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Grammar Dox

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193 views58 pages

Grammar Dox

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NASEEM ENGLISH GRAMMAR

PRONOUNCING THE:
 When the definite article “the” comes before a word that
begins with a vowel; it is stressed like “Thee”.
For example: The elephant.
 When the definite article “the” comes before a word that
begins with a consonant, it is unstressed like “thaw”
For example: the car.

CONSONANT CLUSTER:
A consonant cluster is a group of consonant with no vowel b/w
them.
For example: splash Final consonant cluster
Initial consonant cluster
NOTE IT DOWN;
The longest possible cluster in English is three consonant sounds
added the start such as splash and four at the end, as twelfth.

PHRASE:
A group of words which does not give a complete sense is called
“phrase”.
For example: In the air.
On the ground
In my pocket
There is no subject and predicate in the phrase.
SENTENCE:
A group of words which gives a complete sense is called sentence.
For example:
 He goes to school.

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NASEEM ENGLISH GRAMMAR
 She is eating an apple.
 Ali plucks the flower.
A sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a Full
stop [.], Question mark [?], Exclamation mark [ǃ].

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE:


A sentence consists of two parts i.e. subject and predicate.
Subject;
A doer is a subject. OR;
The part of a sentence which performs some action in a sentence
is called subject.
Predicate;
The part of a sentence which tells something about subject is
known as predicate.
For example:
1. He is flying a kite.

Predicate (which tells something about subject)


Subject (perform an action)
2. I wrote a letter.
3. Ali is driving the car.
4. She ate an apple.

(Subject) (Predicate)
5. The moon shines at night.
(Here “moon”is a subject word but “the” is the enlargement
Of the subject.)

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6. The young man killed the loin early in the morning.

(Subject) (Predicate)
[Here “man” is the subject word and “the young” is the
enlargement of the subject]
NOTE IT DOWN;
Sometime the predicate consist of only one word. The word
is always a verb.
E.g.: children stand.

(Subject) (Predicate)

CLAUSE:
The clause is a group of words having subject and predicate.
But gives may or may not a complete sense.
It is in fact a part of a large/big sentence.
For example:
 [Ali plays very well], [so he won the match.]

(1st clause) (2nd clause)


 [God helps those], [who help themselves.]
(1st clause) (2nd clause)
Types of clause:
 Independent clause/Main clause/Principal clause

 Dependent clause/sub-ordinate clause

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE:
A clause which gives full sense without other clause is known as
independent clause.

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E.g.: Ali plays very well.
NOTE IT DOWN:
Independent clause is known as simple sentence.
Every independent clause will follow this pattern.
Subject + Verb= Complete sense
DEPENDENT CLAUSE:
A clause that depends on other clause in order to gives full
sense.
It depends on main clause for its meaning.
E.g.: so he won the match.
Dependent clause will follow this pattern.
Sub-ordinate conjunction or Relative pronoun + subject +verb =
Incomplete sense
NOTE:
A dependent clause starts with sub ordinate conjunction or
relative pronoun.
Q: what is sub-ordinate conjunction?
ANS: SUB-ORDINATE CONJUNCTION:
The word used to link an independent clause to a dependent
clause is called sub-ordinate conjunction.
1: The most common sub-ordinate conjunction are although,
because, as, before, even tough, if since, until, and when.
2: whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever, whenever.

(Compound interrogative pronoun)


Relative pronoun: who, whose, whom, which, that (4WT).
When, where, why. (Relative adverb)

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Q: what is function of sub-ordinate conjunction and relative
pronoun?
Awns: Both link an independent clause to a dependent clause.
Also both are used in a complex sentence.
Q: What is co-ordinate conjunction?
Awns: The word use to link an independent clause to an
independent clause is called co-ordinate conjunction.
Co-ordinate conjunction are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Remember ǃ
FANBOYS
Note:
Co-ordinate conjunction is only used in a compound sentence.
Note it down:
Sub-ordinate conjunction + Relative pronoun + Co-ordinate
conjunction = subordinators.

TYPES OF SENTENCES:
1: SIMPLE SENTENCE:
A simple sentence consists of one independent clause.
E.g.: 1: I like mangoes.
2: I like coffee.
NOTE:
A simple sentence is known as independent clause.
2: COMPOUND SENTENCE:
A compound sentence refers to a sentence made up of two
independent clauses (complete sentences).
These independent clauses are connected to one another with a
co-ordinate conjunction or semi-colon (;).

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For example:
 I waited for the bus but it was late.
 The door is locked and I do not have the key.
 He gave them no money, nor he helps them in any way.

3: COMPLEX SENTENCE:
A complex sentence consists of independent clause plus a
dependent clause.
Note:
A dependent clause starts with subordinate conjunctions or relative
pronoun.
For examples:
I. The boys did not go to park because they went to the zoo.
II. God help those who help themselves.
III. I received a parcel which was very big.
Q: Identify each of the following sentences as simple, compound,
complex?
1: This is a simple sentence.
a: simple b: compound c: complex
2: I like playing baskets ball and my brother like playing tennis.
a: simple b:compound c:complex
3: I will help you if you help me.
a: simple b: compound c: complex
4: Her name is Sachiko and she comes from japan.
a: simple b: compound c: complex
5: My brother cocked while I was doing my homework.
a: simple b: compound c: complex
6: While the dog chased the cat it barked loudly.

