Letters (a,b,c,…)

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Words (and,…)

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Paragraph

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Essay

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Lesson

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Book
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Library.

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 This book titled ―EASY ENGLISH GRAMMAR‖ is intended to be a self learning
one. All exercises are given in this book will unable the person those who are willing to
speak and write English.

Each chapter contains DETAILED description with examples and sufficient

exercises are also given for testing skills.

The Tamil meanings for each and every action verbs are also given.

BY AUTHOR,

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 Contents
Chapters Page
1. The Sentence
1.1 Declarative (or) Assertive Sentence
1.2 Interrogative Sentence
1.3 Imperative Sentence
1.4 Exclamatory Sentence
2. Subject and Predicate
2.1 Subject
2.2 Predicate
3. Parts of Speech
3.1 Noun
3.2 Adjectives
3.3 Pronoun
3.4 Adverb
3.5 Verbs
3.6. Preposition
3.7. Conjunction
3.8 Interjection
4. Tenses
4.1 Present Tense
4.2 Present Continuous Tense
4.3 Present Perfect Tense
4.4 Present Perfect Continuous Tense
4.5 Past Tense
4.6 Past Continuous Tense
4.7 Past Perfect Tense
4.8 Future Tense
4.9 Future Continuous Tense
4.10 Future Perfect Tense
4.11 Future Perfect Continuous Tense
5. Action Verbs

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 1. THE SENTENCE
Definition:-
A group of words that makes a complete sense is called a sentence.
Example:-
We cannot pump the ocean dry.
There are four kinds of sentences.
a) Declarative (or) Assertive sentence.
b) Interrogative sentence.
c) Imperative sentence.
d) Exclamatory sentence

1.1 Declarative (or) Assertive Sentence:-

Definition:-
A sentence that states something is called a declarative sentence. It is
followed by periods or full stops.
Examples:
1. My father bought a car.
2. Two and two makes four.
3. We enjoyed the drama.
4. Humpty and Dumpy sat on a wall.
5. The train stopped suddenly.

1.2 Interrogative Sentence:-

Definition:-
A sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative sentence. It is
followed by a question mark. There are two types.
a) Questions beginning with question words
b) Questions beginning with auxiliary verb
a) Questions beginning with question words:-
Definition:-
The sentence begin with W and H (What, when. Which, whom, why,
where, who, whose, how, how many, how far, how much, how long).
Examples:-
1. What are you doing?
2. When did you return?
3. Which is your favorite subject?
4. Whom do you want to meet?
5. Why did Roger reject all help?
6. Where are you coming from?
7. Who are you?
8. Whose book is this?
9. How was the ant hill prepared for the winter months?
10. How many brothers and sisters do you have?
11. How far away from home to your school?

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 12. How much do you spend for clothes?
13. How long have you been waiting?
b) Questions beginning with auxiliary verb (Yes or No):-
Definition:-
The sentence begin with - do, does, did, will, would, shall, should, have,
has, had, can, could, may, might, is, are, were.
Examples:-
1. Do you know swimming?
2. Does she speak English?
3. Did they play well?
4. Will you come tomorrow?
5. Would you lend me your scooter?
6. Shall we go for a cinema?
7. Have you seen Taj Mahal?
8. Has she passed the test?
9. Had you locked your cycle?
10. Can you lift the box?
11. Is this your bag?
12. Are you well?
13. Were you studying then?

1.3 Imperative Sentence:-

Definition:-
A sentence that expresses a command, a request or advice or order is called
an imperative sentence. It is followed by periods or full stops.
Examples:-
1. Don‘t copy in the examination.
2. Please give me some food.
3. Take exercises daily.
4. Bring your father to school tomorrow.
5. Stand up.

1.4 Exclamatory Sentence:-

Definition:-
A sentence that expresses some strong or sudden feeling of joy sorrow or
wonder is called an exclamatory sentence. It is followed by an exclamation mark
(!).
Examples:-
1. What a tall man you are!
2. Alas! I have lost my pen.
3. Oh! We have won the match.
4. How tall the building is!

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 EXERCISE - 1
Write what kind of sentence is it?

1. Politicians are busy in their work.

2. Are you all right?
3. Don‘t park your vehicle in the ‗No Parking‘ area.
4. What lovely flowers we have in the garden!
5. We can learn grammar easily.
6. The school is decorated for the function.
7. How difficult the problem is!
8. What a nice bike Shyam has!
9. Underline the verbs in this sentence.
10. Does your brother study well?
11. The chief minister is the head of the cabinet.
12. How do you prepare you lesson?
13. Come back after you finish this work.
14. What a wonderful watch!
15. Our principal is a learned man.
16. Please fetch me a bucket of water.
17. Well done my students!
18. There are good teachers in every school.
19. What a beautiful structure!
20. Suresh is my cousin.
21. He works for a rich person.
22. Whose car is parked here?
23. Why don‘t you show your own business?
24. Get me a glass of water, please.
25. Do not cross the road as you please.
26. Chennai zoo has many varieties of animals.
27. Do as I tell you.
28. How are we going to solve the problems?
29. Oh, these unbearable troubles!
30. What a cruel act!
31. Do you think our team will win?
32. Don‘t enter my class without my permission.

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 2. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
2.1 Subject:-
Definition:-
The part which names the person or thing we are speaking about is called
the Subject of the sentence.

2.2 Predicate:-
Definition:-
The part which tells something about the subject is called the Predicate of the
sentence.
1) The subject of a sentence usually comes first but occasionally it is put
after the predicate.
2) In imperative sentences the subject is left out.

EXERCISE – 2
Separate the Subject and the Predicate

1. The cackling of geese saved Rome.

2. The boy stood on the burning deck.
3. The singing of the birds delights us.
4. Stone walls do not make a prison.
5. He has a good memory
6. We cannot pump the ocean dry.
7. Bad habits grow unconsciously.
8. The earth revolves round the Sun.
9. Edison invented the phonograph.
10. Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan.
11. No man can serve two ministers.
12. A sick room should be well aired.
13. I shot an arrow into the air.
14. On the top of the hill lives a hermit.
15. All roads lead to Rome.

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 3. PARTS OF SPEECH
Definition:
Words are divided into different kinds or classes called Parts of speech
according to their use.
The parts of speech are Eight in number.
1. Noun (ngah;r; nrhy;)
2. Adjective (ngah; cupr;nrhy;)
3. Pronoun (gpujp ngah;r;n;rhy;)
4. Adverb (tpid cupr;nrhy;;)
5. Verb (tpid nrhy;)
6. Preposition (Kd;dpilr; nrhy;)
7. Conjunction (,izg;Gr; nrhy;)
8. Interjection (tpag;gpilr; nrhy;)

3.1 Noun:-
Definition:-
A noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing.
Examples:
1. Akbar was a great king.
2. Kolkata is on the Hooghly
3. The rose smells sweet.
4. The Sun shines bright.
There are six kinds of nouns.
a) Proper Noun
b) Common Noun
c) Collective Noun
d) Abstract Noun
e) Countable Noun
f) Uncountable Noun

3.1.1 Proper Noun:-

Definition:
A proper noun is the name of some particular person or place. Proper noun
is always written in capital letter at the beginning.
Examples:
1. Asoka was a wise king.
2. Caesar was an emperor.
3. Renuka is my teacher.
4. Dr.Sharma works at Mylapore.
5. The Godavari overflows its banks every year.
6. Solomon was famous for his wisdom.
7. He was the Luckman (wisest man) of his age.

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3.1.2 Common Noun:-
Definition:
Common noun does not point any particular place or person or thing. But it
is common to all persons, places or things of the Same class kind.
Examples:
1. Ganesh is my teacher.
2. Ranjan wants to become an engineer.
3. People buy vegetables in the market.
4. Our class consists of twenty pupils.
5. The elephant has great strength.
6. We saw a fleet of ships in the harbour.
7. I recognized your voice at once.
Common Nouns can be either Singular or Plural.
Examples:-
Singular - Plural Singular - Plural
Cart - Carts buffalo - buffaloes
Project - Projects piano - pianos
Class - Classes lady - ladies
Fox - Foxes wife - wives
Man - Men goose - geese
Tooth - Teeth foot - feet
Some nouns have only plural form.
Examples:-
Scissors, spectacles, trousers, thanks etc.
Some nouns in the plural form are always used as singular.
Examples:-
Physics, mathematics, mechanics, politics etc.
No change in singular.
Examples:-
Deer - deer sheep - sheep
Plural form takes -en
Examples:-
Ox - oxen child - children

3.1.3 Collective Noun:

Definition:
A collective noun is a name given to a group of people, of objects of
animals or of things.
Examples:-
Crowd, nation, family, team, army, flock, fleet, bundle, herd etc.

A fleet of ships A pride of lions An army of soldiers

A banquet of flowers A flight of birds A flock of sheep
A herd of cattle A heap of stones A bundle of sticks

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 A crowd of people A gang of thieves A team of players
A bunch of grapes A pair of shoes
Examples:-
1. The crowd enjoyed the magician‘s trick.
2. Our army fought bravely against the enemy.
3. The Government is waiting for the report.
4. Our team has won the match.
5. I have lost my bunch of keys.
6. A few people have sacrificed their lives.
7. The herd of elephants moved in silence.
8. Our team is better than theirs.
9. He gave me a bunch of grapes.
10. A committee of five was appointed.

3.1.4 Abstract Noun:

Definition:
An abstract noun is usually the name of a quality, action or state such
names can be understood but we can neither see them nor feel them. The names,
arts and science are also abstract noun.
Examples:-
Love, hatred, childhood, wisdom, humanity, poverty, obedience,
Discovery, enmity, kindness, slavery, enjoyment etc.
Examples:-
1. Many business men say honesty is the best policy.
2. Ramya is appreciated for her beauty.
3. Rakshith was an honest man.
4. A person can never forget his childhood days.
5. Sometimes ignorance is a bliss.
6. Without health there is no happiness.
7. Cruelty to animals is punishable.
8. Solomon was known for his wisdom.
9. The modern youth are very sensitive to criticism.
10. I believe in his innocence.

3.1.5 Countable Noun:

Definition:
Countable nouns are the names of objects, people etc that we can count. It
has plural forms.
Examples:-
Book, pen, apple, boy, sister, doctor, horse.

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3.1.6 Uncountable Noun:
Definition:
The uncountable nouns are the names of things which we cannot count. It
has no plural forms.
Examples:
Milk, air, water, silk, rice, cotton etc.

EXERCISE -3
Point out the NOUNS and say what kind of noun it is:

1. The crowd was very big.

2. Always speak the truth.
3. Our class consists of twenty pupils.
4. We all love honesty.
5. Cleanliness is next to godliness.
6. We saw a fleet of ships in the harbor.
7. A committee of live was appointed.
8. The soldiers were rewarded for their bravery.
9. He gave me a bunch of grapes.
10. I believe in his innocence.
11. Our team is better than theirs.
12. The room is thirty feet in length
13. The class is studying grammar.

3.2 Adjectives:-
Definition:
An adjective as a word used with a noun to add something for its Meaning.
There are seven kinds of adjectives. They are
a) Adjectives of Quality (Descriptive adjective)
b) Adjectives of Quantity
c) Adjectives of Number
d) Demonstrative Adjectives
e) Possessive Adjectives
f) Interrogative Adjectives
g) Proper Adjectives.

3.2.1 Adjectives of Quality (DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE):-

Definition:
The adjectives that show the quality of noun are called adjective of quality.
It tells us about the shape, color, size and condition etc of a noun. Adjective of
Quality answer the question of ―What kind‖

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 Examples:-
1. Rani is a beautiful girl.
2. It is a difficult problem.
3. I bought a costly computer.
4. London is a big city.
5. Mangoes are cheap.
6. He is an honest man.
7. The foolish old crow tried to sing.
8. Kolkata is a large city.
9. He was absent last week.
10. King Francis was a healthy king.

3.2.2 Adjectives of Quantity:-

Definition:
The adjectives that show how much of thing is meant are called adjectives
of quantity. It tells us the amount or number of things and answers the question
―How much?‖
Examples:-
1. There is little water in the well.
2. I ate some rich.
3. He showed much patience.
4. We have had enough exercise.
5. He has lost all his wealth.
6. They have not been sufficient rain this year.
7. The whole sum was expanded.
8. Take great care of your teacher.
9. There should not be much talk and little work.
10. You have no sense.

