbg] k/Dk/f 5, h:t} M -l6= kf08]o &%_ clg -la= kf08]o *)_ . t/ gfdsf] o:tf]
;ª\lIfKt ¿ksf] rng cª\u|]hLdf :jfefljs ePsf] / g]kfnLdf o:tf] k|rng gePsfn]
g]kfnL efiffdf zf]w k|ltj]bg n]Vbf o;sf ljsNkdf o:tf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M
kf08]o [d}g]h/] n] a]nfotL ;flxlTos ;dfhzf:qL lrGts /]dG8 ljlnoD;sf] cg'e"ltsf] ;+/rgfsf]
JofVof ub}{ o;nfO{ æb|lj8 k|f0ffofdÆsf] ;+1f lbPsf 5g\ -!*$_ .
kf08]o [tf/fsfGt]n] ;f}Gbo{ / cfgGbsf] af]w ;|i6f jf efjssf ju{ r]tgf / ju{ l:yltsf
;fk]Iftfdf x'g] atfp“b} æs'g} a]nf ;fdGtjfbsf] lj/f]w / qmflGtdf ;f}Gbo{ b]Vg] ;|i6f kl5 qmflGtdf
s'¿ktf / cftª\s b]Vg yfn]sf pbfx/0fx¿ xfdLsxf“ 5g\Æ eGg] wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf 5g\ -#%_ .
Pp6} n]vssf Ps eGbf a9L s[ltsf] k|of]u ePsf] /x]5 eg] sf]i7sdf clGtd gfd;“u}
s[ltsf gfp“sf] 5f]6f] ¿ksf] ;d]t pNn]v ug'{ k5{, h:t} M
;flxTo dfgjLo jf /fufTds efiffsf] snfTds cleJolQm ePsfn] o;sf] ljZn]if0f cfkm}df sl7g
5 eg] To; cWoog;“u ;DalGwt zf]wefiff efjdo jf /fufTds x'g hfg' :jfefljs g} /xG5 -
lqkf7L, ;flxTo l;4fGt &)_ .
hxf“;Dd :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/fleq b]jsf]6fsf] t'ngf jf k|flKtsf] ;Gbe{ 5, pgL JoflKt, j]wstf /
cf]hl:jtfsf b[li6n] o; wf/fsf ;jf]{Ts[i6 g]kfnL slj 7xl/G5g\ -lqkf7L, l;+xfjnf]sg !$%_ .
oxL ;fdu|LnfO{ o;/L k|:t't ug{ klg ;lsG5M
hxf“;Dd :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/fleq b]jsf]6fsf] t'ngf jf k|flKtsf] ;Gbe{ 5, lqkf7Ln] o; wf/fsf
ljleGg sljx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ub}{ n]v]sf 5g\ M æJoflKt, j]wstf / cf]hl:jtfsf b[li6n] b]jsf]6f o;
wf/fsf ;jf]{Ts[i6 g]kfnL slj 7xl/G5g\Æ-l;+xfjnf]sg !$%_ .
n]vssf ;6\6f ;Dkfbs÷;+of]hs jf ;ª\snssf gfdaf6 ;Gbe{ ;"rLdf s'g} ;fdu|Lsf]
k|ljli6 5 eg] ue]{ ;Gbe{df klg n]vssf ;6\6f ;f]xL ;Dkfbs÷;+of]hssf gfds} pNn]v
ug'{ k5{ t/ Toxf“ ;Dkf= jf cg'= jf ;+of]= cflbsf] pNn]v ug'{ kb}{g . o;} u/L Pp6}
ljrf/÷dtsf nflu PseGbf a9L ;Gbe{sf] pNn]v ug'{ kbf{ sf]i7sdf cw{ lj/fdn]
5'6\6ofp“b} a]Unf a]Un} k|ljli6 ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 h:t}M
cfgGb / cftª\s lar åGåfTds ;DaGw x'G5 . Pp6f ljlzi6 sfnv08 / ljlzi6 ;fdflhs
kl/j]zdf cftª\s klg cfgGbsf] ;|f]t aG5 . k|;j kL8fdf cftª\s / cfgGb b'j} eP em}“ kl/j]z
ljz]ifdf lx+;f, o'4 / b'MvfGtdf klg cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 -r}tGo !&–!* ≤ a/fn $*–$( ≤
kf08]o #@_ .