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a: simple b: compound c: complex
7: Al-tough he works hard he did not do well in exam.
a: simple b: compound c: complex
8: The boy did not go to the zoo because they went to the park.
a: simple b: compound c: complex
Q: Put a tick in the correct box to show whether it is a simple
or a compound sentence. Then circle the conjunction in the
compound sentence.
S# Sentences Simple compound
Sentence sentence
1. It is very hot in the afternoon.
2. I am living now but I will be back in an
hour time.
3. Dad took put a 1000-Rs note and gave
it the cashier.
4. The fishermen went out in morning
and come back with a lot of fish.
5. Rahim said goodbye to everyone.
6. Every country celebrated new year.
7. We were playing to go the zoo but our
car broke down on the way.
8. Ms. Alia was not feeling well so he
went to see the doctor.
9. Uncle khan is teaching me to drive.
10 Would you like to go the museum or
. to the zoo?

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Q:- State whether the following group of the words are phrase,
independent clause or dependent clause.
i. Over my head.
ii. Because I was afraid.
iii. I did not get very much.
iv. That night.
v. I knew what happened.
vi. So, that I could get some rest.
vii. I heard the cat’s meow.
viii. When I finally got up.
ix. I got so tired.

NOTE IT DOWN;
1. Singular Plural
2. Mr.; ‫مسٹر‬ Messer’s ‫مسرز‬
3. MS; Misses ‫مسز‬
4. Mrs.; Plural same

INFINITIVE:-
The used of “to” with verb is called infinitive.

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PARTS OF SPEECH (‫)اجزاء کلام یا اجزاۓ کلام‬
The words that we used are classified into eight (8) groups
are known as parts of speech.
‫ایک جملے میں مختلف الفاظ مختلف کام کرتے ہیں ماہرین نے ان کے کاموں کی بنیاد پر انہیں‬
‫مختلف اقسام میں تقسیم کیا ہے جنہے پارٹس اف سپیچ کہتے ھے۔‬
They are:
1.Noun (‫)اسم‬
2. Pronoun (‫)اسم ضمیر‬
3. Verb (‫)فعل‬
4. Adverb (‫)متعلقہ فعل‬
5. Adjective (‫)اسم صفت‬
6. Preposition (‫)حرف جار‬
7. Conjunction (‫)حرف عطف‬
8. Interjection (‫)حرف فجایہ‬
NOUN:
The word noun comes from Latin word “nomen” which
means name.
So; every name is a noun.
TYPES OF NOUN
1.Common noun:-
The word “common” means “shared by all”
Common noun is the name of a common person, place,
and thing.
Examples: Boy, book, dog etc.
‫ چیز یا جگہ کے نام کو اسم نکرہ کہتے ہے۔‬،‫کسی عام شخس‬
2.Proper noun ( ( ‫اسم معرفہ‬
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Proper noun is used for a particular person, place and
things.
It begins with capital letters.
The name of famous buildings
The name of moths in year.
The days of a week.
PROPER NOUN: The name of mountains, seas and rivers.
The name of festivals
)‫ مزدور ڈے(یکم مئ‬،‫ قربانی عید‬،‫عیدالفطر‬، e.g.
‫ اقبال ڈے۔‬،)‫ ستمبر‬9(‫ڈفینس ڈے‬
3.Collective noun:
A collective noun is the name of a group of people, things
or animals.
Some collective nouns are:
i. A flock of birds.
ii. A covey of partridges/quail.
iii. A brace of pheasants.
iv. A bevy of girls, ladies and larks.
v. A herd of cattle.
vi. A swarm of locusts, ants, flies, butterflies.
vii. A shoal of fish.
viii. Pack of hounds, wolves and rates.
ix. A drove of oxen/loins.

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x. A crowd of people.
xi. A multitude of things.
xii. A bucket of flowers.
xiii. A troop of solider.
xiv. A fleet of ships.
xv. Brood of chicken.
xvi. Pod of whales.
xvii. Pile of books.
xviii. Band of musician.
xix. Crew:
Explanation: a group of people who work on operate ship,
aircraft or train.
xx. Pair of shoes.
Note:
A group of loins is also called pride.
xxi. Panel of judges.
xxii. Bale of cloth/cotton.
xxiii. A bunch of keys.
xxiv. A bunch of grapes.
xxv. An atlas of maps.
xxvi. Staff of teachers.
xxvii. A tribe of monkeys.
xxviii. A deck of cards.
xxix. An album of pictures.
xxx. A range of mountains.
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xxxi. A trip of goats.
xxxii. A stand of trees.
xxxiii. A gaggle of geese.
xxxiv. A litter of cubs.
xxxv. A squad of dogs.
xxxvi. Pair of shoes.
xxxvii. Crowed of peoples.
xxxviii. A rim of papers.
4.Abstract noun:
The word abstract means drawn off (remove)
"‫"ابسٹرکٹ"کا مطلب ہے "بلاوجود‬
Abstract noun is the name of something which we
cannot see or touch.
Means having no physical existence
‫کسی ایسی چیز کا نام جسے ہم صرف اپنے دماغ میں سوچ سکتے ہے۔ اور اسکا ٹھوس‬
‫وجود نہ ہو۔‬
Example: Love, hate, courage, peace, honesty, poverty,
pain etc.
Abstract noun have no plural. If such words are use in
the plural they become common noun.
The name of arts and science are abstract noun.
e.g. music, chemistry, grammar etc.
These nouns are conceptual noun.
EXTRA INFORMATION
E.g. stands for “exempli gratia” (for example, for
instance)
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I.e. stands for “id Est.” (in other words, that is)
Etc. stands for “et Citra” (and all the other)