3.2.3 Adjectives of Number (NUMERAL ADJECTIVE):-

Definition:
Adjective of number show how many persons or things are meant (or) in
what order a person (or) thing stands. Adjective of number answer the question
―How many?‖
Adjectives of Number (Numeral Adjectives) are of three kinds:
a) Definite Numeral Adjective:
Definition:
The adjectives which denote an exact number. They are Cardinals (or)
ordinals.
Cardinals : one, two, three, etc.
Ordinals : first, second, third etc.
Example:-
1. The hand has five fingers.
2. Sunday is the first day of the week.
3. I did not get the first prize.

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 4. Abdul won the second prize.
5. There are six boys in the class.
b) Indefinite Numeral Adjectives:
Definition:
The adjectives which do not denote an exact number. All, no, many, few,
some, any, certain, several etc
Examples:-
1. All men must die.
2. There are no pictures in this book.
3. Many children are absent today.
4. Some boys are clever.
5. There are several mistakes in your exercise.
6. Are there any mango trees in this garden.
7. I have not seen him for several days.
8. Some dreams are like reality.
9. He is a man of few words.
10. There are not enough spoons.

c) Distributive Numeral Adjectives:

Definition:
The adjective that refer to each one of a number.
Examples:-
1. Each boy must take his turn.
2. India expects every man to do his duty.
3. Either pen will do.
4. On either side is a narrow lane.
5. Every man his duties.
6. Neither party is quite in the right.
7. He comes here every day.

3.2.4 Demonstrative Adjectives:-

Definition:
The adjectives that point out which person or thing is meant. It answers the
question ―WHICH?‖
Singular : this, that, a, an, one, some, another etc.
Plural : these, those, other etc.
Examples:-
1. This boy is stronger than Hari.
2. That boy is industrious.
3. Those rascals must be punished.
4. These mangoes are sour.
5. Yonder fort once belonged to Shivaji.
6. Don‘t be in such a hurry?
7. I hate such things.
8. Say the same thing twice over.

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3.2.5 Possessive Adjectives:-
Definition:
A possessive adjective refers to the possession and not to the possessed.
Examples:-
My, our, your, his, her, its, they, their etc
The possessive adjective remains the same whether the thing possessed in a
singular or plural.
Examples:-
1. This is my pen.
2. Raju is standing near his student.
3. The children are with their parents.
4. The Sun will never lose its brightness.
5. Is it your briefcase?

3.2.6 Interrogative Adjectives:-

Definition:
What, Which and Whose, When they are used with nouns to ask questions
are called Interrogative Adjective.
Examples:-
1. What manner of man is he?
2. Which station is near your house?
3. Whose book is this?
4. Which book is yours?
5. What kind of man is he?

3.2.7 Proper Adjectives:-

Definition:
The adjective that are formed proper nouns are called Proper adjectives.
Examples:-
1. Shakespeare lived in the Elizabethan age.
2. This is the Indian Navy.
3. My friend works in the French Embassy.
Adjectives are used attributively and predicatively:
When an adjective is used with a noun showing its attribute we say that it is
attributively.
Examples:-
1. This is an interesting story.
2. Sundar is clever.
3. These are ripe mangoes.
When an adjective is used after a verb does not qualify a noun and Forms
part of the predicate, it is said to be used predicatively.
Examples:-
1. The babies are beautiful.
2. These mangoes are ripe.
3. The children look happy

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List of Some Adjectives and its Three Forms:

REGULAR ADJECTIVES
1) By adding ‗er‘ and ‗est‘
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Bright Brighter Brightest
Bold Bolder Boldest
Clever Cleverer Cleverest
Dear Dearer Dearest
Fast Faster Fastest
Great Greater Greatest
Hard Harder Hardest
Kind Kinder Kindest
Long Longer Longest
Old Older Oldest
Rich Richer Richest
Slow Slower Slowest
Small Smaller Smallest
Strong Stronger Strongest
Sweet Sweeter Sweetest
Tall Taller Tallest
Weak Weaker Weakest
Young Younger Youngest

2) By adding ‗r‘ and ‗st‘

Able abler Ablest
Brave braver Bravest
Fine finer Finest
Large larger Largest
Late later Latest
Noble nobler Noblest
Rare rarer Rarest
Wise wiser wisest

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3) By doubling the final consonants.
Big bigger Biggest
Fat fatter Fattest
Hot Hotter Hottest
Mad Madder Maddest
Red Redder Reddest
Sad Sadder Saddest
Thin Thinner Thinnest

4) By deleting the final ‗y‘ and adding ‗ier‘ and ‗iest‘

Costly Costlier Costliest
Dry Drier Driest
Early Earlier Earliest
Easy Easier Easiest
Happy Happier Happiest
Heavy Heavier Heaviest
Lazy Lazier Laziest
Merry Merrier Merriest
Tasty Tastier Tastiest
Wealthy Wealthier Wealthiest
Worthy Worthier Worthiest

5) By using ‗more‘ and ‗most‘

Anxious More anxious Most Anxious
Beautiful More Beautiful most Beautiful
Common More Common most Common
Cruel More Cruel most Cruel
Difficult More Difficult most Difficult
Famous More Famous Most Famous
Feeble More Feeble Most Feeble
Gentle More Gentle Most Gentle
Handsome More Handsome Most Handsomer
Pleasant More Pleasant Most Pleasant
Polite More Polite Most Polite
Precious More Precious Most Precious

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 IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
Bad Worse Worst
Good Better Best
Ill Worse Worst
Little Less Least
Much More Most
Many More Most
Well Better Best
Examples:-
1. Cricket is the most popular game in India. (into comparative degree)

Cricket is more popular than any other game in India.

2. Mumbai sis bigger than many other cities in India (into superlative
degree)

Mumbai is one of the biggest cities in India.

3. Raju is taller than Velan (into positive degree)

Velan is not so tall as Raju.

EXERCISE - 4
Write down the other degrees as stated in the brackets:

1. Very few flowers are as sweet as the rose (into comparative degree)
2. The ant is the smallest creature in the world. (into positive degree)
3. Mathematics is easier than most other subjects (into superlative degree)
4. Ooty is cooler than all other places in South India (into positive degree)
5. Very few diseases are as bad as cancer (into superlative degree)
6. Rajesh is duller than any other boy in the class (into superlative degree)
7. Very few flowers are as sweet as the rose (into superlative degree)
8. 8. Elephant is the biggest animal (into positive degree) .
9. Lion is the bravest animal in the forest (into comparative degree)
10. Very few trees areas useful as the coconut tree (into superlative degree)
11. Suresh is one of the richest boys in the class. (into comparative degree)
12. No other language is so old as Latin (into superlative degree)
13. Gandhi is greater than any other freedom fighter (into superlative degree)
14. The Ganges is the holiest river in India (into positive degree)

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 15. No other boy is so active as Suresh (into superlative degree)

EXERCISE – 5
Pick out the adjective and say to which class belongs to:

1. The ship sustained heavy damage.

2. I have called several times.
3. Every dog has his day.
4. A live ass is better than a dead lion.
5. Say the same thing twice over.
6. What time is it?
7. He comes here every day
8. There should not be much talk and little work.
9. The child fell down from the great height.
10. A cross child is not liked.
11. Some dreams are like reality.
12. Good wine needs no bush.
13. My uncle lives in the next house.
14. Abdul won the second prize.

3.3 Pronoun:-
Definition:
A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun or a noun or a noun
phrase.

There are seven kinds of pronouns

a) Personal Pronouns
b) Reflective Pronouns
c) Emphatic Pronouns
d) Demonstrative Pronouns
e) Relative Pronouns
f) Interrogative Pronouns
g) Indefinite Pronouns

3.3.1 Personal Pronouns:

Definition:
The personal pronoun stands for the three persons.
(i) The persons speaking (ii) the person spoken to an
(iii) The person spoken of.
The personal pronouns are: I, we, you, he, she, it and they.

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a) Used as subject words are:
Singular Plural
First Person I We
Second Person You, (Thou) You
Third Person He, She, It They
Examples:-
1. John is not at home. He has gone to the office.
2. Sheela has not bought a saree. She has bought a churidar.
3. Foreign cars are not cheap. They are expensive.

b) Used as object word are:

Singular Plural
First Person Me Us
Second Person You You
Third Person Him, Her, It Them
Examples:-
1. Tom is leaving tomorrow. We will meet him.
2. Where‘s Chandra? We are looking for her.
3. The doors are very nice. They have painted them.

c) Used as possessive
Singular Plural
First Person My, Mine Our. Ours
Second Person (Thine), Yours Your, Yours
Third Person His, Her, Hers, Its Their, Theirs
Examples:-
1. This is her book.
2. Is this shirt yours?

3.3.2 Reflexive Pronouns:

Definition:
A reflexive pronouns are used to refer back (reflects) to an action of the doer.

Singular Plural

First Person Myself Ourselves

Second Person Yourself Yourselves
Third Person Himself, Herself, Itself Themselves

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 Examples:-
1. I did his work myself.
2. You will hurt yourselves.
3. We often deceive ourselves.
4. They gave themselves a lot of troubles.
5. The dog choked itself.
6. The poor widow poisoned herself.
7. She plays herself.
8. I cannot bring myself to do it.
9. I was sitting by myself.
10. They praised themselves.

3.3.3 Empathic Pronouns:-

Definition:
It has the same forms as the reflexive pronouns, but they have Different
function (used for the sake of emphasis).
Examples:-
1. I will do it myself.
2. Leela herself sings a song.
3. The students themselves participated.
4. The Sun itself rises.
5. The town itself is not very large.
6. They have got themselves into a mess.
7. I myself heard the remark.
8. We saw the king himself.
9. Raju himself worked out the sum.
10. You yourself can best explain.

3.3.4 Demonstrative Pronouns:

Definition:
Demonstrative pronoun are used to point out the objects to which they
refer. (lying at a distance).
Examples:-
1. These are fake notes.
2. He is in another place.
3. This is my pencil.

4. That is my house.
5. Such were his actual words.
In the above sentences this, that, these, those, such, other, another, some other are
used to point out the objects for which they are used.

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3.3.5 Relative Pronouns:-
Definition:
A Relative Pronoun is a word which refers or relates to some noun going
before. A Relative Pronoun can function as a Conjunction. It can be used to
introduce an adjective. Clause and be the subject of an adjective clause.
USED FOR
WHO : Persons only.
WHICH : Animals and things
THAT : 1. People, animals and things.
2. after adjective in the Superlative Degree.
3. after the words all, same, any, more, nothing, only.
4. After who, what.
WHOM : People only.
WHOSE : People only.
WHAT : To things only.
AS : 1. After ‗Such‘.
2. After ‗The same‘.
Examples:-
1. This is the building that Ramesh built.
2. My uncle who is America is a doctor.
3. The pens which I had placed on the table are missing.
4. The lady whom you met at the stairs is my aunt.
5. This is the house that my father built.
6. The children who had been on an excursion have returned.
7. The dog which caught the thief was praised.

3.3.6 Interrogative Pronouns:-

Definition:
The pronouns used for asking questions are called Interrogative Pronouns.
Who, Whom, Whose are used for asking questions about persons. ―What‖ is used
for asking questions about things ―Which‖ used for asking questions about
particular person or things
Examples:-
1. Who is that person standing near the window?
2. Whom do you want to see?
3. Whose books are these?
4. What is the matter?
5. Which is your pen?
6. What shall we do?
7. Who are you?

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3.3.7 Indefinite Pronouns:-
Definition:
The Indefinite Pronouns refer to persons or things in general. They do not
point out anything in particular. Each, Every, Either, Several, Much, Few, Many,
Less, Any, All, Some, One, None etc are called Indefinite Pronouns.
Examples:-
1. Every person should work for the progress of his country.
2. Several children completed for the prize.
3. Few are rich.
4. Many are poor.
5. None but fools can believe it.
6. One must to one‘s duties.
7. All are not happy.
8. Some are born great.

EXERCISE - 6
Point out the pronouns and say what kind of PRONOUN it is:

1. The lady flatters herself.

2. The poor man does not have any of these things.
3. The lady whom you met at the stairs is my aunt.
4. These articles are theirs.
5. Several persons were involved in the invention.
6. Which of these fruits are tasty?
7. These mangoes are for sale.
8. You have taken my umbrella
9. Whom are you searching for?
10. I myself witnessed the incident.
11. The book which is mine was presented by my friend.
12. Every one is expected top come prepared with the lesson.
13. I myself witnessed the incident.
14. The boys hid themselves.

3.4 Adverb:-
Definition:
An Adverb adds more to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or Another
adverb.
1. An adverb modifies a verb. (HOW)
Examples:-
1. The peacock dances gracefully.
2. Mary sings sweetly.

22
 3. The Sun shines everywhere.

2. An adverb modifies an adjective. (HOW MUCH)

Examples:-
1. My mother was quite happy when I received the award.
2. This is a very sweet mango.
3. An adverb modifies another adverb. (HOW FAR)

Examples:-
1. Mr.Ravi works very hard.
2. Govind reads quite clearly.