TUFHOSS
70
k|ToIf sygsf] p4/0fkl5 k"0f{ lj/fdsf] k|of]u ;DaGwdf klg zf]wfyL{x¿df c:ki6tf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf ltg kª\lQm;Ddsf p4/0fnfO{ d"n kf7÷cg'R5]bleq} k|;ª\u cfPs} 7fp“df
/flvG5 / To; l:yltdf sf]i7sdf ;Gb{e ;|f]tsf] pNn]v ul/ ;s]kl5 dfq k"0f{ lj/fd lbOG5
-h;sf] pbfx/0f dfly cfPs} 5_ . clg rf/ kª\lQm / ;f]eGbf a9L kª\lQmsf p4/0f eP b]a|]
OG8]G6af6 !) :k]; 5f]8]/ a]Un} cg'R5]bdf /flvG5 / To;/L a]Un} cg'R5]bdf p4/0f -dfq_
/flv ;s]kl5 To;sf] clGtd jfSo 6'ª\luP/ lbOPsf] k"0f{ lj/fdkl5 -aflx/_ sf]i7sdf ;Gbe{
;|f]tsf] pNn]v ul/G5, h:t}M
pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbL lrGtgsf] bfz{lgs cfwf/ z"Gojfb xf] . o;n] ;d:t lj/f]wsf] cGTosf] s'/f u5{ . o;
;DaGwdf dfS;{jfbL lrGtsx¿sf] wf/0ff o:tf] 5 M
jf:tjdf pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbL cå}tjfbdf x/]s lsl;dsf lj/f]wx¿sf] c:t x'G5 . p;sf cg';f/
zf]ifs / zf]lift, bdgsf/L / bldt, s]Gb| / kl/lw -;LdfGt_ tyf cfjfhxLg / jfrfnsf lar g
s'g} å}t 5 g s'g} lj/f]w g s'g} ;ª\3if{ . pgLx¿ of] b]Vb}gg\ ls oL ;a} å}t / lj/f]wx¿sf] hgs
k'“hLjfb xf] . pgLx¿ d'lQmsf] dxfVofgsf] cGTosf] s'/f t u5{g\ t/ tLg rf/ ;o jif{b]lv
lqmofzLn u'nfdLsf] lj/f6\ j[tfGtsf af/]df s]xL eGb}gg\ . -kf08]o !&_ ÷ -kf08]o [d}g]h/ !&_]
s'g} n]vssf] syg÷ljrf/ p;s} d"n s[ltaf6 p4[t ug{ c;Dej /x]sf] / bf];|f] ;|f]taf6
p4[t ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf cfPdf lgDgfg';f/ p4[t ug'{ k5{ M
efiffsf zAb / cy{nfO{ Jolt/]s -leGgtf_ sf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df JofVof ug]{ ;+/rgfjfbL
efiffzf:qL ;:o'/sf] Pp6f k|l;4 syg 5– æefiffdf ;sf/ lagf s]jn e]b} e]b jf leGgt} leGgtf
dfq 5g\ -gf/ª\u !$@ df p4[t_Æ.
MLA k4ltdf Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/f
o; k4ltdf ue]{ ;Gbe{ lb“bf clGtd gfd -y/_ kl5 cNk lj/fd x'“b}g /
s[ltsf jif{sf] pNn]v klg x'“b}g .
clGtd gfdkl5 Ps :k]; 5f]8]/ k[i7 6fOk gu/L s]jn k[i7 ;ª\Vofsf]
pNn]v ul/G5 .
d"n kf7d} n]vs÷k"j{ cWo]tfsf] gfp“ cfPsf] 5 eg] p4[t ;fdu|Lkl5
sf]i7sdf s]jn k[i7sf] ;ª\Vof dfq pNn]v ul/G5 .
TUFHOSS
71
d"n kf7 -jfSo_df gfp“ 5}g eg] dfq sf]i7sdf clGtd gfd / k[i7
;ª\Vofsf] pNn]v x'G5 . d"n kf7 / sf]i7s b'j} 7fp“df cyf{t\ bf]xf]/f]
gfdsf] pNn]v ul/+b}g .