5. Concrete noun: ((‫اسم مادی‬


A concrete noun is the name of something which we can
see or touch.
Means having physical existence
‫ کسی ایسی چیز کا نام جسے ہم اپنے حواس خمسہ میں سے کسی ایک کے زریعے‬:‫نوٹ‬
‫ دیکھ سکے‬،‫محسوس کر سکے۔ یا سادہ لفظوں میں کوئ بھی چیز جسے ہم چھو سکے‬
‫(یا محسوس کر سکے اس کے نام کو اسم مادی کہتے ہے۔‬concrete noun)
E.g. air, boy, rose, earth, water, tune etc.
6. Countable noun: (‫)قابل گنتی اسم‬
Countable noun refers to the substance which can be
counted.
E.g. pens, books, and men etc.
Countable noun can be singular as well as plural.
Article “a” and “an” is used before a singular noun but
not used before a plural.
If singular noun starts with consonant letters then
“a” is used before it.
For example: a book, a cat, and a pen etc.
If a singular noun starts with a vowel sounds i.e. (
‫ ُاو‬،‫ ُا‬،‫ ِا‬،‫ آ‬،‫ ) َا‬then “an” is used before it.
For example: an umbrella, an hour, an apple, an
orange, and an Urdu.
7. Uncountable noun: (‫)ناقابل گنتی اسم‬
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Uncountable noun refers to the substance which cannot
be counted.
Uncountable noun having no plural
Example: waters, milk, salt, wheat, and preparation
etc.
Uncountable noun is also known as “mass noun”.
CHANGING UNCOUNTABLE NOUN INTO
COUNTABLE NOUN:
We can change uncountable noun into countable noun; if
we specify a unit for it.
E.g. water is an uncountable noun but we can change it
into countable noun by saying one glass of water. In this
example we selected a unit that is glass.
Note:
Use of much and many:
“Much” use with uncountable noun.
“Many” use with countable noun.
EXERCISE
Q: - Fill in the blanks.
i. How ____ water?
ii. How ____ tea?
iii. How ____ shops?
iv. How ____ children?
v. How ____ chairs?

Q: - circle the abstract noun in each sentence.


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i. The man had a lot of pride of his work.
ii. I respect the honesty of my friend.
iii. Can you believe that girls intelligence.
iv. To my delight everyone arrived on time.
v. We have a lot of hope for the future.

Q: - write the collective noun in the following sentences.


i. A of locusts attacked the corn field.
ii. A of birds is a beautiful sight.
iii. A of books was lying on the table.
iv. They welcomed to the chief guests with a of
flowers.
v. As we drove down the road we saw a of sheep
grazing in the field.
vi. The gang of has been arrested by the police.
vii. We were attacked by a of bee.
viii. All night we could hear the of wolves howling.
ix. We were in awe as we watched the of whales
swimming.
x. The mother hen was followed by her of
chicken.
xi. The of keys is on the table.
xii. Ali bought an expensive of shoes.
xiii. Our school has a of competent teachers.
xiv. Our won by 2-wickets.
xv. We saw a of ships in harbor.
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xvi. He ate a of grapes.
xvii. a/fan of soldiers.
xviii. A of thieves.
xix. A of dancers.
Q: - Write the countable noun, uncountable noun, proper
noun, common noun, collective noun for each underlined
words.
i. Would you like to have some sugar? __________
ii. They will reach on Monday. ___________
iii. The hungry fox saw a bunch of grapes hanging from the
vine. ____________
iv. I will walk home after school. __________
v. A rise oil prices is inevitable.___________
vi. Said khan afridi is a national hero. ____________
vii. Pakistan is a beautiful country.__________
viii. Munich butterfly migrates during the winter.__________

8.REGULAR AND IRREGULAR NOUNS:


a. REGULAR NOUNS:
It is the nouns that form its plural by adding “s” or
“es” to end of the base noun.
Example;
Singular (base noun) Plural
Book Books
Zero Zeroes
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Mango Mangoes
Tree Trees
Friend Friends
Fan Fans
Table Tables
Pen Pens
Dog Dogs
Pencils Pencils
Glass Glasses

b.IRREGULAR NOUN:
It is the noun that does not form it’s plural by adding “s”
“es” to the end of a base noun.
Examples:
Singular (base noun) Plural noun
Thief Thieves
Story Stories
Knife Knives
Wolf Wolves
Life Lives
Family Families
Fly Flies
Elf Elves
Man Men
Leaf Leaves
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9.ANIMATE AND INANIMATE NOUNS:
a. ANIMATE NOUNS:
A noun which refers to the people, animals, and living
being is called animate noun.
b.INANIMATE NOUNS:
Inanimate noun refers to things that are not alive.

Examples:
Noun Type
Duck Animate
Ship Inanimate
Child Animate
Box Inanimate
Flower Inanimate
Wood Inanimate
Mother Animate
Teapot Inanimate
Ice Inanimate
Snack Animate
Sleep Inanimate
Chinese Animate
Sky Inanimate
Possessive form of the animate and inanimate noun:-
Possessive form of singular nouns is formed by
adding the /ś/ at the end of the noun.