Adverbs may be divided into the following classes, according to their meaning.

3.4.1 Adverbs of Time:-

Definition:
Adverbs which show when an action is done. Such adverbs are called
Adverbs of Time. Adverbs of Time answer the question ―WHEN?‖ It is either
placed at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. Some adverbs of time - after
wards, lately, now, soon, then, today.
Examples:-
1. The salesman came late.
2. The school will open tomorrow.
3. Yesterday my brother came.
4. The end soon came.
5. We shall now begin to work.
6. Mr.Gupta formerly lived here.
7. I had a letter from him lately.
8. I hurt my knee yesterday.
9. Wasted time never returns.
10. We have our English club meeting tomorrow.
11. Yesterday my brother came.

3.4.2 Adverb of Manners:-

Definition:
Adverbs which show how (or the manner in which) an action is done. Such
adverbs are called Adverbs of Manner. Adverbs of manner answer the question
―HOW‖ It is usually put just after the verb.
Examples:-
1. The captain fought bravely.
2. Anand smiles broadly.
Some of the adverbs of manner – beautifully, reluctantly, suspiciously,
carefully, angrily, secretly, foolishly, generously, kindly, stupidly, badly, well.

23
 Examples:-
1. The story is well known.
2. The boy works hard.
3. The child slept soundly.
4. Sita writes badly.
5. The old man walked slowly.
6. She spent all her wealth foolishly.
7. The old man walked slowly.
8. She spent all her wealth foolishly.
9. Peter acted wisely.
10. Slowly and sadly we laid him down.
11. The Sikhs fought bravely.
12. She ran fast.
13. Govind reads clearly.

3.4.3 Adverbs of Place:

Definition:
Adverbs which show where an action is done. Such adverbs are called
Adverb of Place. Adverbs of Place answer the question ‗WHERE?‘ It is placed
after the verb. Some of the Adverbs of Place – Away, Everywhere, Here,
Nowhere, Somewhere, there etc.
Examples:-
1. The mango tree is there.
2. John has gone out.
3. Come here.
4. The horse galloped away.
5. Walk backward.
6. The boys are waiting outside.
7. We looked for her everywhere.
8. The train stops there.
9. Hither and thither the children ran.
10. He looked up.
11. Go there.
12. Stand here.
13. My brother is out.

3.4.4 Adverbs of Frequency:-

Definition:
Adverbs which show how often an action is done. Such adverbs are called
Adverbs of Frequency. Adverbs of Frequency answer the question: ―HOW
OFTEN?‖. It is Usually placed before the verb. Some of the Adverbs of
Frequency – Always, Usually, Frequently, Often, Sometimes, Occasionally,
Rarely, Seldom, Never, Once, Twice, Repeatedly, Ever, Generally, Normally, etc.

24
 Examples:-
1. Ramesh often visits my house.
2. Ranjani never speaks loudly.
3. You always quarrel with others.
4. Twice the boy struck him.
5. The doctor visits frequently.
6. He often makes mistakes.
7. I visited him once.
8. He seldom comes here.
9. He always tries to do his best.
10. I have told you twice.
11. I have not seen him once.
12. He frequently comes unprepared.
13. He came often to this house.
14. He always speaks the truth.

3.4.5 Adverbs of Degree (OR) Quantity:

Definition:
Adverbs which show how much or in what degree or to What extent is
done are called Adverbs of Degree. Adverbs of degree answer the question ―HOW
MUCH?‖ It is usually placed before an adverb or an adjective. Some of the
Adverbs of Degree - Almost, Completely, Enough, Entirely, Extremely, Fairly,
Far, Hardly, Just, Much, Nearly, Quite, Really, Too, Very, Scarcely, etc.
Examples:-
1. He was too careless.
2. You are quite wrong.
3. I am fully prepared.
4. He was very tired.
5. The Sun is extremely hot.
6. She was almost angry.
7. I am so glad.
8. You are partly right.
9. Is that any better?
10. She sings pretty well.
11. The cup was nearly full.

3.4.6 Interrogative Adverbs:-

Definition:
Adverbs which are used for asking questions are called Interrogative
Adverbs. These adverbs are usually placed at the beginning of a sentence.
Some Interrogative Adverbs -- Where, When, How, How many, How high, how
far, etc.

25
 Examples:
1. Whose book is this?
2. Where is your house?
3. When will they come?
4. How do you catch the bus?
5. Why are you late?
6. How many boys are there in your class?
7. How are you today?

EXERCISE - 7
Say what Kind of Adverb:

1. He was ill pleased.

2. Try again.
3. He is too shy
4. Are you quite sure?
5. Once or twice we have met alone.
6. Ambition urges me forward.
7. She arrived a few minutes ago.
8. Her son is out in Iran.
9. I surely expect him tomorrow.
10. He could not speak, he was so angry.
11. You are far too hasty.
12. The secret is out.
13. He is old enough to know better
14. Your watch is five minutes too fast.
15. The patient is no better today.
16. I wonder you never told me.
17. Order the carriage round.
18. He has been shamefully treated.

3.5 Verbs:-
Definition:-
A verb is a word that says something about a person, place, thing or animal.
It is the most essential part of a sentence.
There are four kinds of verbs.
a) Transitive Verbs
b) Intransitive Verbs

26
3.5.1 Transitive Verbs:-
Definition:-
A verb that shows an action that passes over from a subject to an object is
called a transitive verb. (or) Verbs which require objects to complete their
meaning
Are called Transitive Verbs.
Examples-
1. Children like toys.
2. Leela drew a picture.
3. The man killed a snake.
4. Rani made a doll.
5. The servant opened the window.
6. The policeman caught a thief
7. John draws a flower.
8. Raju caught the ball.
9. Kumar is writing a letter.
10. Mr.Stewart teaches English.

3.5.2 Intransitive Verbs:

Definition:-
Verbs which do not require objects to complete their meanings are called
intransitive verbs.
Example:-
1. The child laughs.
2. The Sun shines.
3. I write neatly.
4. The bell rang.
5. The man died.
6. The girl smiled
7. Peter laughs.
8. The dog barked.
9. The bell is ringing.
10. Birds fly.

EXERCISE -8
Name the verbs whether it is Transitive or Intransitive Verb

1. The boy cut his hand with a knife.

2. The clock stopped this morning.
3. The policeman blew hiss whistle.

27
 4. An old beggar stood by the gate.
5. Put away you books.
6. The cat sleeps on the rug.
7. The fire burns dimly.
8. Time changes all things.
9. We eat three times a day.
10. The little bird hopped.
11. He took shelter under a tree.
12. Jack built a house.
13. Tell the truth.
14. He went home.
15. Balu wrote a letter to his uncle.
16. I know a funny little man.
17. Please close the window.
18. She arrived this morning.
19. You speak too loudly.
20. The dog ran after me.

3.5.3 Strong and Weak Verbs:-

Strong Verbs:-
Definition:-
Strong verbs are those which form their past tense by merely
changing the vowel in the body of the present without adding – ed, -d, or –t
to the present.
Examples:-
Speak - spoke fall - fell sing – sang

Weak Verbs:-
Definition:-
Weak verbs are those which form their tense by adding - ed, -d or -t
to the present , with or without vowel change In the body of the word.
Examples:-
Talk - talked spend - spent
Sell - sold buy - bought

3.5.4 Main and Auxiliary Verbs:-

Main Verbs: Auxiliary Verbs:
Am will
Is would
Was shall
Are should
Were may
Has might
Have can
Had could

28
 Do must
Did ought to
Does used to
Need
Dare

These 24 verbs are called auxiliary or helping verbs. Among these 24 auxiliary
verbs some verbs can be used as main verbs.

3.6 Prepositions:-
Definition:
A Preposition is a word that is placed before a noun (or)
Pronoun. It shows the relation between the noun (or) pronoun
That comes after that and some other word (or) words in the
same sentence.

Examples:-
1. There is a table in the middle of the room.
2. A dog is near the gate.
3. The sky is above us.
4. He came with us.
5. The man with red hair is a singer.
6. See me after 4 p.m.
7. Why didn‘t you come before the bell?
8. The cat jumped off the chair.
9. He is fond of tea.
10. The road runs over hill and plain.
There are three kinds of Prepositions

3.6.1 Simple Prepositions:-

at, by, in, for, from, on up, above, of, off, out,, through, till, with etc.
these are the Simple Prepositions

3.6.2 Compound Prepositions:

Definition:-
Compound prepositions which are generally formed by prefixing a
preposition (usually a=no or be=by) to a Noun, an Adjective or
adverb. About, above, across, along, amidst, among, around, before,
behind, below, beside, between, beyond, inside, outside, within,
underneath, After, etc.

3.6.3 Phrase Prepositions:

according to, along with, because of, in front of, on account of,
in the event of, in order to, in spite of, by means of, in course of,

29
 owing to, etc.

Examples:-
1. On behalf of the staff he read the address.
2. He persevered in spite of difficulties.
3. There is a big tree in front of his house
4. Owing to his ill health, he retired from business.
5. On account of his negligence the company suffered a heavy loss.

S.N Preposition Uses Examples

o
1. In Referring to the names of countries and My friend is in the
iI Large towns places of work, when it is Agricultural depart-
Building, when a particular room or Ment.
depart-
Ment is indicated.

2. At Referring to the names of small towns and He is working at the

Villages. Railway station.

3. To,into,upo Speaking of things in motion. 1.The snake crawled

n Into a hole.
2.John ran to the
Market.
4. Till To denote time I waited till 5 O‘clock
5. To To show instrument He went to the theatre.
6. With To show instrument The boy was beaten
With a stick.
7. By To show agent John was punished by
His father.
8. Since To show some point of time. He has been absent
Since last week.
9. From To show some point of time. Used with The school will start
All the tenses From tomorrow.
10. For Used with a period of time. I lived in Chennai for
Three years.
11. Within It means before the end of . You must stop writing
Within ten minutes.
12. between Used with two persons, places or things. The train runs between
Bombay and Kolkatta.
13. Among Used with more than two There is no unity
among

30
 The leaders.

14. Beside Means by the side of. The child sits beside
Its mother.
15 Besides Means in addition of. Besides the students
Their parents were also
Present.
16. Under While referring to things and persons. I am working under
Mr.Xavier.
17. underneath While referring to things. Keep the parcel under
Neath the box.
18. On When it is not a building He works on coffee
Plantain.

EXERCISE-9
Fill in the blanks with suitable Prepositions:

1. The cat jumped _____the table.

2. The roof is______ our heads.
3. The teacher is sitting______ the students.
4. The dog ran _____the road.
5. He is afraid _____the dog.
6. He goes _____ Sunday ___ church.
7. The steam engine was invented _____James Watt.
8. It cannot be done _____offence.
9. They live _______ the same roof.
10. I have not seen him ________Wednesday last.
11. I am tired ______ walking.
12. I will sit ______my desk to do my lesson.
13. Don‘t cry _____spilt milk.
14. They drove _____ Mumbai ____Pune.
15. Everyone laughed ____ him.
16. Sent the parcel _____ post.
17. We stayed in Mumbai _____ five days.
18. The exercise was written ____ me _____ a Camlin pen.
19. He lives ____ Hyderabad.
20. The child has been missing _____ yesterday.
21. He rushed ____my room, panting for breath.
22. _______ rice they had curry.
23. He was killed ____ the robber.
24. Mumbai is famous ____ its textiles.
25. He really complied ______ my request.
26. He is very different _______ his brother.

31
 27. Only graduates are eligible _____ the post.
28. Silk works feed _____ mulberry trees.
29. Oil is good _____ burns.
30. A child is not able _____distinguish god _____evil.

3.7 Conjunction:-
Definition:
A conjunction is a word which merely joins together sentences and
sometimes words.
Examples:-
1. God made the country and man made the town.
2. He is clever but lazy.
3. Though he studied well, he failed.
4. He looks as if he were weary.
5. She must weep or she will die.
6. Two and two makes four.
Conjunctions are divided into four classes
a. Coordinating Conjunction.
b. Subordinating Conjunction
c. Correlative Conjunctions or Correlatives
d. Compound Conjunction

3.7.1 Coordinating Conjunction:-

Definition:
A Coordinating Conjunction joins together clauses of equal rank.
The chief coordinating conjunctions are and, but, for, or, nor, also,
Either…. Or, neither …nor.
Coordinating conjunctions are of four kinds.
a) Cumulative Conjunction
b) Adversative Conjunction
c) Disjunctive Conjunction
d) Illative Conjunction

a) Cumulative Conjunction:-
Definition:-
Cumulative conjunction which is merely adds one statement to another
statement.
Examples:-
1. We carved not a line and we raised not a stone.
2. Bread and milk is wholesome food.

