Tenses

Present Indefinite Tense

‫تا ہوں‬،‫تے ہیں‬،‫تی ہے‬،‫اردو میں پہچان۔ تاہے‬
Simple Sentence:
If Subject he, she, it or singular noun then
Subject + First form of verb+s/es
Example: He Works.
Note: If first form of verb end with o, ch, sh or ss then we put
es to make fifth form of verb. Like go to goes, search to searches,
wash to washes and pass to passes.
If Subject I, we, you, they or paroral noun then
Subject + First form of verb
Example: They work.
Negative Sentence:
If Subject he, she, it or singular noun then
Subject + does not + first form of verb
Example: He does not Work.
If Subject I, we, you, they or paroral noun then
Subject + + do not + First form of verb
Example: They do not work.
Interrogative Sentence:
If Subject he, she, it or singular noun then
Does+Subject + First form of verb+?
Example: Does he Work?
If Subject I, we, you, they or paroral noun then
Do + Subject + First form of verb+?
Example: Do they work?
Interrogative + Negative Sentence:
If Subject he, she, it or singular noun then
Does + Subject + not + First form of verb+?
Example: Does he not Works?
If Subject I, we, you, they or paroral noun then
Do + Subject + not + First form of verb+?
Example: Do they not work?
Note: If Question Words are used in sentence then these
words put in the beginning of sentence. Question Words like Who,
Whom, When, Where, Which, What, Why, How.
The Sentence
A group of words which makes complete sense, is called a
Sentence.
Example: Little Jack Horner sat in a corner.
Kinds of Sentence
Four kinds of Sentence
1. Declarative or Assertive Sentence
2. Interrogative Sentence
3. Imperative Sentence
4. Exclamatory Sentence
Declarative or Assertive Sentence
A sentence which makes a statement or assertion is called as
declarative or Assertive Sentence.
Example: Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.
Interrogative Sentence
A sentence that asks a question is called an Interrogative
sentence.
Example: Where do you live?
Imperative Sentence
A sentence that expresses a command or an entreaty is called an
Imperative sentence.
Example: Be quite. Have mercy upon us.
Exclamatory Sentence
A sentence that expresses strong feeling is called an Exclamatory
Sentence.
Example: How cold the night is. What a shame!
Subject and Predicate
When we make a sentence:
We name some person or thing and Say something about that
person or thing.
Subject
The part of sentence which names the person or thing we are
speaking about is known as subject.
Predicate
The part which tells something about the Subject is known as
predicate.
Exercise
In the following sentences separate the Subject and the
Predicate:
1. The cackling of geese saved Rome.
Subject: The cackling of geese
Predicate: saved Rome
2. The boy stood on the burning deck.
Subject: The boy
Predicate: stood on the burning deck.
3. Tubal Cain was a man of might.
Subject: Tubal Cain
Predicate: was a man of might
4. Stone walls do not make a prison.
Subject: Stone walls
Predicate: do not make a prison
5. The singing of the birds delights us.
Subject: The singing of birds
Predicate: delights us
6. Miss Kitty was rude at the table one day
Subject: Miss Kitty
Predicate: was rude at the table one day
7. He has a good memory.
Subject: He
Predicate: was a good memory
8. Bad habits grow unconsciously.
Subject: Bad habits
Predicate: grow unconsciously
9. The earth revolves round the sun.
Subject: The earth
Predicate: revolves round the sun
10. Nature is the best physician.
Subject: Nature
Predicate: is the best physician
11. Edison invented the phonograph.
Subject: Edison
Predicate: invented the phonograph
12. The sea hath many thousand sands.
Subject: The Sea
Predicate: hath many thousand sands
13. We cannot pump the ocean dry.
Subject: We
Predicate: cannot pump the ocean dry
14. Borrowed garments never fit well.
Subject: Borrowed garments
Predicate: never fit well
15. The early bird catches the worm.
Subject: The early bird
Predicate: catches the worm
16. All matter is indestructible.
Subject: All matter
Predicate: is indestructible
17. Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan.
Subject: Islamabad
Predicate: is the capital of Pakistan
18. We should profit by experience.
Subject: We
Predicate: should profit by experience
19. All roads lead to Rome.
Subject: All roads
Predicate: lead to Rome
20. A guilty conscience needs no excuse.
Subject: A guilty conscience
Predicate: needs no excuse
21. The beautiful rainbow soon faded away.
Subject: The beautiful rainbow
 Predicate: soon faded away
22. No man can serve two masters.
Subject: No man
Predicate: can serve two masters.
23. A sick room should be well aired.
Subject: A sick room
Predicate: should be well arid
24. The dewdrops glitter in the sunshine.
Subject: The dewdrops
Predicate: glitter in the sunshine
25. I shot an arrow into the air.
Subject: I
Predicate: shot an arrow into the air
26. A barking sound the shepherd hears.
Subject: The shepherd
Predicate: a barking sound, hears
27. On the top of the hill lives a hermit.
Subject: A hermit
Predicate: on the top of the hill lives

The Phrase and the Clause

Phrase
A group of words, which makes a sense, but not a complete
sense is called a Phrase.
Example: He has a chain of gold.
Clause
A group of words which forms part of a sentence, and contains a
Subject and a Predicate, is called a Clause.
Example: He has a chain which is made of gold.
Parts of Speech
Parts of speech
Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called Parts of
Speech. According to their use the parts of speech are eight in
number.
1. Noun
2. Adjective
3. Pronoun
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
Noun
A noun is a word used as the name of person, place, or things
Example: Akbar was a great king. The rose smells sweet.
Adjective
An adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a
noun.
Example: He is a brave boy. There are twenty boys in this
class
Pronoun
A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
Example: john is absent, because he is ill.
Verb
A verb is a word used to express an action or state.
Example: The girl wrote a letter to her cousin.
Adverb
An adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a
verb, adjective, or another adverb.
Example: he worked the sum quickly. The flower is very
beautiful.
Preposition
A preposition is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to show
how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in
relation to something else.
Example: The girl is found of music. There is a crow in the
garden.
Conjunction
A conjunction is a word used to join words or sentence.
Example: Two and two makes four. I run fast, but missed the
train.
Interjection
An interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling.
Example: Hurrah! We have won the match. Alas! She is dead.

As words are divided into different classes according to the work

they do in sentences, it is clear that we cannot say to which part
of speech a word belongs to unless we see it used in a sentence.
They arrived soon after. (Adverb)
They arrived after us. (Preposition)
The arrived after we had left. (Conjunction)
Exercise
Name the part of speech of each italicized word in the following
sentences, giving in each case your reason for the classification:
1. Still waters run deep. Adjective
2. He still lives in that house. Adverb
3. After the storm comes the calm.
Preposition
4. The after effects of the drug are bad.
Adjective
5. The up train is late.
Adjective
6. It weighs about a pound.
Adverb
7. He told us all about the battle.
Preposition
8. He was only a yard off me.
Preposition
9. Suddenly one of the wheels came off.
Adverb
10. Muslims fast in the month of Ramzan. Verb

11. He kept the fast for a week.

Noun
12. He is on the committee.
Preposition
13. Let us move on. Adverb
14. Sit down and rest a while. Noun
15. I will watch while you sleep.
Conjunction
16. They while away their evenings with books and games. Verb