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e.g. The catś leg.
The teacherś chair.
Possessive form of plural nouns is formed just by
adding an apostrophe.
e.g. The boyś book.

NOTE:-
In general only an animate noun has the possessive form.

Q:- choose the correct possessive noun, keeping in view the


animate and inanimate noun.
i. The is broken.
a. Chairs leg b. chair leg c. leg of the chair d. chairś leg
ii. The house is big.
a. Dogs b. dogś c. dog is d. dog
iii. The egg are blue.
a. Bird b. birds c. birdś d. bird is

10. COMPOUND NOUN:-


Two are more words combine and form new words.
e.g. toothpaste, home maid, work-shop, hair dresser.
There are three different ways to form compound noun.
The closed form like notebook, housefly, firefly.
The hyphenated form like x-rays, mother-in-law.
The open form like post office, history book.

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Q: - underlined the animate noun in the following
sentence. A sentence may contain two or more than two
animate nouns.
i. The elephant got attention of the children at the zoo.
ii. Babar, Salman and Alia are working to inform the
people about climate.
iii. Tariq declined Ayesha after to join the band
recommended a singer name Rashid.
iv. I like to visit my grandma on Sunday rather than
going to movies.
v. Pakistan is a strong nation they know how to fight
for other rights.

Q: - choose the correct animate noun and inanimate


noun in the following sentences.
i. Which of the following is an animate noun?
a. Tree b. book. C. shelf d. table
ii. Which of the following is in-animate noun?
a. Bird b. horse c. tiger d. ship
iii. Which of the following is in-animate noun?
a. Lizard b. horse c. lamp d. spider
iv. Which of the following is not an in-animate noun?
a. Fish b.
11. Material noun:-
Material noun is the name of those substances from which
things are made.
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‫اس سے مراد ایسی چیزوں کے نام ہیں جن سے دوسری اشی ُٰاء تیار ہوتی ہے‬
Examples: wealth, silver, gold, iron, plastic, honey etc.
PRONOUN:
The word “pronoun” means “for a noun”. A pronoun is a
word which is used instead of a noun to avoid repetition of a
name.
Example: Ali is reading. He is reading since morning.
Note:
Antecedent is a word for which pronoun stand.

KINDS OF PRONOUN:
1.Personal pronoun (‫)ضمائر شخسی‬
A personal pronoun is a pronoun which is used in place
of a name of a person.
The personal pronoun stands for three persons.
1st personal pronoun:-‫) )ضمیر متکلم‬
1st personal pronoun stands for the person(s) speaking. (I
We)
‫ـ یہ ضمیر بولنے والوں کیلے استعمال ھوتا ہے‬:‫ضمیر متکلم‬
e.g. I go to school.
We are friends.
1ST PERSONAL PRONOUN:

Singular ‫)متکلم) واحد‬ plural‫)جمع متکلم‬ )

I We
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2nd person pronoun:
2nd person pronoun stands for the person(s) spoken to you.
‫ یہ ضمیر مخاطب کیلے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔‬:‫ضمایر مخاطب‬
E.g.1. Are you from Lahore?
2. Have you got a computer?
2nd person pronoun:

(singular) : (plural)
(you) (you)
3rd person pronoun
3rd person pronoun stands for the person(s) spoken of (he,
she, it, they).
‫ـ یہ ضمیر غایب کیلے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔‬:‫ضمیر غایب‬
Examples:- He is eating an apple.
3rd person pronoun

(singular) (plural)
(He, She, It) (they)
Cases of personal pronoun:-
1.Subjective case (‫)فاعلی حالت‬
2. Objective case (‫)مفعولی حالت‬
3.Possessive case (‫)ملکیتی حالت‬

1) Subjective case:-
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If a pronoun is the subject in the sentence it is in the
subjective case.
Example: He has broken the pen.
Here “He” is the subjective case of personal pronoun.
2) Objective case:-
If a pronoun receives the action in the sentence it is
in the objective case.
e.g. Ali drive her to the doctor.
Here “her” is objective case of personal pronoun.
3) Personal pronoun:-
If a pronoun shows possession, it is in the
subjective case.
e.g This book is mine.
Here “mine” is the possessive case of personal
pronoun.

Forms Of Personal Pronoun.


The following are the different forms of the
personal pronoun.
Kinds Subjective Objective Possessive
Case Case Case
1st person I My/mine Me
pronoun WE Our, ours Us
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2nd person You Your, You


Pronoun yours
He (‫)مزکر‬
3rd person His Him
She (‫)مونث‬
Pronoun Her Her
It (‫)بے جان‬
Its It
They(‫)جمع‬
Their Them

PERSONAL PRONOUN:-

Subjective or Possessive case Objective or


nominative case accusative case
I my Me
We our Us
You your You
He his Him
She her Her
It its It
They their Them
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PERSONAL PRONOUN:-
1st person pronoun (masculine or feminine)
singular Plural
Subjective case I We
Possessive case My Our
Objective case Me Us

2nd person pronoun:-


singular Plural
Subjective case You You
Possessive case Your Yours
Objective case You You

3rd person pronoun:-(3rd person pronoun having 3 gender)


Singular plural
Masculine Feminine neuter
Subjective he she it they
case
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Possessive his her its their
case
Objective him her it them
case