32
b) Adversative Conjunction:-
Definition:
Adversative conjunction which is express to opposition contrasts between
two statements.
Examples:-
1. He is slow but he is sure.
2. I was annoyed still I kept quiet.
3. He was all right only he is fatigued.
4. He tried but he did not succeed.
5. He would come only that I am engaged.

c) Disjunctive Conjunction:-
Definition:-
Disjunctive Conjunction which express a choice between two alternatives
Examples:-
1. Either he is mad or he feigns madness.
2. We can travel by land or water.
3. It is neither useful nor ornamental .
4. Walk quickly else you will not overtake him.
5. I shall go whether you come or not.

d) Illative Conjunction:-
Definition:-
Illative Conjunction which is expresses an inference.
Examples:-
1. I cannot give you any money for I have none
2. He deserved to succeed for he worked hard.

3.7.2 Subordinating Conjunction:-

Definition:-
A Subordinating Conjunction joins a clause to another on which it depends
for its full meaning.
The Chief Subordinating Conjunctions are: after, because, if, that, though,
although, till, before, unless, as, when, where, while.
Examples:-
1. After the shower was over the Sun shone out again.
2. I read the paper because it interests me.
3. If I feel any doubt I ask.
4. Tell them that I will come.
5. He finished first though he began late.
6. Although I am poor, I am not dishonest.
7. Will you wait till I return?

33
 8. He went before I came.
9. Unless you try, you will not succeed.
10. As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
11. When I was younger, I thought so.
12. I shall go wither fancy leads me.
13. He found his watch where he had left it.
14. Make hay while the sun shines.
15. There were more people than we had expected.

3.7.3 Correlative Conjunction or Correlative:

Definition:-
Some conjunctions are used in pairs are called Correlative Conjunction.
Examples:-
1. Either take it or leave it.
2. He is neither a knave nor a fool.
3. We both love and honour him.
4. Though he is suffering much pain, yet he does not complain.
5. I do not care whether you go or stay.
6. Not only he is foolish but also obstinate.
7. No sooner had Sir Roger seated himself than he called
8. For wax candles

3.7.4 Compound Conjunctions:

Definition:
We use many compound expressions as conjunctions these are called
compound conjunctions.
Some Compound Conjunctions are: so that, even it, as though, as well as,
in orders that, as soon as, as if, on condition that, in as much as
Examples:-
1. We eat so that we may live.
2. Such an act would not be kind even if it were just.
3. He walks as though he is slightly lame.
4. Rama as well as Govind was present there.
5. The notice was published in order that all might know the facts.
6. He took off his coat as soon as he entered the house.
7. He looks as if he were weary.
8. I will forgive you on condition that you do not repeat the offence.
9. I must refuse you request, in as much as I believe it unreasonable.

34
3.8 Interjection:-
Definition:
An interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion.
Examples:-
Ah me! Ha! What! Hurrah!
Bravo! Oh! Ah!
Hush! For shame! Well done!
Good gracious! Hello! Alas!

Interjection may express

a) Joy : hurrah! Huzza!
b) Grief (or) sorrow : Alas!
c) Surprise : Ha! What!
d) Approval : bravo!
Examples:-
1. Alas! The cat is dead.
2. Hurrah! We have won the game.
3. Bravo! You have played well.
4. Oh! I got such a fright.
5. Hello! What are you doing there?
6. Hush! Don‘t make a noise.

35
 4. Tenses
4.1 Present Tense:-
Definition:-
It refers to the action happening at present
a) Simple Present Tense
b) Present Continuous Tense
c) Present Perfect Tense
d) Present Perfect Continuous Tense
The simple present tense may be used:
(a) to express permanent truths
(b) to refer to the present period
(c) to express habitual actions
(d) to refer future actions
Example:-
1. I always go (go) to school early.
2. Every Sunday my father cleans (clean) his scooter
3. We generally do not speak (not speak) English at home.
4. Some boys often talk (talk) in the class
5. My father usually reads (read) the newspaper in the morning.

4.1.1 Present Continuous Tense:-

The present continuous tense is used:
(a) to refer to actions in progress at the moment of speaking
(b) for temporary actions not necessarily in progress at the moment of
speaking
(c) for planned actions which may take place in future
(d) with adverbs like always, forever, referring to repeated action
Examples:-
1. I am writing (write) now.
2. You are learning (learn) tenses at the moment
3. The boys are watching (watch) a cricket match at present
4. My father is reading (read) the newspaper still
5. The child is not crying (not cry) any longer

4.1.2 Present Perfect Tense:-

Present perfect tense is used :
(a) to show completed action in the near past
(b) to refer action which began in the past but still continuing
(c) when the completed action referred to has no definite time
Example:-
1. My father has just gone (go) out
2. I have seen (see) the Taj Mahal

36
 3. I have known (know) him for a long time
4. I have read (read) all the poems of Bharathi
5. Raman has done (do) his duty

4.1.3 Present Perfect Continuous Tense:-

Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used to express an action which began at
sometime in the past and still continuing
Examples:-
1. The boys have been playing (play) since morning
2. She has been working (work) here since 1998
3. I have been preparing (prepare) for my exams from April
4. They have been inviting (invite) me to spend the summer holidays
5. We have been playing (play) for two hours

4.2 Past Tense:-

Definition:-
Past tense refers to the action that took place in the past
a) Simple Past Tense
b) Past Continuous Tense
c) Past Perfect Tense
d) Past Perfect Continuous Tense

4.2.1 Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense is used to refer to an action completed in the past
Examples:-
1. India got (get) freedom in 1947
2. My foot was (be) swollen
3. I talked (talk) to him yesterday
4. He wanted (want) to know who it was
5. He came (come) to meet me everyday last week

4.2.2 Past Continuous Tense:-

Past Continuous Tense is used when new refer to an action going on in the
past showing habit without pointing out the exact time of the action
Examples:-
1. I was going (go) to school
2. When the light went off, we were watching (watch) the T.V.
3. We were expecting (expect) the culprit to return and waited for him the
whole night
4. I was playing (play) a cricket match at this time yesterday
5. Where studying (study) all morning yesterday

37
4.2.3 Past Perfect Tense:-
Past Perfect Tense is used to refer to the earlier of the two past actions.
Examples:-
1. When they went to the theatre, the film had started (start)
2. Before we entered the station, the train had left (leave)
3. When the principal had completed (complete) his speech, the students
clapped hands.
4. The picture had begun (begin) before we reached the theatre
5. The labour leader had met (meet) the labour office the day before
yesterday

4.2.4 Past Perfect Continuous Tense:-

Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to refer to action that started at a
particular time in the past and continued up to that time
Examples:-
1. When I took over as principal, my friend had already been teaching
(teach ) English for two years
2. At the time she had been taking (take) medical treatment in a private
hospital
3. The plane had been flying (fly) round and round before it landed
4. After he had been speaking (speak) for sometime he stopped
5. The mechanical teacher had been giving (give) her test after test in
geography

4.3 Future Tense:-

Definition:-
Future Tense refers to the action that is yet to occur.
a) Simple Future Tense
b) Future Continuous Tense
c) Future Perfect tense
d) Future Perfect Continuous Tense

4.3.1 Simple Future Tense:-

Simple future is used:
a) to describe future events like giving information, direction or making
arrangements, announcements.
b) to predict future events, consequences, warnings,advice, threats or
wether forecasts.
c) in expressing future intentions, promises.
d) to request, to ask for suggestions or willingness.
e) to express hopes or expectations
Examples:-
1. I hope he will get(get) through in the entrance test
2. The Headmaster will talk (talk) to your father tomorrow

38
 3. If you ask him, he will lend (lend)it to you
4. In the next year I shall learn (learn) more of Algebra
5. We shall visit (visit) exhibition next week

4.3.2 Future Continuous Tense:

Future Continuous Tense is used to represent an action presumed to be
going on at sometime in future and also for actions planned for future events

Examples:-
1. We shall be traveling (travel) by train by this time tomorrow
2. We shall be doing (do) our MBA final then
3. He will be staying (stay) at the lodge till the end of April
4. We shall be playing (play) football by this time tomorrow
5. He will be visiting (visit) Kodaikkanal next week

4.3.3 Future Perfect Tense:-

Future Perfect tense is used to point to the completion of an action by a
certain time in the future.
Examples:-
1. We shall have finished (finish) our practical by January
2. By next June, I shall have got (get) my degree
3. They will have completed (complete) this work by this time tomorrow
4. I shall have become (became) a professor by then
5. He will have left (leave) before you go to see him

4.3.4 Future Perfect Continuous Tense:-

Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used to point to an action which is in
progress and which will end in the future.
Examples:-
1. I will have been teaching (teach) for twenty years next July
2. By next March we shall have been living (live) here for four years
3. You will have been speaking (speak)
4. By next month, we shall have been writing (write) our examination
5. By this time tomorrow I shall have been taking (take) my breakfast

39
 EXERCISE -10
Fill in the blanks with correct tense form of the verbs given in brackets:

1. The Sun ________ (set) in the west

2. She _______ (go) to school yesterday
3. They _________ (play) football now
4. While she _______ (cook) her saree caught fire
5. By this time tomorrow I _________ (read) this novel
6. After my friends __________ (go) I went to sleep
7. Mary _______ (study) five chapters so far
8. I posted the letter after I ________ (write) the address
9. Uma ________ (work) in this office since 1983
10. Meena _________ (clean) the vessels in the kitchen now
11. Before the fire brigade arrived the fire __________ (burn) down the entire village
12. Shankar ____________ (complete) the construction by this time next month
13. Gopi __________ (send) a telegram to his father yesterday
14. I ______ already _______ (see) this film
15. You __________ (not do) the home work so far
16. If you came late, the teacher ________ (punish) you
17. At this moment the doctor ____________ (perform) an operation
18. A storm ______ (break) out yesterday night
19. My friends_________ (sleep) when I came in
20. While Mohan ______ (climb) up the ladder he fell down

40
 5. Action Verbs

PRESENT PAST TENSE PASTPARTCIPILE

TENSE (,we;j fhyk;) (vr;rtpid)
(epfo; fhyk);
Abide-cWjpAldpU Abode Abode
Abolish-jtpu; Abolished Abolished
Accept-rk;kjp Accepted Accepted
Accuse-Fw;wk; rhl;L Accused Accused
Abridge-RUf;F Abridged Abridged
Accompany- accompanied Accompanied
njhlu;e;Jnry;
Achieve-rhjid Gup Achieved Achieved
Acquire-ngW ,rk;ghjp Acquired Acquired
Act-eb ,gzpGup Acted Acted
Add-$l;L Added Added
Admire-Gfo;e;Jiu Admired Admired
Admit-xj;Jf;nfhs; Admitted Admitted
Adopt-gpd;gw;W Adopted Adopted
Advise- Advised Advised
mwpTj;J(Gj;jp$W)
Adore-njhO Adored Adored
Adorn-moFgLj;J Adorned Adorned
Adjust-rupgLj;J Adjusted Adjusted
Affect-ghjpf;fgL Affected Affected
Agree-rk;kjp Agreed Agreed
Allow-mDkjp Allowed Allowed
Alter-khw;W Altered Altered
Announce-gpufldk; nra; announced Announced
Answer-gjpysp Answered Answered
Annoy-Nfhgk; Cl;L Annoyed Annoyed
Appear-Njhd;W Appeared Appeared
Apply-kDnra; Applied Applied
Approach-fpl;lneUq;F approached Approached
Appoint-Ntiyf;F epakp Appointed Appointed
Approve-mDkjp msp Approved Approved
Arrange-Vw;ghL nra; Arranged Arranged
Arrest-ifJ nra; Arrested Arrested
Arrive-te;J Nru; Arrived Arrived
Arise-vO (fpsk;G) Arose Arisen
Assemble-jpul;L Assembled Assembled