APA k4ltdf ue]{ p4/0f / ;Gbe{ ;|f]t
dfly pNn]v ul/P em}+ APA k4lt eg]sf] ;fdflhs zf:q cGtu{tsf ljleGg ljifodf
ul/g] zf]wdf k|of]u ul/g] zf]w k4lt xf] . xfdLsxf“ klg cr]n -s]xL ckjfb afx]s_
;fdflhs zf:qsf If]qdf o;} k4ltsf] k|of]u eO /x]sf] kfOG5 . hxf“;Dd ;flxlTos zf]wsf]
;Gbe{ 5, dfly g} elgof], cª\u|]hL ljefudf k"0f{tM / s8fOsf ;fy MLA k4ltsf] k|of]u
eO /x]sf] 5 t/ g]kfnL ljefudf oL b'j} k4ltsf] ldl>t h:tf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 .
jf:tjdf MLA k4ltsf s]xL ?l9x¿nfO{ …df]l8kmfOÚ ug]{ xf] eg] -h'g Jojxf/df s]xL
xb;Dd ePsf] klg 5_ g]kfnL ;flxTo h:tf] dfgljsLsf] ljifosf] zf]w df klg o; k4lts}
k|of]u pko'Qm x'G5 / s'g} zf]wfyL{n] g]kfnL ;flxTosf zf]wdf MLA k4lts} k|of]u u5{
eg] Tof] :jLsfo{ g} x'G5 . jf:tjdf oL b'O{ k4lt lar w]/} 7'nf] leGgtf klg 5}g . d'Vo
¿kdf n]vssf] clGtd gfd;“u} s[ltsf] k|sfzg jif{ lbg] / k|sfzg jif{ glbO{ k[i7 dfq lbg]
;Gbe{df g} cfwf/e"t leGgtf -oBlk cGo s]xL k|fljlws leGgtf klg 5g\_ b]vf k5{ . o;
k4ltdf ue]{ p4/0f / ue]{ ;Gbe{sf] gd'gfsf af/]df s]xL 5nkmn u/f}+ .
k|ToIf p4/0f
PlkP k4ltdf ue]{ p4/0f / ue]{ ;Gbe{sf] k|of]udf dfly PdPnP k4ltdf b]vfOPsf] 9f“rf g}
k|of]u x'G5 t/ n]vssf] clGtd gfd;“u} nuQ} p;sf p4[t s[ltsf] k|sfzg jif{ /fVg} k5{ .
k[i7 ;ª\Vof To;kl5 nuQ} /fv] klg x'G5 jf p4[t jfSo÷syg 6'ª\luP/ /fv] klg x'G5
-PlkP klAns];g Dofg'cn, k[= !&)_ h:t} M
hxf“;Dd :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/fleq b]jsf]6fsf] t'ngf jf k|flKtsf] ;Gbe{ 5, lqkf7L -@)#@_ n] o;
wf/fsf ljleGg sljx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ub}{ n]v]sf 5g\ M æJoflKt, j]wstf / cf]hl:jtfsf b[li6n]
b]jsf]6f o; wf/fsf ;jf]{Ts[i6 g]kfnL slj 7xl/G5g\Æ-k[= !$%_ .
oxf“ Wofg lbg of]Uo s'/f s] 5 eg] gfdsf k5fl8 sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] jif{nfO{ g]kfnLdf
n]vssf] hGdldltsf ¿kdf a'em\g] k|rng 5 t/ zf]wdf / zf]wsf] PlkP k4ltdf ljZj
k|rlnt dfGotf eg]sf] ;Da4 n]vssf ;Da4 s[ltsf] k|sfzg jif{ g} xf] / o; k4ltdf
o;sf] pNn]v clGtd gfds} kl5 ug'{ k5{ .