Note-1
It will be seen that the possessive case of the most of the
personal pronoun have two forms.
Of these the forms my, our, your, her, there are called
possessive adjectives. Because they are used with noun and
do work of adjectives.
Note-2
Possessive adjective are sometime called pronominal
adjective as they are formed from pronouns.
Examples:
o This is my book.
Here “my” is possessive adjective.
o This book is his.
Note-3
The word “his” is used both as possessive adjective and
possessive pronoun.
Examples:
o This is his book. (possessive adjective)
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o This book is his. (possessive pronoun)

2. (a). Compound person pronoun (b). Reflexive


pronoun and Emphatic/ intensive pronoun
a. Compound personal pronoun:- (‫)مرکب ضمایر شخصی‬
If “self” is added to the personal pronoun “my, your,
her, him and it and “selves” is added to the personal
pronoun “our, your and them”. We get compound
personal pronoun.
Examples: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves and themselves.
(Reflexive pronoun) (‫)ضمایر معکوس‬
Compound personal pronoun are called reflexive
pronoun when the action done by the subject turn
back upon the subject as I hurt myself.
Every subject has own reflexive pronoun.
Number Subject person Reflexive
pronoun
Singular I 1st person Myself
Singular You 2nd person Yourself
Singular He 3rd person Himself
Singular She 3rd person Herself
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Singular It 3rd person Itself
Plural We 1st person Ourselves
Plural You 2nd person Yourselves
Plural They 3rd person Themselves
NOTE:-
Reflexive pronoun always act as subject not as
object.

Emphatic pronoun/ intensive pronoun:- (‫)زور دینا‬


If a reflexive pronoun is used to give more emphases on a
subject. It is called emphatic pronoun.
e.g.
 I myself will go.
 She herself says so.
 You yourself can best explain.
Common example of emphatic and reflexive pronoun:-
She herself started to think about herself.
Emphatic pronoun reflexive pronoun

3.Demonstrative pronoun:-(‫)ضمایر اشارہ‬

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Demonstrative pronouns are used to demonstrate.
Person(s) or thing(s)
‫ـ کسی چیز کی طرف اشارہ کرنے کیلے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔‬:‫ضمایر اشارہ‬
Chief demonstrative pronouns:-
This, these, those, that, one, none, such, neither
Most commonly used demonstrative pronouns are;
“This” we can use “this” for something. (near +
singular)
“That” we can use “that” for something. (far +
singular)
“These” we can use “these” for something. (near +
plural)
“Those” we can use “those” for something. (far +
plural)
‫ـ تاہم ان کے ساتھ اگر کوہی ناون استعمال ہو تو ان کوضمائر اشارہ کہیں‬:‫نوٹ‬
‫گے۔‬
Examples:
o This is a book.
Here “this” is a demonstrative pronoun.
o This book is mine.
Here “this” is a demonstrative adjective.

4. Relative pronoun:-
Relative pronouns describe nouns or other pronouns
which is mentioned before.

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They are who, whose, whom, which, that, when, where
and why.
But most commonly used relative pronouns are who,
whose, which and that.
For remember!
4WT
Examples:
The boy who is laughing is my friend.
He is the man who stole my bag yesterday.
OR,
Relative pronoun is a pronoun which joins relative
clause and relative sentences.
It is also called conjunctive pronoun.
Relative clause:-
Relative clause will begin with a relative pronoun.
(Who, whom, whose, which and that) or relative adverb
(when, where, why)
Example:
This is the person who helped her.
NOTE:
Relative clause cannot stand alone as a complete
sentence.
‫ریلیٹیوں پروناون اور اس کے سبجیکٹ کے درمیان کوہی اور لفظ نہیں ہوگ َا۔‬
USE OF RELATIVE PRONOUN;
 Who is used for subject. (singular + plural)

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Examples: The boy who is laughing is my friend.
 “Whom” (used for object).
Example: the man whom I met yesterday is a nice
person.
 “Whose” (used for possession).
Example: This is the boy whose father is a doctor.
 “Which” (used for animals and lifeless things).
Example: The horse which I bought yesterday.
 That is used for things and persons. (singular + far)
Example: I have lost the watch that you gave me.
 When is used for time.
Example: Do you remember the year when you were
born.
 Where is used for place.
Example: Do you remember the village where you
were born.
 Why is used for reason.
Example: Do you know the reason why our offer
was rejected.
5.Reciprocal pronoun:-
Reciprocal pronouns are used when each two or more
subjects reciprocate to the other.
There are two reciprocal pronouns;
Each other, one another
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When two subject reciprocate to the other. We used
each other.
Example: Two boys were pushing each other.
When more subjects reciprocate. We used one
another.
Example: The students in the class greeted one
another.
NOTE:
Reciprocal pronoun refers to an antecedent in the
plural.
Example:
1. Ali and Mitchel starch are talking to each other.
2. The students gave cards to one another.
3. The car and the bus collided with each other.
6.Indefinite pronoun:- (‫)ضمائر غیرمتعین‬
A pronoun that refers to a person(s) or thing(s) in a
general way not in a particular way person(s) or thing(s)
called indefinite pronoun.
USE OF INDEFINITE PRONOUN:-
We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people or things
without saying exactly who or what they are.
Indefinite pronouns are:-
Refers to person Refers to things
Some body Some one Some thing

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Any body Any one Any thing
No body No one No thing
Every body Every one Every thing
We use indefinite pronouns in body or one for people and
pronouns ending in thing for things.
Other indefinite pronouns are:-
Few, all, any, each, many, neither, none, several, some, either,
little, much, both, others, most.
Note:- an indefinite pronouns can stand for singular as well as
plural at a time for both.
FOR SINGULAR:
For people (anyone, anybody, everybody, everyone, no one, no
body, someone, somebody)
For things (anything, nothing, everything, something, each, either,
neither, little, much)
FOR PLURAL:
Both, few, many, others, several
At a time singular + plural
All, most, none
The most commonly indefinite pronouns are.