41
Associate-rk;ge;jg;gLj;J Associated Associated
Assort-tifg;gLj;J Assorted Assorted
Ask-Nfs; Asked Asked
Assist-cjT Assisted Assisted
Astonish-Mr;rpupag;gLj;J Astonished Astonished
Attack –jhf;F Attacked Attacked
Attempt-Kaw;rp nra; Attempted Attempted
Attend-cldpU (ftdp) Attended Attended
Attest-rhd;W $W Attested Attested
Attract-ftu;e;jpO Attracted Attracted
Audit-jzpf;if nra; Audited Audited
Authorize-mjpfhuk; msp Authorized Authorized
Avenge-gop thq;F Avenged Avenged
Avoid-jtpu; Avoided Avoided
Awake-cwf;fj;jpypUe;J Awoke Awoken
vOg;G
Bake-#l;bdhy; Baked Baked
,Wfr;nra;
Balance-rhpfl;L Balanced Balanced
Banish-ehLflj;J Banished Banished
Bathe-ePuhL Bathed Bathed
Bargain-Nguk;NgR Bargained Bargained
Bear-nghWj;jy; Bore Bore, Borne
Beat-mb Beat Beaten
Become-cz;lhf;F Became Become
Beg-gpr;ir VL Begged Begged
Behave-eLe;Jnfhs; Behaved Behaved
Be (is, am, are)-,U Was, Were Been
Beget-cw;gj;jp nra; Begot Begotten
Believe-ek;G Believed Believed
Behold-ftdp, Beheld Beheld
vz;zpg;ghh;
Bend-tis Bent Bent
Bet-ge;jak; fl;L Bet, Betted Betted
Beware-vr;rhpf;ifAld; Bewared Bewared
,U
Bewilder-Fog;G Bewildered Bewildered
Bid-cj;jutpL, VykpL Bid, Bade Bid, Bidden
Bind-Nrh;j;Jfl;L Bound Bound
Bite-fb Bit Bitten
Blame-Fiwnrhy; Blamed Blamed
Bleed-,uj;jk; tb Bled Bled
Blend-fy Blended Blended

42
Bless-MrPh;tjp Blessed Blessed
Block-jL Blocked Blocked
Blot-<uk; cwpQ;R Blotted Blotted
Blow-CJ, mb, tPR Blew Blown
Boast-jw;ngUikg;gL Boasted Boasted
Boil-nfhjpf;f it Boiled Boiled
Book-Vw;ghLnra; Booked Booked
Borrow-gpd;gw;W, Borrowed Borrowed
fld;thq;F
Bow-tzq;F, tis Bowed Bowed
Break-cil, Kwp Broke Broken
Breathe-%r;RtpL Breathed Breathed
Breed-tsu; Bred Bred
Bring-nfhz;Lth Brought Brought
Broadcast-xypgug;G Broadcasted Broadcasted
Build-fl;L Built Built
Burn-vhp (nfhSj;J) Burnt Burnt
Burst-jpBnud ntb Burst Burst
Bury-Gij Buried Buried
Buy-thq;F Bought Bought
Call-mio Called Called
Cancel-ePf;F Cancelled Cancelled
Canvass-MjuT ehL Canvassed Canvassed
Capture-ifg;gw;W Captured Captured
Care-ftiyg;gL Cared Cared
Carve-nrJf;F Carved Carved
Carry-Jhf;fpnry; Carried Carried
Cash-gzkhf;F Cashed Cashed
Catch-gpb Caught Caught
Cause-J}z;L Caused Caused
Calculate-fzf;fpL Calculated Calculated
Celebrate-nfhz;lhL Celebrated Celebrated
Certify-rhd;wsp Certified Certified
Challenge-rthy; tpL Challenged Challenged
Change-khw;W Changed Changed
Char-fupahf;F Charred Charred
Charge-epug;G, Charged Charged
Fw;wk;Rkj;J
Charm-kaf;F Charmed Charmed
Chase-Juj;J Chased Chased
Chat-tk;G NgR Chatted Chatted
Cheat-Vkhw;W Cheated Cheated
Check-rhpghu; Checked Checked

43
Chew-nky;Y Chewed Chewed
Choose-Njh;e;njL Chose Chosen
Chide-tir$W Chid Chidden
Chop-Jz;Lfshf;F Chopped Chopped
Civilize-ehfhpfkhf;F Civilized Civilized
Chain-rq;fpypahy; fl;L Chained Chained
Circulate-Rw;wpaDg;G Circulated Circulated
Claim-chpiknfhz;lhL Claimed Claimed
Clap-ifjl;L Clapped Clapped
Clarify-njspthf;F Clarified Clarified
Clash-jhf;F Clashed Clashed
Classify-,dk;gphp Classified Classified
Clean-rj;jk; nra; Cleaned Cleaned
Clear-njspthf;F Cleared Cleared
Climb-NkNy nry; Climbed Climbed
Cling-xl;bf;nfhz;bU Clung Clung
Close-%L Closed Closed
Coach-gof;F Coached Coached
Coil-RUshf Rw;W Coiled Coiled
Coin-ehzak; nra;, Coined Coined
fz;lwp
Collaborate-cld;gzpGhp Collaborated Collaborated
Collect-Nrfhp Collected Collected
Come-th Came Come
Collide-NkhJ Collided Collided
Combine-,iz Combined Combined
Comfort-MWjy; msp Comforted Comforted
Compel-fl;lhag;gLj;J Compelled Compelled
Command-fl;lisapL Commanded Commanded
Commence-njhlq;F Commenced Commenced
Comment-tpsf;fk; $W Commented Commented
Commit-jtW nra;, Committed Committed
thf;fsp
Communicate-njhptp Communicated Communicated
Compare-xg;gpL Compared Compared
Compensate-<L nra; Compensated Compensated
Compete-Nghl;bapL Competed Competed
Compile-njhFj;jy; Compiled Compiled
Complain-Fw;wk; $W Complained Complained
Complete-g+h;j;jp nra; Completed Completed
Compress-m*j;J Compressed Compressed
Comprise-cs;slf;F Comprised Comprised
Compromise-tpl;Lf;nfhL Compromised Compromised

44
Conceal-kiw Concealed Concealed
Concentrate- Concentrated Concentrated
xUKfg;gLj;J
Conclude-jPh;khdp, Concluded Concluded
KbntL
Condense-RUf;F Condensed Condensed
Condemn-epe;jp Condemned Condemned
Conduct-elj;J Conducted Conducted
Confirm-cWjpg;gLj;J Confirmed Confirmed
Confuse-jpiff;fit Confused Confused
Congratulate-tho;j;J Congratulated Congratulated
Connect-rk;ge;jg;gLj;J Connected Connected
Conquer-nty; Conquered Conquered
Consent-,zq;F Consented Consented
Conserve-Nrkp, fhg;ghw;W Conserved Conserved
Consider-MNyhrp Considered Considered
Constitute-cz;lhf;F Constituted Constituted
Construct-fl;L Constructed Constructed
Consult-MNyhridNfs; Consulted Consulted
Consume-nrytop Consumed Consumed
Contact-njhlh;G nfhs; Contacted Contacted
Contend-Nghl;bapL Contended Contended
Content-kdepiwtsp Contented Contented
Contest- Nghl;bapL Contested Contested
Continue-njhlh;e;J nry; Continued Continued
Contract-xg;ge;jk; nra; Contracted Contracted
Contradict-Kuz;ghL Contradicted Contradicted
Contrast-NtWgLj;J Contrasted Contrasted
Contribute-gq;fsp, Contributed Contributed
cjT
Control-fl;LgLj;J Controlled Controlled
Convert-khw;W Converted Converted
Convey-njhptp Conveyed Conveyed
Convince-ek;g nra; Convinced Convinced
Cook-rik Cooked Cooked
Cool-Fsph;tp, jzptp Cooled Cooled
Copy-gpd;gw;W, Copied Copied
ghh;j;njOJ
Correlate-rk;ge;jgLj;J Correlated Correlated
Corrode-mhp Corroded Corroded
Corrupt-nfL, ifa+l;lsp Corrupted Corrupted
Cost-tpiyahF Cost Cost
Count-vz;Z, fzf;fpL Counted Counted

45
Countersign-cWjp Countersigned Countersigned

ifaOj;jpL
Crawl-jto; Crawled Crawled
Create-cz;lhf;F Created Created
Criticize-tpkhprp Criticized Criticized
Cross-FWf;fpL Crossed Crossed
Crow-$T Crew Crowed
Crush-eRf;F Crushed Crushed
Cry-mO Cried Cried
Cultivate-gaphpL Cultivated Cultivated
Cure-Fzg;gLj;J Cured Cured
Curse-rhgkpLjy; Cursed Cursed
Cut-ntl;L, gphp Cut Cut
Damage-Nrjg;gLj;J Damaged Damaged
Dance-elkhL Danced Danced
Dare-JzpTnfhs; Dared Dared
Darn-ijj;JrPuhf;F Darned Darned
Dash-NkhJ, cil Dashed Dashed
Dazzle-fz;$rr;nra; Dazzled Dazzled
Deal-eph;thfp Dealt Dealt
Debar-chpikiaj;jL Debarred Debarred
Debate-thjhL Debated Debated
Decay-ehrkhf;F Decayed Decayed
Deceive-vkhw;W Deceived Deceived
Decide-jPh;khdp/KbTnra; Decided Decided
Declare-gpufldk;nra; Declared Declared
Decline-mop Declined Declined
Decompose-mOF Decomposed Decomposed
Decorate-myq;fhp Decorated Decorated
Decrease-Fiw Decreased Decreased
Dedicate-mh;gg; zp Dedicated Dedicated
Deduct-fop Deducted Deducted
Defame-mtJ}Wnra; Defamed Defamed
Defeat-Njhw;fb Defeated Defeated
Defend-Mjhp Defended Defended
Define-tiuaW Defined Defined
Deflect-jpirjpUg;G/ Deflected Deflected
rpjw;W
Degrade-juj;ijFiw Degraded Degraded
Delay-jhkjp Delayed Delayed
Delete-ePf;F Deleted Deleted
Delight-kfpo;T Delighted Delighted

46
Deliver-toq;F, tpLtp Delivered Delivered
Demand-NfhU Demanded Demanded
Depart-Gwg;gL Departed Departed
Depend-rhh;e;jpU Depended Depended
Demonstrate-nra;Jfhl;L Demonstrated Demonstrated
Denote-Fwp Denoted Denoted
Deny-kW Denied Denied
Deposit-Nrkpg;G Deposited Deposited
Depress-Fiw Depressed Depressed
Depute-gpujpepjpahf;F Deputed Deputed
Derive-tUtp Derived Derived
Descend-,wq;F Descended Descended
Describe-tptup Described Described
Deserve-jFpjpngW Deserved Deserved
Despatch-mDg;gptpL Despatched Despatched
Destroy-mop Destroyed Destroyed
Detach-eP;f;F Detached Detached
Detain-jhkjg;gLj;J, Detained Detained
jL
Detect-Jg;gwp Detected Detected
Determine-jPu;khdp Determined Determined
Detonate-ntbf;fr;nra; Detonated Detonated
Develop-tpupthf;F Developed Developed
mjpfup
Devote-rku;;g;gp Devoted Devoted
Do (Does)- nra; Did Done
Diagnose-Neha;mwp Diagnosed Diagnosed
Die-,w Died Died
Differ-Kuz;ghL Differed Differed
Differentiate-NtWgLj;J Differentiated Differentiated
Diffuse-guT Diffused Diffused
Dig-Njhz;L Dug Dug
Digest-fpufp Digested Digested
Dilute-ePu;f;fr;nra; Diluted Diluted
Diminish-xL;f;F Diminished Diminished
Dine-tpUe;Jcz; Dined Dined
Dip-jho;;j;J, Njha; Dipped Dipped
Direct-epu;tfp, topfhl;L Directed Directed
Disagree-,zq;fhjpU Disagreed Disagreed
Disappear-kiwe;jpU Disappeared Disappeared
Disappoint-vkhwr;na; Disappointed Disappointed
Discharge-tpLtp, Discharged Discharged
epiwNtw;W

47
Disclose-ntsp;g;gL;j;J Disclosed Disclosed
Disconnect-Jz;b Disconnected Disconnected
Discontinue-epWj;J Discontinued Discontinued
Discount-js;Sgbnra; Discounted Discounted
Discourage-mijupa Discouraged Discouraged
g;gLj;J
Discover-fz;Lgpb Discovered Discovered
Discuss-tpthjp Discussed Discussed
Disgust-ntWg;gil Disgusted Disgusted
Dishonour- Dishonoured Dishonoured
mtkhdg;gLj;J
Dislike-ntW Disliked Disliked
Dismiss-ntspNaw;W Dismissed Dismissed
Disobey-fl;lisiakPW Disobeyed Disobeyed
Disperse-rpjW, fiye;J Dispersed Dispersed
nry;
Displace-,lk;ngah; Displaced Displaced
Display-ntspg;gLj;J Displayed Displayed
Dispose-tpw;gidnra;, Disposed Disposed
tpl;LtpL
Dispute-tpthjp Disputed Disputed
Disqualify-jFjpiaaop Disqualified Disqualified
Dissatisfy-ntWg;g+l;L Dissatisfied Dissatisfied
Dissect-mWj;J Muha;f Dissected Dissected
Dissolve-fiy, fiu Dissolved Dissolved
Distinguish-Nkd;ikasp, Distinguished Distinguished
Nrjg;gLj;J
Distribute-gfph;e;jsp Distributed Distributed
Disturb- Disturbed Disturbed
mikjpiaf;fiy
Dive-%o;F Dived Dived
Divide-gq;fpL, gphp Divided Divided
Direct-topfhl;L Directed Directed
Dodge-Vkhw;W Dodged Dodged
Dominate-mjpfhuk;Ghp Dominated Dominated
Doubt-re;Njfk;gL Doubted Doubted
Donate-ed;nfhilasp Donated Donated
Drag-,O Dragged Dragged
Draw-tiu Drew Drawn
Dream-fdTfhz; Dreamt Dreamt
Dress-cilazp Dressed Dressed
Drink-Fb Drank Drunk
Drive-Xl;L Drove Driven
Drop-tpor;nra; Dropped Dropped