TUFHOSS
72
73
74
oxf“ klxnf] gd'gf cgfjZos ¿kn] nfdf] / e2f 5 eg] To;sf bf“hf]df bf];|f] gd'gf 5l/tf]
/ 5f]6f] 5 . bf];|f] gd'gfdf ;Da4 s[ltaf/] n]vssf] lgisif{ cfPsf] 5 / To;sf] k|sfzg
;do / k[i7 ;ª\Vof ;d]t cfPs} 5 . ca Tof] lgisif{ zf]wdf jf k':tsdf jf n]vdf, s]df
k|:t't ul/Psf] xf] eGg] s'/f t kf7snfO{ cfjZos nfUof] eg] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rLdf uP/
x]g{ ;lsg] ;'ljwf t 5“b} 5 . To;}n] o;/L g} ue{] p4/0f / ;Gbe{sf] k|of]u ubf{ o;/L g}
5l/tf] ¿kdf ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
@=@ efj x/0f
zf]wsfo{df k"j{jtL{ cWoogfaf6 ;fdu|L÷;"rgf÷ljrf/ lng' kg]{ g} x'G5 . dfgljsL tyf
;fdflhs zf:qsf If]qdf ul/g] cg';Gwfgdf of] cToGt :jfefljs 5 . t/ s;}sf s[ltaf6
p;sf ljrf/sf] x/0f u/L cfkm\gf n]vgdf k|of]u ug'{ rflx+ efjx/0f -Plagiarism_ xf]
-aGw', k[= &$_ . of] Ps k|sf/n] af}l4s rf]/L klg xf] . zf]wdf k"j{ cWoogsf lgisif{ /
ljrf/sf] p4/0f / pkof]u cfjZos k5{ eGg] s'/fdf t ljjfb 5}g t/ ;Gbe{sf] pNn]v g}
gu/L -csf]{ 9Ën] eGbf k"j{jtL{ cWoog / cWo]tfnfO{ Acknowledge gu/L_ cfkm\gf]
dt÷lgisif{ h:tf] b]lvg] u/L csf{sf dtsf] k|of]u ug'{ x'“b}g, To;dfly p;s} zAbnfO{ t
oyfjt\ emg lng} x'“b}g . cg';Gwfgsf If]qdf ev{/} k|j]z u/]sf / cg';Gwfgsf] cfrf/
-OlyS;_ k|lt ;r]t gePsfx¿af6 yfxf gkfO{sg} klg o:tf] sfd eO /x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf]
sfo{ g} efjx/0f xf] / of] Ps lsl;dsf] ck/fw xf] . o;af6 zf]wfyL{ d'Qm x'g} k5{ .
efj x/0faf6 aRg zf]wfyL{n] k"j{jtL{ cWoogsf ljrf/ jf lgisif{nfO{ of t k|ToIf sygdf
h:tfsf] t:t} ls t ck|ToIf sygdf pb\w[t ug'{ k5{ ls sygsf cGTodf sf]i7sdf
clgjfo{ ¿kn] ;Gbe{sf] pNn]v ug'{ k5{ . o;sf] csf]{ ljlw klg 5 . To:tf ljrf/ jf
lgisif{nfO{ cfkm\g} efiffdf -Kof/fk|m]h u/L_ /fVg klg ;lsG5 t/ To;f] ubf{ klg ;Gbe{
;ª\s]t clgjfo{ ¿kn] ug}{ k5{ . p4/0f s;/L ug]{ eg]/ dfly g} rrf{ ul/ ;lsPsf] 5 .
d'Vo s'/f ;Gbe{ ;|f]t gv'nfO{ / acknowledge gu/L csf{sf] egfOnfO{ cfkm\gf] agfP/
k|:t't ug'{ x'“b}g eGg] s'/fk|lt zf]wfyL{ ;r]t /xg' k5{ .
@=# ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] k|:t'lt 9f“rf
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] k|:t'lt zf]w k|aGwsf cGTodf / To;df klg kl/lzi6 eP kl/lzi6 ;d]t
k|:t't ul/ ;s]kl5 ug'{ k5{ . ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] k|:t'lt zf]w k|aGwdf k|of]u÷pkof]u ul/Psf
-vf;df p4[t ul/Psf_ ;fdu|Lsf] k|sfzsLo k"0f{ ljj/0f lbg] k|of]hgsf nflu ul/G5 . o;n]
TUFHOSS
75
k"j{ cWo]]tfk|ltsf] cfef/÷s[t1tf klg hgfp“5 eg] zf]wsf] ljZj;gLotf / cWoo If]qnfO{
;d]t :ki6 kfb{5 . g]kfnLdf Pp6} kbfjnL ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL k|of]u ul/P klg cª\u|]hLdf
References / Bibliography b'O{ zAbx¿ k|rlnt 5g\ / b'j}sf] tfTko{ klg leGg 5 .