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For people:
Everyone, any one, someone
For things:
Everything, something, anything, nothing
For place:
Somewhere, anywhere
Note:-
Somebody, anybody, nobody and everybody are more common in
spoken English and someone, anyone, no one and everyone are
more common for written.
7. Distributive pronoun:- (‫)ضمائر تقسیمی‬
Each, neither, either are called distributive pronouns.
1‫ بندوں یا جگہوں میں سے ایک کی طرف اشارہ کرنا ہو۔‬،‫۔جب دو چیزوں‬
So we use either.
For example:-
Either of you can go.
‫تم دونوں میں سے ایک جاسکتا ہے‬
Note
Either use for positive sense.
2‫ بندوں یا جگہوں میں سے کسی ایک کی طرف اشارہ کرنا ہو تو ہم‬،‫۔ جب دو چیزوں‬
‫نئدر استعمال کرینگے۔‬
For example:-
Neither of you can go.

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‫تم دونوں میں سے کوہی بہی نہیں جاسکتا ۔‬
Neither is used for negative sense.
3‫ بندوں یا جگہوں میں سے کسی ایک کی طرف اشارہ کرنا ہو‬،‫۔ جب دو سے زیادہ چیزوں‬
So we use “Each”.
For example:-
Each of the boys went to the ground.
Each of us stood first.
Note:-
Distributive pronoun always acts as a singular word.
8. Possessive pronoun:-(‫)ضمائرملکیتی‬
Possessive pronoun indicates possession, ownership or
relationship of a thing/person to another thing/person.
For example:-
This book is mine.
The pronoun “mine” describes relation between book and
person.
Every personal pronoun have own possessive pronoun.
Persons Possessive
Numbers
pronoun
1st person(I) Mine
nd
Singula rd person(You)
2 Yours
r 3 person(He) His
3rd person(She) Hers
3rd person(It) Its

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1st person(We) Ours


Plural
2nd person(you) Yours
3rd person Thiers

Q:- Fill in the blanks.


I. Mom and I have a boat. Its .
II. Marsh has an apple. Its .
III. She has a cat. That cat is .
IV. We have a car. That car is .
V. They have a bike. That bike is .
VI. We gave them telephone number,
and they gave us .
VII. Ayesha has eaten his lunch already,
but I’m saving until later.
VIII. Was grammar book expensive?

9. Interrogative pronoun:-
An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun used in
order to ask a question.
There are five primary interrogative pronouns.
 Who
 Whom
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 Whose
 Which
 What
These pronouns could act as subject, object or
possessive in a sentence.
Subject object Possessive
Who whom Whose
What
Which
Who is used for persons only
Examples:-
1. Who goes there?
2.Who is making a noise?
Whom can be used to asked about peoples (as an
object)
Examples:-
1. Whom did you phone?
2. Whom you met yesterday?
Whose can be used to ask about a possession or
relation
Examples:-
1. Whose is this book?
2. Whose is this dress?
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Which can be used to ask about animals, lifeless
things and for selection
Examples:-
1.Which dog won the race? (for animals)
2.Which are your books? (for lifeless things)
3.Which of the pic do you like? (for selection)
What is used for things only
Examples:-
1.What do you want?
NOTE:-
 It has no antecedent because the antecedent is unknown.
 There are technically seven other interrogative pronouns.
o What so ever.
o Who so ever.
o Whom so ever.
o Whatever.
o Whoever.
o Whomever.
o Whichever.
These interrogative pronouns are also known as
compound interrogative pronoun.

‫سوال تین قسم کے ہوتے ہے۔‬


 Confirmatory question. (helping verb)
 Informatory question. (wh-words)
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 Statement plus question.
Example:
He is a good boy. Who is at the door?

Exclamatory pronouns:-
A pronoun used as an exclamation is called exclamatory
pronoun. as what! You don’t know Ali?