48
Dry-cyh;j;J Dried Dried
Dye-tz;zkpL Dyed Dyed
Earn-rk;ghjp Earned Earned
Eat-cz; Ate Eaten
Edit-xOq;Fg;gLj;J Edited Edited
Educate-fy;tpg;Gfl;L Educated Educated
Effect-epiwNtw;W Effected Effected
Eject-ntspj;jS Ejected Ejected
Elect-Njh;e;njL Elected Elected
Eliminate-jtph; Eliminated Eliminated
Embrace-jOT Embraced Embraced
Emit-ntsptpL Emitted Emitted
Employ-cgNahfp, epakp Employed Employed
Enact-eb, rl;lkpaw;W Enacted Enacted
Encash-gzkhf;F Encashed Encashed
Enchant-trPfhp Enchanted Enchanted
Enclose-Rw;wpail, Enclosed Enclosed
ciwapypL
Encourage-ijhpa%l;L Encouraged Encouraged
Exceed-mjpfhp Exceeded Exceeded
Entreat-nfQ;rpf;Nfs; Entreated Entreated
End-Kb, nfhy; Ended Ended
Endure-rfp Endured Endured
Enforce- Enforced Enforced
eilKiwg;gLj;J
Engage-xg;ge;jk;nra; Engaged Engaged
Enhance-mjpfg;gLj;J Enhanced Enhanced
Entrust-xg;gil Entrusted Entrusted
Enlarge-tphpthf;F Enlarged Enlarged
Enquire-tprhup Enquired Enquired
Enroll-gjpTnra; Enrolled Enrolled
Elevate-J}f;F, cah;j;J Elevated Elevated
Enter-Eio Entered Entered
Entertain-cgrup Entertained Entertained
Enumerate-fzf;fpL Enumerated Enumerated
Envy-nghwhikg;gL Envied Envied
Erase-Jil, mfw;W Erased Erased
Eradicate-xop Eradicated Eradicated
Erect-epkpu;j;J Erected Erected
Erode-mup Eroded Eroded
Escape-jg;gpr;nry; Escaped Escaped
Established-jpiyg;gLj;J Established Established
Evolve-ntspg;gLj;J Evolved Evolved

49
Examine-Nrhjidnra; Examined Examined
Exchange-khw;W Exchanged Exchanged
Excite-Cf;fksp Excited Excited
Exclude-xJf;F Excluded Excluded
Excuse-kd;dpg;gsp Excused Excused
Exhibit-ntspf;fhl;L Exhibited Exhibited
Expand-tpupthf;F Expanded Expanded
Expect-vjpu;ghu; Expected Expected
Expel-ntspNaw;W Expel Expel
Expend-nrytop Expended Expended
Expire-,w, Kbtil Expired Expired
Explain-tptup Explained Explained
Engulf-KOtJk; Engulfed Engulfed
tpOq;F
Explore-ntb Explored Explored
Exploit-Ruz;L Exploited Exploited
Export-Vw;Wkjp Exported Exported
Expose-ntspg;gLj;J Exposed Exposed
Express-ntspapL , nrhy; Expressed Expressed
Extend-tpupthf;F Extended Extended
Extract-gpup , rhwhf;F Extracted Extracted
Face-vjpupL Faced Faced
Fade-kq;F Faded Faded
Fail-Njhw;Wg;Ngh Failed Failed
iftpL
Fall-tpO Fell Fallen
Fascinate-trpfup Fascinated Fascinated
Favour-Mjup Favoured Favoured
Feed-Cl;L Fed Fed
Feel-czu; Felt Felt
Fetch-nfhz;Lth Fetched Fetched
Fight-rz;ilapL Fought Fought
Fill-epug;G Filled Filled
Filter-tbfl;L Filtered Filtered
Find-fz;Lgpb Found Found
Finish-Kbj;JtpL Finished Finished
Fit-nghUj;J Fitted Fitted
Fix-xl;L, epakp Fixed Fixed
Flee-jg;gpr;nry; Fled Fled
Float-kpj Floated Floated
Flow-gha;e;Jnry; Flowed Flowed
Flourish-nropj;Jtsh; Flourished Flourished
Fly-gw Flew Flown

50
Follow-gpd;njhlh; Followed Followed
Fold-kb Folded Folded
Forbid- jL, tpyf;F Forbade Forbidden
Force- typAWj;J Forced Forced
Foresee-Cfp Foresaw Foreseen
Foretell-Kd;$l;b$W Foretold Foretold
Forget-kw Forgot Forgotten
Forgive-kd;dp Forgave Forgiven
Form-cUthf;F Formed Formed
Forsake-iftpL Forsook Forsaken
Found-epWT Founded Founded
Frame-jpl;lkpL Framed Framed
Freeze-ciwe;JNgh Froze Frozen
Fulfill-epiwNtw;W Fulfilled Fulfilled
Function-nrayhw;W Functioned Functioned
Furl-klf;F, RUl;L Furled Furled
Furnish-Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhL Furnished Furnished
Fuse-cUf;F Fused Fused
Forecast-Kd;$l;b mwptp Forecasted Forecasted
Gain-ed;ikngW Gained Gained
Garland-khiyapL Garlanded Garlanded
Generate-cw;gj;jpnra; Generated Generated
Get-ngW, thq;F, mil Got Got
Give-nfhL Gave Given
Gather-Nrfhp Gathered Gathered
Glance-ghh; Glanced Glanced
Glitter-kpd;D Glittered Glittered
Glorify-Gfo;e;JNgR Glorified Glorified
Glow-gpufhrp Glowed Glowed
Go-Ngh Went Gone
Govern-Ml;rpnra; Governed Governed
Grant-rk;kjp Granted Granted
Greet-tho;j;J Greeted Greeted
Grind-nghbahf;F Ground Ground
Grow-tsu; Grew Grown
Guard-fhty;;Gup, jL Guarded Guarded
Guess-Cfp Guessed Guessed
Guide-topelj;J Guided Guided
Halt-epWj;J Halted Halted
Hand-xg;gil Handed Handed
Handle-ifahS Handled Handled
Hang-njhq;ftpL Hung Hung
Hang-Jhf;fpypL Hanged Hanged

51
Happen-epfor;nra; Happened Happened
Harvest-mWtilnra; Harvested Harvested
Hate-ntW Hated Hated
Heal-Fzg;gLj;J Healed Healed
Hear-Nfs; Heard Heard
Heat-ntg;gg;gLj;J Heated Heated
Help-cjT Helped Helped
Hide-kiw Hid Hidden
Hinder-jL Hindered Hindered
Hint-Fwpg;GnfhL Hinted Hinted
Hit-mb, jhf;F Hit Hit
Harass-miyf;fop Harassed Harassed
Harden-fbdkhf;F Hardened Hardened
Hoist-gwf;ftpL Hoisted Hoisted
Hold-gpb, jhq;F Held Held
Honour-kupahijmsp Honoured Honoured
Hope-ek;G, vjpu;ghu; Hoped Hoped
Hunt-Ntl;ilahL Hunted Hunted
Hurt-jPq;Fnra; Hurted Hurted
Hypothecate-mlFit Hypothecated Hypothecated
Identify- Identified Identified
milahsk;fhz;
Ignite-nfhSj;J Ignited Ignited
Ignore-myl;rpak;nra; Ignored Ignored
Illuminate-xspa+l;L Illuminated Illuminated
Imagine-fw;gidnra; Imagined Imagined
Immerse-mkpo;j;J Immerged Immerged
Import-,Wf;Fkjpnra; Imported Imported
Impart- nrYj;J Imparted Imparted
Impose-Rkj;J Imposed Imposed
Impress-Kj;jpiuapL Impressed Impressed
Imprint-mr;rpL Imprinted Imprinted
Imprison-rpiwgLj;J Imprisoned Imprisoned
Improve-rPu;gLj;J Improved Improved
Inaugurate-Jtf;F Inaugurated Inaugurated
Include-cl;gLj;J Included Included
Increase-mjpfkhf;F, Increased Increased
cau;
Indicate-Rl;bf;fhl;L Indicated Indicated
Induce-J}z;L Induced Induced
Infect-Neha;gug;G Infected Infected
Infer-CfP Inferred Inferred
Inflame-jP%l;L, J}z;L Inflamed Inflamed

52
Inform-njuptp Informed Informed
Inhale-cl;Rthrp Inhaled Inhaled
Inherit-thhprhf mil Inherited Inherited
Inhibit-tpyf;F Inhibited Inhibited
Initiate-Jyf;F Initiated Initiated
Inject-cl;nrYj;J Injected Injected
Injure-fhag;gLj;J Injured Injured
Inquire-tprhup Inquired Inquired
Insert-eLtpy;Nru; Inserted Inserted
Insist-tw;GWj;J Insisted Insisted
Inspect-ghu;itapL Inspected Inspected
Instruct-topjhl;L Instructed Instructed
Insult-epe;jp Insulted Insulted
Integrate-xd;WNru; Integrated Integrated
Intend-epid, fUJ Intended Intended
Interchange- Interchanged Interchanged
nfhLj;Jg;ngW
Interfere-jiyapL Interfered Interfered
Interpret-nghUs;$W Interpreted Interpreted
Interview-Ngl;bfhz; Interviewed Interviewed
Intimate-njuptp Intimated Intimated
Introduce-mwpKfg;gLj;J Introduced Introduced
Invade-gilnaL Invaded Invaded
Invent-fz;Lgpb (Gjpad) Invented Invented
Invert-jiyfPohf;F Inverted Inverted
Invest-KjyPLnra; Invested Invested
Invite-mio Invited Invited
Involve-cl;gLj;J Involved Involved
Irritate-vupr;ry; Cl;L Irritated Irritated
Isolate-gpup Isolated Isolated
Issue-ntspaPL Issued Issued
Illustrate-tpsf;fpr; nrhy; Illustrated Illustrated
Investigate-fz;Lgpb Investigated Investigated
Join-Nru; Joined Joined
Judge-jPu;g;gsp Judged Judged
Jumble-Fog;G Jumbled Jumbled
Justify-epahag;gLj;J Justified Justified
Keep-it Kept Kept
Kick-cij Kicked Kicked
Kindle-Jz;L Kindled Kindled
Kiss-%j;jkpL Kissed Kissed
Kneel-kz;bapL Knelt Knelt
Knit-gpd;D Knitted Knitted

53
Knock-jl;L Knocked Knocked
Know-njupe;Jnfhs; Knew Known
Kill-nfhy; Killed Killed
Land-jiuapuq;F Landed Landed
Last-ePbj;jpU Lasted Lasted
Laugh-rpup Laughed Laughed
Launch-VT Launched Launched
Lay-fpl, epiyf;fr;nra; Laid Laid
Lack-Fiwthf,U Lacked Lacked
Lament-mOJGyk;G Lamented Lamented
Lead-jiyikjhq;F Led Led
Leak-frp, ntspg;gLj;J Leaked Leaked
Lean-rha;e;Jepy; Leaned, Leant Leaned, Leant
Leap-jhT Leapt Leapt
Learn-fw;Wf;nfhs; Learnt Learnt
Leave-tpl;LtpL Left Left
Lecture-nrhw;nghopTnra; Lectured Lectured
Legislate-rl;lkpaw;W Legislated Legislated
Lend-,lksp Lent Lent
Let-thliff;FtpL Let Let
Level-kl;lg;ggLj;J Leveled Leveled
Levy-thptpjp Levied Levied
Lick-ef;F Licked Licked
Lie-fpl Lay Lain
Lie-ngha;NgR Lied Lied
Lift-J}f;F Lifted Lifted
Light-gw;wit Lighted Lighted
Like-tpUk;G Liked Liked
Limit-vy;iyf;Fl;gLj;J Limited Limited
Line-NfhL,O Lined Lined
Link-,iz Linked Linked
List-gl;baypL Listed Listed
Live-trp Lived Lived
Liberate-tpLjiynra; Liberated Liberated
Load-jpzp, Rkj;J Loaded Loaded
Lock-g+l;bit Locked Locked
Lodge-jq;F Lodged Lodged
Look-ghh; Looked Looked
Lose-,w, kw Lost Lost
Love-Nerp Loved Loved
Lower-fPopwf;F Lowered Lowered
Lubricate-vz;izapL Lubricated Lubricated