Bibliography n] cWoog ul/Psf ;a} ;fdu|LnfO{ hgfp“5 eg] References n] zf]w
k|aGwdf p4[t ul/Psf ;fdu|LnfO{ dfq hgfp“5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ Works Cited klg
elgG5 . jf:tjdf zf]w k|aGwleq Bibliography sf ¿kdf xf]Og, Cited Works -cyf{t\
p4[t ul/Psf ;fdu|L dfq_ sf ¿kdf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rLsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ k5{ /
k|aGw÷k|ltj]bgleq p4[t ul/Psf ;fdu|L g5'6\g] u/L ;"rL agfpg' k5{ .
#= ;Gbe{ ;"rLdf ;"rgfsf] k|ljli6 / qmd
;Gbe{ ;"rL agfp“bf n]vssf clGtd gfd -y/_sf] klxnf] j0f{sf cfwf/df cyf{t\ n]vssf]
j0ff{g'qmdsf cfwf/df agfpg' k5{ eGg] s'/f t :ki6} 5 t/ oxf“ Wofg lbg of]Uo s'/f s] 5
eg] zf]wdf PdPnP jf PlkP k4ltsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L v08df
;fdu|Lsf] k|:t'lt k':ts, klqsf, hg{n, zf]w eg]/ cnu cnu zLif{sdf 5'6 \6\ofP/ ug'{
x'“b}g÷ul/“b}g . k|aGwleq ue]{ ;Gbe{df ;fdu|Lsf] k|s[lt gvf]lng] x'“bf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rLdf
klg To;/L cnUu} /fVg' cfjZos x+'b}g . To;n] kf7snfO{ cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ;fdu|Lsf] ljj/0f
vf]Hg cK7\of/f] agfp“5 . To;}n] j0ff{g'qmdsf cfwf/df ;a} ;fdu|LnfO{ qmdzM /fVb} hfg'
k5{ . s'g ;fdu|L s] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L ToxL ljj/0fleq} pknAw x'G5 . g]kfnL
efiffnfO{ dfWod agfP/ n]lvg] zf]wdf eg] /f]dg lnlk / b]jgfu/L lnlksf ;fdu|L eg]/ b'O{
v08;Dddf 5'6\6\ofP/ /fVg ;lsg] b]lvG5 . o;f] ubf{ kf7ssf] k7gLotf / ljj/0f vf]Hg]
sfddf vf;} afwf kb}{g a? ;lhnf] g} x'G5 . olt s'/f ul/ ;s]kl5 ca PdPnP / PlkP
k4ltdf ;Gbe{ ;"rLsf] 9f“rf s:tf] x'G5 eGg]af/] ;ª\If]kdf rrf{ u/f}+ . oL b'j} k4ltsf
9f“rfdf s]xL leGgtf ePsfn] ltgnfO{ a]Unf a]Un} pbfx/0fåf/f :ki6 kfg]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 M
k':tssf] k|ljli6
MLA k4lt
Slade, Carole and Perrin Robert. Form and Style. 13th ed. Boston :
Houghton Mifflin Company. 2009.
APA k4lt
TUFHOSS
76
Slade, C. and Perrin R. (2009). Form and Style. 13th ed. Boston :
Houghton Mifflin Company.
Wofg lbg' xf];\M
PdPnP k4ltdf k':tssf] k|sfzg jif{ cGTodf x'G5 eg] PlkP k4ltdf n]vssf] y/kl5
nuQ} x'G5 . o;} u/L PdPnP k4ltdf n]vssf] gfd k'/} n]lvG5 eg] PlkP k4ltdf y/
k'/f / klxnf] tyf dWo gfdnfO{ 5f]6f]df /flvG5 . t/ g]kfnLdf o;/L gfdnfO{ klxnf] j0f{df
5f]6\6\ofP/ b]vfpg] k|rng 5}g . o;sf cltl/Qm zf]wdf PlkP k4lts} k|of]u ul/P klg
n]vssf] gfd ;Gbe{ ljj/0fdf k'/} lb“bf o;sf] k'/f kl/ro kf7sn] kfpg] / Tof] kf7ssf]
clwsf/ klg ePsf] s'/fnfO{ Wofg lb“b} lqe'jg ljZj ljBfnosf] dfgljsL ;ª\sfodf PlkP
k4lt k|of]u ul/Psf zf]wsf ;Gbe{ ;"rLdf n]vssf] gfd PdPnP k4lt h:t} k'/} n]Vg]
k/Dk/f a;flnPsf] 5 . g]kfnLaf6 Pp6f pbfx/0f M
PlkP 9f“rf
aGw', r"8fdl0f -@)%#_= cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltj]bg n]vg= sf7df8f}+ M /Tg k':ts e08f/ .
zdf{, df]xg/fh / >]i7, bof/fd -@)$(_= g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;ª\lIfKt Oltxf;= t];|f] ;+:s= sf7df8f}+
M ;femf k|sfzg .