Interjection:- (‫حرف فجائیہ‬/‫)حرف ندا‬


An interjection is word to express some sudden feeling
or emotions.
‫ خوشی یا غصے کی وجہ سے‬،‫ حیرت‬،‫ غم‬،‫وہ الفاظ جو کسی فوری جزبے یعنی خوشی‬
‫خود بخود منہ سے نکلے۔‬
CHIEF INTERJECTION:-
I. Hurrah! (‫ شاباش‬،‫)خوشی کی حالت میں‬
II. Ah! (‫اف‬-‫)لفظ اظہار براے درد‬
III. Alas! (‫)ہاے افسوس‬
IV. Bravo! (‫)کلمات تحسین‬
V. Ha! (‫ کیا خوب‬-‫)واہ واہ‬
VI. What! (‫)کس قدر‬
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VII. Fie! (‫اظہار ناپسندیدگی‬-‫اخ تہو‬-‫)تف‬
VIII. Hail! (‫خوش امدید‬-‫)مرحبا‬
IX. Hark! (‫ سنو سنو متوجہ ہونا‬-‫)خبردار‬
X. Lo! (‫نظرکرو‬-‫)دیکہوں‬
XI. O! (‫)ایسا شخص جس کے بولنے کا انداز شاعرانہ ہو‬
XII. Adieu! (‫)خدا حافظ‬
XIII. Hullo! ( ‫)بلانے اور متوجہ کرنے کیلئے‬
XIV. Pooh! (‫)ناک چڑہانا‬
XV. Alack! (‫)افسوس‬
XVI. Aha! (‫ سبحان اللہ‬-‫ مبارک‬-‫)اہا‬
XVII. Wow! (‫)حیرت کیلئے‬
XVIII. Ouch! (‫)اچانک درد میں بولا جاتا ہے‬
XIX. Huzzah! (‫)مسرت کا فجائیہ‬
XX. Hush! (‫)خموش کرانا‬
XXI. Ahem! (‫)متوجہ کرنے کیلئے‬
NOTE:-
The mark of exclamation (!) is always used after interjection.
Note:-
Certain groups of words are also like interjection.
Ah me!, For shame!, Well done!.
Interjection may express:-
Joy and pleasure; hurrah!.

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Grief and sorrow; Alas!.
Surprise; ha!, what!.
Approval; bravo!.
The sentence which begins with an interjection is
known as exclamatory sentence.

Adjective :- (‫)اسم صفت‬


An adjective means “added to”
Adjective is a word which gives extra meaning to nouns and
pronouns.
Extra Meaning Explanation:-
An adjective gives information about the color, size,
physical characteristics, quality and quantity, personal traits
of nouns and pronouns.
Why we use adjectives?
It gives information by answering one of these questions.
Of what kind?
Which one?
How many? / How much?
Examples:-

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A white car went on this road three minutes ago.
Adjectives are white, this, three.
White gives information about car.(what kind)
This gives information about road. (Which one)
Three gives information about minutes. (How much)
Position of adjectives:-
Position of adjectives is used to show to the place where the
adjective should be stand.
There are three positions of adjectives.
a)Adjective stands before a noun.
Examples:
We met an intelligent boy.
They are happy students.
b) Adjective stands after adverb.
Adverb can stand before adjective in a sentence and it
used to modify the adjective that stand after it.
Examples:
She is very clever.
They are so kind.
c)Adjective stands after linking verb.
Examples:-
He becomes angry. Predicate.
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They saw happy.
Linking verb:-
Linking verb is a verb which joins subject to the object or subject
complement.
Note:- Adjective in this position is called predicative
adjective.
Verb in this way are called linking verb.

Subject complement:-
A word, phrase, clause that follows a linking verb to
describe the subject is called subject complement.
Regular and Irregular adjectives:
(‫)با قاعدہ اور بےقاعدہ اسم صفت‬
Regular adjectives:-
The adjectives that make their comparative and superlative
forms by adding the suffixes er/ est or by adding prefixes
more and most.
Examples:
 Near /nearer/ nearest.
 Beautiful /more beautiful/ most beautiful
Irregular adjectives:-
The adjectives that don’t form their comparative and
superlative forms by adding suffixes er/ est or prefixes
more and most.
Examples:

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Good better Best
Little Less/lesser Least
Many More Most
Bad Worse Worst
Ill Worse Worst
Evil Worse Worst
Far Farther Farthest
Well Better Best
Late Later Latest
Out Outer/utter Outer most/ utter
most/ utmost
Up Upper Upper most/ up
most
Fore Further / former Foremost/ first
Hind Hinder Hinder most
Old Elder Eldest

Absolute adjective:
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Those adjectives that don’t have comparative and superlative
forms such adjectives are called absolute adjectives.
Examples:
List for absolute adjectives:
Absolute adjectives Meaning
Absolute
Immortal
Certain
Complete
Square
Huge
Essential
Unique
Universal
Full
Giant
Spotless
Ancient
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Incredible
Nuclear
Dead
Digital
Wonderful
Excellent
Fascinating
Meaningful
Furious
Gigantic
Fatal
Outstanding
Harmless
Packed
Devoid
Domestic
Terrible
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Exhausted
Fantastic
Final
Impossible
Gorgeous
Outstanding
Awful
Brilliant
Chemical
Horrible
Empty
Entire
Terrified
Filthy
Freezing
Perfect
Obvious
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Amazing
Breath taking
Captivating
Charming
Classy
Colorful
Cool
Delightful
Epic
Elegant
Extraordinary
Fun
Enchanting
Flawless
Impressive
Inspirational
Sensational
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Splendid
Superb
Terrific
Timeless
Unforgettable
Wondrous

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Kinds of adjective:
i. Adjective of color:
It describes the color of noun.
Example: he bought white dress.
ii. Adjective of size:
It describes the size of noun.
Example: they live in a big house.
They are small, big, thin, fat, tall, short, long, huge
iii. Adjective of shape:
It describes the shape of a noun.
Example: we have round dining table.
They are round, rectangular, square, oval
iv. Adjective of origin:
It describes where someone or something comes from.
Example:
Amin is a Pakistani boy.
v. Adjective of numbers/ numeral adjective:
It describes the number of noun.
It answered the question of (how many or how much?)
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Numeral adjective are of three kinds.
i. Definite numeral adjective:-
A numeral adjective is an adjective which denote
an exact number is known as definite numeral
adjective.
Example: 1. one, two, three etc. These are called
cardinals.
2.1st, 2nd, 3rd etc. These are called ordinals.
Note: it answer the question “how many?”
ii. Indefinite numeral adjectives:-
A numeral adjective is an adjective which don’t
denote exact number is known as indefinite
numeral adjective.
Example: all, many, no, few, some, any, several,
sundry etc.
Note: It answered the question “how much?”
iii. Distributive numeral adjective:-
Each, either, neither are called distributive
numeral adjective.
Example:-
1.Each boy must take his turn. Here each is
distributive numeral adjective.
2.Each of boys went to the ground. Here each is
distributive numeral adjective.
3.Either side is a narrow street.
4.Neither accusation is true.
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EXTRA INFORMATION ABOUT STANZA:


STANZA:
The group of lines in the poem is called stanza.
Kinds of stanza:
1.A stanza having two lines is known as couplet.
2.A stanza having three lines is known as triplet.
3.A stanza having four lines is known as quatrain.
4.A stanza having five lines is known as quintet.
5.A stanza having six lines is known as sestet.
6.A stanza having seven lines is known as septet.
7.A stanza having eight lines is known as octave.

Demonstrative adjective (‫)صفت اشارہ‬:-


Demonstrative adjectives point out which person or
thing meant. Demonstrative adjectives answer the
question which.
Demonstrative adjectives are this, these, that, those.
Note:-
This and that are used to point out singular noun and
those and these are used to point out plural noun.
Example:-
1.This boy is stronger than Ali.
2.These mangoes are sour.
3.That boy is industrious.
4.Those thieves must be punished.
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Demonstrative adjective/ demonstrative pronoun:-
1.This, that, these and those when closely connected
with noun are called demonstrative adjective.
2. This, that, these and those when placed away from
noun are called demonstrative pronoun.
Example:-
This is my watch. Here “this” is demonstrative
pronoun.
This man is a thief. Here “this” is a demonstrative
pronoun because “this” is closely connected with
noun.
Note:-
This book is mine. Here “this” is demonstrative
adjective because here “this” is closely connected with
noun.
Those are yours. Here “those” is a demonstrative
pronoun because here “those” is used away from noun.
Or here noun is not present.

Interrogative pronoun:-(‫)صفت استفہام‬


“What, which and whose” when they are used with
noun to ask question are called interrogative adjective.
1.What manner of a man is he?
2.Which way shall we go?
3.Whose book is this?

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Possessive pronoun are possessive adjective:-
1.My, our, your, his, her, their, its when closely
connected with noun is called possessive
adjectives.
2.My, our, your, his, her, their, it’s when placed
away from noun. They are called possessive
pronoun.
Example:-
i. This is my book. Here “my” is demonstrative
adjective.
ii. Your father is doctor. Here “your” is demonstrative
adjective.
iii. He lends me his camera. Here “his” is a
demonstrative adjective.
iv. Always clean your teeth. Here “your” is
demonstrative adjective.
v. This book is mine. Here “this” is demonstrative
adjective and “mine” is a possessive pronoun.
Note:-
The word “what” is sometime used an exclamatory
adjective.
a. What a genius.
b.What folly.

Indefinite adjective :-(‫)صفت عمومی‬

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Few, no, all, any, each, many, neither, none,
several, some, either, little, much, both, others,
most, every when closely connected with nouns
then they are called indefinite adjective.

EXTRA INFORMATION PEROID:


Difference b/w letter and alphabet:
Letter:-
When we write A, B and C in non-arrangement
form it is known as letter.
Example: A, C, P, D, G, S and Z.
Alphabet:-
When we write A, B and C in arrangement form it
is known as alphabets.
Example: A, B, C, D, E, F…Z.
Remember!
Small letters are divided into three categories.
1.Sky letters:
These are the letters that we write in the upper
three lines. It is seven in number.
Example: b, d, f, h, k, t, l.
2.Grass letters:
These are the letters that we write in the middle
two lines. They are fourteen in numbers.
Example: a, c, e, m, n, r, o, s, I, u, v, w, x, z.
3.Root letters:
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These are the letters that we write in last three
lines. They are five in numbers.
Example: g, j, p, q, y.

Note:-
The dot “.” over the “i and j” is known as tittle or
superscript dot.

SOME FACTS ABOUT LETTERS:-


i. The most used letter in the English dictionary is
“E”.
ii. “Q” is the least used letter in English dictionary.
iii. Most word in the English start with “sh”.
iv. There are very few words that start with “X” in the
English dictionary.
SOME FACTS ABOUT WORDS:-
i. “Underground” is the only word in English language
that begins and ends with the letters “und”.
ii. The longest word in the English language according to
the oxford English dictionary is
“pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis” that
contain 45 letters. (Name of lungs disease name)
iii. “Dreamt” is the only English word that ends in “mt”.

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iv. There are only four words in the English language that
ends in “----dous” i.e. tremendous, horrendous,
stupendous, hazardous.
v. Only one word (hydroxyzine “C12H27IN2O2”) in the
English language contains the letters X, Y, Z in order.
vi. The word “bookkeeper” is the only unhyphenated three
consecutive double letters.
vii. “Rhythms” is the longest word without any of the five
regular vowels.
viii. “Strength” is the longest word containing just one
vowel.

Difference B/W Language And Tongue:-


Language:
Language is a medium of communication.
Or
Language is the source through which we can
communicate with each other.
COMMUNICATION:-
Communication is the transformation of information
from one person to another.

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