54
Magnify-ngupjh;fF Magnified Magnified
Maintain-guhkhp Maintained Maintained
Make-nra; Made Made
Man-kdpjgyk; Vw;gLj;J Manned Manned
Manage-rkhsp Managed Managed
Manipulate-,af;F Manipulated Manipulated
Manufacture-ngUksT Manufactured Manufactured
jahhp
Mark-milahskpL Marked Marked
Marry-jpUkzk;Gup Married Married
Match-,iz Matched Matched
Mature-Kjpu;r;rpail Matured Matured
Mean-mu;j;jk;nfhs; Meant Meant
Measure-mstpL Measured Measured
Meet-re;jpj;JNgR Met Met
Mend-nrg;gk;nra; Mended Mended
Mention-Fwpg;gpL Mentioned Mentioned
Merge-,iz, mkpo;j;J Merged Merged
Migrate-,lk;ngah; Migrated Migrated
Mingle-fy Mingled Mingled
Minimize-kpfTk;Fiw Minimized Minimized
Mint-cz;lhf;F Minted Minted
Mislead-jtuhf topfhl;L Misled Misled
Miss-jtwtpL Missed Missed
Milk-ghy;fw Milked Milked
Mistake-jtWnra; Mistook Mistaken
Misunderstand-jtwhf Misunderstood Misunderstood
Ghpe;Jnfhs;
Misuse-jtwhf Misused Misused
gad;gLj;J
Mix-jy Mixed Mixed
Mock-Vkhw;W gupfhrp Mocked Mocked
Modernize-etPdg;gLj;J Modernized Modernized
Modify-rPuhf;F Modified Modified
Mould-cUf;fpthu; Moulded Moulded
Mount-NkNyw;W Mounted Mounted
Mourn-mKJGyk;G Mourned Mourned
Move-efu;j;J Moved Moved
Mob-Fk;gyhf $Ljy; Mobbed Mobbed
Mow-fj;jphp Mowed Mowed
Mug-kdg;ghlk;nra; Mugged Mugged
Multiply-gd;klq;fhf;F Multiplied Multiplied
Murder-njhiynra; Murdered Murdered

55
Murmur-KZKZ Murmured Murmured
Muddle-Fog;gk; Muddled Muddled
Narrate-RUq;ftptup Narrated Narrated
Nationalize- Nationalized Nationalized
ehl;Lilikahf;F
Need-Njitg;gL Needed Needed
Name-ngaupL Named Named
Neglect-tpl;LtpL Neglected Neglected
Nip-mop Nipped Nipped
Nominate-epakp, Nominated Nominated
ghpe;Jiunra;
Note-ftdp, vOjpit Noted Noted
Notice-cw;W ftdp Noticed Noticed
Nourish-czT+l;L, tsu; Nourished Nourished
Nurture-ftdkha;tsu; Nurtured Nurtured
Number-fzf;fpLjy; Numbered Numbered
Obey-gzpe;J el Obeyed Obeyed
Object-kWj;Jiu Objected Objected
Oblige-flikgl;bU Obliged Obliged
Observe-ftdp Observed Observed
Obtain-ngW Obtained Obtained
Occupy-Mf;fpukp Occupied Occupied
Occur-epfo;, fpil Occurred Occurred
Offend-mtkjp Offended Offended
Offer-nfhL, rku;g;gp Offered Offered
Omitt-tpl;LtpL Omitted Omitted
Operate-,af;F Operated Operated
Oppose-vjpu;g;Gnjuptp Opposed Opposed
Open-jpw Opened Opened
Oppress-Jd;GWj;J Oppressed Oppressed
Order-VT Ordered Ordered
Organize-xOq;FgLj;J, Organized Organized
Vw;ghLnra;
Oscillate-CryhL Oscillated Oscillated
Overcome-ntw;wpnfhs; Overcame Overcome
Overdraw- Overdrew Overdrawn
mjpfg;gw;Wnra;
Overflow-tope;NjhL Overflowed Overflowed
Overhaul- Overhauled Overhauled
Kw;wpYk;nrg;gdpL
Overhear-xl;Lf;Nfs; Overheard Overheard
Overlook-kd;dpj;JrpL Overlooked Overlooked
Overtake-njhlu;e;Jgpb Overtook Overtaken
Overthrow-ftpo; Overthrew Overthrown

56
Overwork- Overworked Overworked
mjpfNtiynra;
Own-nrhe;fkhfg;ngw;wpW Owned Owned
Outdo-Nkk;gL Outdid Outdone
Overcast-,Usr;nra; Overcast Overcast
Oversee- Oversaw Overseen
Nkw;ghh;itapLjy;
Pacify-MWjy;msp Pacified Pacified
Pack-%l;ilahff;fl;L Packed Packed
Paint-tz;zk;g+R Painted Painted
Parcel-qpg;gk;fl;L Parceled Parceled
Pardon-kd;dpf;FtpL Pardoned Pardoned
Partake-gq;Fnfhs; Partook Partaken
Participate-fye;Jnfhs; Participated Participated
Partition-gq;fPL Partitioned Partitioned
Pass-mDg;G epiykhW Passed Passed
Paste-xl;lit Pasted Pasted
Patronize-Mjup Patronized Patronized
Pay-gzk;nfhL Paid Paid
Peep-cw;Wg;ghu; Peeped Peeped
Perform-nra; Performed Performed
Permit-mDkjpasp Permitted Permitted
Penetrate-CLUT Penetrated Penetrated
Persuade-J}z;L Persuaded Persuaded
Perfect-nra;JKb Perfected Perfected
Persuade-ek;gr;nra;jy; Persuaded Persuaded
Pick-gwp nghWf;F Picked Picked
Plan-jpl;lkpL Planned Planned
Plant-el epiyg;gLj;J Planted Planted
Play-tpisahL Played Played
Place-it Placed Placed
Plead-gupjpFNgR Pleaded Pleaded
Please-nfQ;R Pleased Pleased
Pledge-mlFit Pledged Pledged
thf;fsp
Plough-epyj;ij cO Ploughed Ploughed
Plunge-mkpo;j;J Plunged Plunged
Pluck-gwp Plucked Plucked
Point-Fwp $uhf;F Pointed Pointed
Polish-gwgwg;gh;fF Polished Polished
Pollute-fsq;f;ggLj;J Polluted Polluted
Portray-glnkOJ tptup Portrayed Portrayed
Possess-itj;jpU Possessed Possessed

57
Postpone - xj;jp;g;NghL Postponed Postponed
Post-jghy;nra; Posted Posted
Pour-Cw;W Poured Poured
Practice-gof;fk;Vw;gLj;J Practiced Practiced
Pray-tzq;F Prayed Prayed
Praise-cau;j;jp;g;NgR Praised Praised
Preach-cgNjrp Preached Preached
Prefer-Kd;$l;bf;$W Preferred Preferred
Prepare-jahu;nra; Prepared Prepared
Preserve-ghJfhg;Gnra; Preserved Preserved
Preside-jiyikjhq;F Presided Presided
Press-mOj;J, tw;GWj;J Pressed Pressed
Prevent-epWj;J, jtpu; Prevented Prevented
Produce-Cw;gj;jpnra; Produced Produced
Prohibit-tpyf;F Prohibited Prohibited
Project-jpl;lkpL, gpJf;F Projected Projected
Promise-thf;FWjpnfhL Promised Promised
Progress-Kd;NdW Progressed Progressed
Promote-gjtpcau;Tnra; Promoted Promoted
Propose-Kd;nkhop Proposed Proposed
Protect-ghJfhg;Gnra; Protected Protected
Protest-kWg;Gnjuptp Protested Protested
Prove-ep&gp Proved Proved
Provide-,lksp, nfhL Provided Provided
Print-mr;rb Printed Printed
Prolong-jhkjk; nra;jy; Prolonged Prolonged
Publish-ntspapL Published Published
Pull-,K Pulled Pulled
Punch-JisapL Punched Punched
Punish-jz;bs Punished Punished
Purchase-thq;F Purchased Purchased
(tpiyf;F)
Push-js;S Pushed Pushed
Put-it, NghL Put Put
Qualify-jFjpngW Qualified Qualified
Quench-Kb, jhfe;jzp Quenched Quenched
Quit-tpl;Lr;nry;yy; Quitted Quitted
Quote-vLj;Jiu Quoted Quoted
Question-Nfs;tpNfs; Questioned Questioned
Quell-eRf;Fjy; Quelled Quelled
Quaff-mjpfkha; Fbj;jy; Quaffed Quaffed
Quarrel-rz;ilapL Quarreled Quarreled
Quash-js;Sgb nra; Quashed Quashed

58
Raise-cau;j;J Raised Raised
Reach-mil Reached Reached
Read-gb Read Read
Realise-czu; Realised Realised
Receive-ngW Received Received
Recognize-mq;fPfup Recognized Recognized
Recall-epidTnfhs; Recalled Recalled
Recollect-Qhgfj;jpy; Recollected Recollected
nfhz;Lth
Recommend- Recommended Recommended
gupe;Jiunra;
Record-gjpTnra; Recorded Recorded
Recover-jpUk;gmil Recovered Recovered
Recruit-Gjpjhfr;Nru; Recruited Recruited
Rectify-jpUj;J Rectified Rectified
Redeem-mlFkPl;L Redeemed Redeemed
Redress-eptu;j;jpnra; Redressed Redressed
Reduce-Fiw, RUf;F Reduced Reduced
Refer-MNyhrp, Nfs,; Referred Referred
Fwp
Refine-Ja;ikg;gLj;J Refined Refined
Reflect-gpujpgyp , Nahrp Reflected Reflected
Reform-rPu;jpUj;J Reformed Reformed
Refund-jpUg;gpasp Refunded Refunded
Refuse-kW Refused Refused
Regret-Ue;J Regretted Regretted
Reject-tpyf;F Rejected Rejected
Relax-jtpj;J Relaxed Relaxed
Release-tpLtp Released Released
Relieve-cjT tpLtp Relieved Relieved
Relinquish-tpl;LtpL Relinquished Relinquished
Remark-$W Fwpg;pgL Remarked Remarked
Remind-epidt+l;L Reminded Reminded
Remember-Qhgfk;nra; Remembered Remembered
Remove-ePf;F Removed Removed
Renew-GJg;gp Renewed Renewed
Repair-rupnra; Repaired Repaired
Repeat-jpUk;gr;nra; Repeated Repeated
Reply-gjpy;nrhy; Replied Replied
Repost-KiwapL Reposted Reposted
Request-Ntz;L Requested Requested
Require-Ntz;LapU Required Required
Reserve-xJf;fpit Reserved Reserved

59
Resign-uh[pdhkhnra; Resigned Resigned
Resort-Gfyplk;NjL Resorted Resorted
Respect-kupahijnfhL Respected Respected
Resist-vjpu; Resisted Resisted
Restrict-fl;L;ggLj;J Restricted Restricted
Respondgjpysp Responded Responded
Result-KbTW Resulted Resulted
Repay-jpUg;gpf;nfhL Repaid Repaid
Resolve- Resolved Resolved
gFjpfshfgpupj;jy;
Reap-mWj;J Nrh; Reaped Reaped
Remit-gzk;mDg;G Remitted Remitted
Retaliate-gjpusp Retaliated Retaliated
Retard-jL Ntfk;Fiw Retarded Retarded
Retire-Xa;TngW Retired Retired
Retain-ePbj;J itj;jpU Retained Retained
Return-jpUg;gpasp Returned Returned
Reveal-Gyg;glj;J Revealed Revealed
Revenge-gopthq;F Revenged Revenged
Revise-jpUg;gpr;nra; , Revised Revised
rupghu;
Revolt-Fog;G Revolted Revolted
Rewrite-jpUk;gvOJ Rewrote Rewritten
Ride-rthhpnra; Rode Ridden
Ring-kzpab Rang Rung
Rinse-fOTjy; Rinsed Rinsed
Reward-ntFkjpasp Rewarded Rewarded
Rise-vO, NkNynry; Rose Risen
Rivit-Mzp,Wf;F Rivited Rivited
Ripe-gO Ripened Ripened
Roar-cuf;f xyp vOg;G Roared Roared
Roast-RL, tW Roasted Roasted
Rob-jpUL Robbed Robbed
Roll-cUl;L Rolled Rolled
Rotate-Row;W Rotated Rotated
Rub-Jil, Nja; Rubbed Rubbed
Ruin-mop Ruined Ruined
Run-XL Ran Run
Rush-Ntfkha;nry; Rushed Rushed
Sacrifice-jpahfk;nra; Sacrificed Sacrificed
Sail-flw;gazk;nra; Sailed Sailed
Salute-tzq;F Saluted Saluted
Satisfy-jpUg;jpnra; Satisfied Satisfied