PdPnP 9f“rf
aGw', r"8fdl0f= cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltj]bg n]vg= sf7df8f}+ M /Tg k':ts e08f/= @)%# .
zdf{, df]xg/fh / >]i7, bof/fd= g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;ª\lIfKt Oltxf;= t];|f] ;+:s= sf7df8f}+ M ;femf
k|sfzg= @)$( .
-Wofg lbg' xf];\ M s[lt / klqsf÷hg{nsf] gfd APA/MLA b'a} k4ltdf O6flns g} x'G5 t/
g]kfnLdf eg] To;sf ;6\6f Bold u/]/ /fVg] rng klg :jLs[t 5 . h] u/] klg
Ps¿ktf rflx“ x'g' k5{ .
Psflws n]vssf s[ltsf] ;"rL
s'g} s[lt÷;fdu|L Psflws n]vsåf/f n]lvPsf] l:yltdf PlkP k4ltdf ^ hgf;Dd n]vssf]
gfd cNk lj/fd k|of]u ub}{ pNn]v ug]{ lgod 5 eg] PdPnP k4ltdf ltg-rf/_ hgf;Ddsf]
gfd pNn]v u/]/ af“sLnfO{ et al. cyf{t\ …c¿x¿Ú af6 ;ª\s]t ul/G5 . jf:tjdf o;sf]
TUFHOSS
77
pko'Qm cfsf/ / xfd|f] k|rngnfO{ x]bf{ ltg hgf;Ddsf] gfd} pNn]v ug]{ / To; eGbf a9L
/x]5g\ eg] et al. cyf{t\ …/ c¿x¿Ú af6 ;ª\s]t ug'{ /fd}| x''G5 .
km'6s/ n]vsf] k|ljli6
km'6s/ n]vsf] k|ljli6 lgDgfg';f/ ul/G5 M
MLA k4lt
s'g} hg{ndf k|sflzt n]vsf] k|ljli6
Gardner, Thomas. "An Interview with Jorie Graham." Denver
Quarterly 26.4 (1992) : 79 – 104.
-;|f]t M :n]8 / k]l/g @!&_
uf}rg-e§rg_, ozf]sflGt= æklxrfg / clwsf/sf nflu ;+3if{/t g]kfnsf cflbjf;L
hghflt gf/Lx¿Æ= cflbjf;L hghflt hg{n= !#,% -@)!$_ M !^–@$ .
d]u]lhgdf k|sflzt n]vsf] k|ljli6
Kinosita, June. "The Mapping of the Mind." New York Times
Magazine 18 Oct. 1992 : 44.
-;|f]t M :n]8 / k]l/g @!&_
ck|sflzt zf]wkq÷k|aGwsf] k|ljli6
MLA k4lt
e6\6/fO{, l8hg= æg]kfnL dfS;{jfbL pkGof;sf d"n k|j[lQ=Æ ck|sflzt zf]w k|aGw=
dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfo= lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno= @)^* .
k|sflzt zf]wkq÷k|aGwsf] k|ljli6
e6\6/fO{, l8hg= g]kfnL dfS;{jfbL pkGof;sf d"n k|j[lQ= zf]w k|aGw= dfgljsL tyf
;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfo= lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno= @)^* .
-Wofg lbg' xf];\ M o; k4ltdf ck|sflzt zf]w k|aGw eP zLif{snfO{ bf]xf]/f] p4/0f lrGxdf /
k|sflzt zf]w eP O6flnsdf /flvG5 ._
APA k4lt
hg{nsf] n]vsf] k|ljli6
TUFHOSS
78
79
PdPnPsf] gd'gfs} k|of]u pko'Qm 5 . g]kfnLsf zf]wdf dfly ;Í]t ul/P h:t} ldl>t
k|of]u ul/Psfn] PlkP k4ltdf klg zf]wkq÷k|aGwsf] k|ljli6 u/fp“bf PdPnP h:t}
zLif{snfO{ bf]xf]/f] p4/0f lrGxdf /flvPsf] kfOG5 . h:ff] u/] klg Ps¿ktf rflx“ x'g} k5{ .
æljz'4 PlkP jf ljz'4 PdPnPsf] k|of]u u5'{Æ eGg] xf] eg] cfklQ ug'{ kg]{ s'/f ePg t/
b'j} k4ltsf sltko ?l9nfO{ ;/nLs/0f u/]/ k|of]u ug}{ g;lsg] eg] xf]Og . To;sf nflu
zf]w u/fpg] ;Da4 ;+:yfsf] k|rng, lgod / :jLs[ltnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
$= pk;+xf/
zf]wljlwsf] cfofd lgs} Jofks 5 eGg] s'/f dflysf] JofVofaf6 :ki6 5 . k|:t't cfn]vdf
eg] o;sf dl;gf / lgtfGt k|fljlws kIfsf af/]df rrf{ ug'{ ;Dej ePg / Tof] o; n]vsf]
p2]Zo klg lyPg . o;df d'VotM zf]wsfo{ ;DkGg eO ;s]kl5 tof/ kfl/g] k|ltj]bg;“u
;Da4 d'Vo k|fljlws kIfsf] dfq rrf{ ul/of] . dfgljsL tyf ;dfhzf:q cGtu{t b'O{ bh{g
a9L ljifox¿ ePsf] / k|foM h;f]df ljBfjfl/lw zf]wsfo{ ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{ rln /x]sf] /
To;sf] k/Dk/f ca nfd} x'g yfn] klg k|ltj]bg n]vgsf qmddf pko'{Qm kIfx¿df cem} klg
zf]wfyL{x¿df cndn /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;df klg ljz'4 dfgljsLsf ljifodf k|ltj]bg
n]vgsf] 9f“rf / ;fdflhs zf:qsf ljifosf] zf]w k|ltj]bgdf x'g] leGgtfaf/] klg cndn
5 . o;} kl/k|]Iodf MLA / APA k4ltsf] k|of]uaf/] s]lGb|t /x]/ oxf“ h'g ;ª\lIfKt
5nkmn ul/Psf] 5, To;n] dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfosf zf]wfyL{x¿nfO{ yf]/}
eP klg dxŒjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'Ug] 5 eGg] ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 . xfd|f] ;ª\sfodf ;fdfGotof
;fdflhs zf:qtkm{ APA k4lts} k|of]u x'G5 eg] dfgljsLsf] cª\u|]hL ljifodf k"0f{ ¿kn]
MLA k4ltsf] k|of]u eO /x]sf] 5 . dfgljsL g} eP klg g]kfnL ljifodf oL b'j}sf] ldl>t
k|of]u 5 . o;/L ldl>t k|of]u ug}{ gkfOg] xf]Og t/ slt s'/fdf ldl>t k|fo]u ug]{ xf],
To;df zf]wfyL{ :ki6 xg' k5{ / To;lkl5 zf]w k|ltj]bgel/ To;df s8fOsf ;fy Ps¿ktf
sfod ug'{ k5{ . xf]Og, s'g} Ps k4lts} ljz'4 k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] klg k|ltj]bgdf cfBGt
To;sf] ;Dos\ k|of]udf Wofg lbg} k5{ .
k|d'v ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
lqkf7L, jf;'b]j= æzf]wk|lqmof / To;df ;}4flGts 9f“rfsf] k|of]uÆ= jfª\do= k"= &,
-@)%#÷)%$_, k[= !–!$ .
lqkf7L, jf;'b]j= ;flxTo l;4fGt M zf]w tyf l;h{g ljlw= sf7df8f}+ M kf7\o ;fdu|L k;n=
@)^^ .
aGw', r"8fdl0f= cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltj]bg n]vg, sf7df8f}+ M /Tg k':ts e08f/= @)%# .
aGw', r"8fdl0f= ætYo;ª\sng / ljZn]if0fÆ= jfª\do= k"= &, -@)%#÷)%$_, k[= #!–#^ .
TUFHOSS
80