60
Save-Nrkp, fhg;ghw;W Saved Saved
Saw-uk;gj;jhy;mW Sawed Sawed
Say-nrhy; Said Said
Scold-jpl;L Scolded Scolded
Scatter-njsp Scattered Scattered
Scratch—fPW Scratched Scratched
Screw-jpWF Screwed Screwed
Scribble-fpWf;fpnaOJ Scribbled Scribbled
Scrub-Nja;j;Jj;Jil Scrubbed Scrubbed
Secure-ntW Secured Secured
Search-NjL, Muha; Searched Searched
See-ghh; Saw Seen
Seek-ehL Sought Sought
Seem-fhzg;gL Seemed Seemed
Seize-gwpKjy;nra; Seized Seized
Select-Njh;e;njL Selected Selected
Sell-tpw;gidnra; Sold Sold
Send-mDg;G Sent Sent
Separate-gphp Separated Separated
Serve-ghpkhW, gzpGhp Served Served
Sew-ij Sewed Sewed
Shake-eLq;F, FWf;F Shook Shaken
Shape-cUtk;mik Shaped Shaped
Sharpen-$uhf;F Sharpened Sharpened
Share-gfph;e;jp;pL Shared Shared
Shed-cjph;, nfhl;L Shed Shed
Shift-efh;j;J, khw;W Shifted Shifted
Shoot-Rl, jhT Shot Shot
Shine-xsptPR Shone Shone
Shock-mjph;rr ; pasp Shocked Shocked
Shut-%L Shut Shut
Show-fhz;gp Showed Showed
Shout-rj;jkpL Shouted Shouted
Shrink-RWq;F Shrank Shrunk
Sieve-ry;yilahy;ryp Sieved Sieved
Sign-ifnahg;gkpL Signed Signed
Simplify-vspikahf;F Simplified Simplified
Sit-cl;fhh; Sat Sat
Skip-Gjp Skipped Skipped
Sing-ghL Sang Sung
Sink-Ko;F Sank Sunk
Sleep-J}q;F Slept Slept
Slice-Jz;Lfshf;F Sliced Sliced

61
Slide-eOT, tOf;F Slid Slid
Smash-nehWf;F Smashed Smashed
Smell-thridAzh; Smelt Smelt
Smelt-cUf;F Smelted Smelted
Snatch-gpLq;F Snatched Snatched
Smile-Gd;difnra; Smiled Smiled
Sneeze-Jk;K Sneezed Sneezed
Snore-Ful;iltpL Snored Snored
Soak-mkpo;j;J Soaked Soaked
Solder-gw;witg;Gnra; Soldered Soldered
Solve-jPh; Solved Solved
Sort-tifg;gLj;J Sorted Sorted
Sow-tpijiaj;J}T Sowed Sowed
Speak-NgR Spoke Spoken
Spend-nryTnra; Spent Spent
Spill-rpe;J Spilt Spilt
Spin-jphp Span Spun
Spit-Jg;G Spitted Spitted
Split-Jz;lhf;F Split Split
Spoil—tPzhf;F Spoiled Spoiled
Spray-njsp Sprayed Sprayed
Spread-gug;G , tphp Spread Spread
Spring-vOk;G Sprang Sprung
Stab-fj;jpahy; Fj;J Stabbed Stabbed
Squeeze-gpop Squeezed Squeezed
Stammer-jpf;fpg;NgR Stammered Stammered
Stand-epy;, jhq;;F Stood Stood
Stare-cw;Wg;ghh; Stared Stared
Start-njhle;F Started Started
Startle-jpLf;fpL Startled Startled
Starve-gl;bdpapU, NghuhL Starved Starved
Stay-je;F Stayed Stayed
Steal-jpUL Stole Stolen
Study-gb Studied Studied
Step-el, mjpfg;gLj;J Stepped Stepped
Stick-xl;L Stuck Stuck
Stir-fyf;F Stirred Stirred
Stitch-ij Stitched Stitched
Stop-epWj;J Stopped Stopped
Store-Nrfhp Stored Stored
Strengthen-gyKl;L Strengthened Strengthened
Stress-mOj;J Stressed Stressed
Submit-xg;gil Submitted Submitted

62
Strike-mb Struck Struck
Strive-fbdkhfcio Strove Striven
Subject-mlf;F Subjected Subjected
Subside-tw;W, jzp Subsided Subsided
Substitute-gjyPLnra; Substituted Substituted
Subtract-fop Subtracted Subtracted
Succeed-nty;, mLj;Jth Succeeded Succeeded
Suck-cwpQ;R, cl;fpufp Sucked Sucked
Suffer-f\;lg;gL, tUe;J Suffered Suffered
Suggest—Fwpg;Giu Suggested Suggested
Sum-$l;L Summed Summed
Summarize-RUf;F Summarized Summarized
Summon-tutio Summoned Summoned
Superimpose-NkNyit Superimposed Superimposed
Supervise-fz;fhzp Supervised Supervised
Supply-epug;G, tpepNahfp Supplied Supplied
Support-MjuTfhl;L Supported Supported
Suppose-epid, ek;G Supposed Supposed
Suppress-mlf;F Suppressed Suppressed
Surpass-ntw;pwail Surpassed Surpassed
Surprise-jpL;f;fplr;nra; Surprised Surprised
Surrender-ruzil Surrendered Surrendered
Surround-Rw;wp;nfhs; Surrounded Surrounded
Suspect-re;Njfg;;gL Suspected Suspected
Suspend-jw;fhypfkha; Suspended Suspended
epWj;J
Swear-rj;jpak;nra; Swore Sworn
Swell-tPq;F Swelled Swelled
Swim-ePe;J Swam Swum
Swing-CryhL Swung Swung
Sympathize-fUizGhp Sympathized Sympathized
Tabulate-gl;baypL Tabulated Tabulated
Tackle-rkhyp Tackled Tackled
Take-vL Took Taken
Talk-NgR, tpthjp Talked Talked
Tame-rhJthfNgR Tamed Tamed
Taste-RitAzh; Tasted Tasted
Tax-tUj;J, thptpjp Taxed Taxed
Teach-fw;gp Taught Taught
Tell-nrhy; Told Told
Tear-fpop Tore Torn
Tempt-J}z;L, fth;f Tempted Tempted
Terminate-KbTfl;L Terminated Terminated

63
Test-ghpNrhjp Tested Tested
Thank-ed;wpnrhy; Thanked Thanked
Think-epid Thought Thought
Threaten-gaKWj;J Threatened Threatened
Throw-vwp Threw Thrown
Tie-KbNghL Tied Tied
Tilt-rha; Tilted Tilted
Tolerate-nghWj;Jf;nfhs; Tolerated Tolerated
Torture-nfhLikgLj;J Tortured Tortured
Touch-njhL Touched Touched
Tour-gazk;nra; Toured Toured
Train-gapw;Wtp Trained Trained
Transact-eph;tfp, ,aw;W Transacted Transacted
Transfer-,lk;khw;W Transferred Transferred
Transform-khw;W Transformed Transformed
Transfuse-cl;GFj;J Transfused Transfused
Translate-nkhopngah; Translated Translated
Transmit-flj;J Transmitted Transmitted
Transmute- Transmuted Transmuted
NtWnghWshfkhw;W
Transport-Vw;wpr;nry; Transported Transported
Travel-gazk;nra; Traveled Traveled
Treat-elj;J, tpUe;jsp Treated Treated
Tread-fhy;it Trod Trodden
Trim-rPuhfmik Trimmed Trimmed
Trouble-rq;flg;gLj;J Troubled Troubled
Trust-ek;G Trusted Trusted
Try-Kaw;rpnra; Tried Tried
Tune-,irvOg;G Tuned Tuned
Tend-Nkw;ghh;itapL Tended Tended
Twinkle-kpd;D Twinkled Twinkled
Twist-KWf;F Twisted Twisted
Unbend-Neuhf;F Unbent Unbent
Uncoil-RUisg;gphp Uncoiled Uncoiled
Uncover-ntspg;gLj;J Uncovered Uncovered
Undergo-rfp Underwent Undergone
Underline-mwpTWj;J Underlined Underlined
Understand-Ghpe;Jnfhs; Understood Understood
Undertake-Nkw;;nfhs; Undertook Undertaken
Undo-ghohf;F Undid Undone
Unearth-Njhz;bnaL Unearthed Unearthed
Unfold-kbg;igg;gphp Unfolded Unfolded
Unhand-eOttpL Unhanded Unhanded

64
Unite-xd;Wglj;J United United
Unload-Rikapwf;F Unloaded Unloaded
Unlock-G+l;ilj;jpw Unlocked Unlocked
Unmake-ehrk;nra; Unmade Unmade
Unscrew-jpUiff;fow;W Unscrewed Unscrewed
Uplift-cah;j;J Uplifted Uplifted
Uproot-eph;%ykhf;F Uprooted Uprooted
Urge-mtrug;gLj;J Urged Urged
Use-gad;gLj;J Used Used
Utter-nrhy;, njhptp Uttered Uttered
Utilize-gad;gLj;J Utilized Utilized
Upset-jiyfPohf khw;W Upset Upset
Vacate-fhypnra; Vacated Vacated
Value-kjpg;gpL Valued Valued
Vanish-kiwe;JNgh Vanished Vanished
Vaporize-Mtpahf;F Vaporized Vaporized
Vary-NtWgLj;J Varied Varied
Venture-Jzpe;Jnry; Ventured Ventured
Verify- Verified Verified
cz;ikiaf;fhz;
Veto-epuhfhp Vetoed Vetoed
Vex-Nfhg%l;L Vexed Vexed
Vibrate-mjph; Vibrated Vibrated
Victimize-gypapL, tQ;rp Victimized Victimized
Visit-nrd;Wghh; Visited Visited
Vide-ghh; Vided Vided
View-ghh; Viewed Viewed
Violate-vy;iykPW Violated Violated
Visualize-fw;gidnra; Visualized Visualized
Vomit-the;jpnaL Vomited Vomited
Vote-thf;Fmsp Voted Voted
Vow-rgjk;nra; Vowed Vowed
Wag-thiyahl;L Wagged Wagged
Wail-xg;gghhpit Wailed Wailed
Wait-fhj;jpU Waited Waited
Wake-tpopj;njO Woke Waken
Walk-el Walked Walked
Wander-rQ;rhp Wandered Wandered
Want-Njitg;gL Wanted Wanted
Warm-Rlit Warmed Warmed
Warn-vr;rhpf;ifnra; Warned Warned
Wash-fOT, Jzp Jit Washed Washed
Waste-tPzhf;F Wasted Wasted

65
Watch-ftdp, fhty;Ghp Watched Watched
Water-jz;zPh;gha;r;R Watered Watered
Wave-mir Waved Waved
Wax-nkOFg+R Waxed Waxed
Weaken-gytPdg;gLj;J Weakened Weakened
Wear-mzp Wore Worn
Wed-kzk;Ghp Wedded Wedded
Weed-fisgpLq;F Weeded Weeded
Weep-mO Wept Wept
Weigh-vilapL Weighed Weighed
Welcome-tuNtw;gsp Welcomed Welcomed
Weld-gw;witj;Jxl;L Welded Welded
Wet-Cukhf;F Wetted Wetted
Whip-rTf;fhyb Whipped Whipped
Whisper-fhNjhLNgR Whispered Whispered
Whiten-ntz;ikahf;F Whitened Whitened
Widen-mfyg;gLj;J Widened Widened
Win-ntw;wpngW Won Won
Wind-Rw;W Wound Wound
Wink-fz;rpkpl;L Winked Winked
Winnow-Kwj;jhy;J+w;W Winnowed Winnowed
Wipe-topj;Jj;Jil Wiped Wiped
Wish-Mirg;gL Wished Wished
Withdraw-thg]; Withdrew Withdrawn
Wither-cyh;, thlr;nra; Withered Withered
Withhold-epWj;jpit Withheld Withheld
Withstand-vjph;j;jpL Withstood Withstood
Witness-fhl;rpasp Witnessed Witnessed
Wonder-Mr;rphpag;gL Wondered Wondered
Work-gzpnra; Worked Worked
Worry-ftiyg;gL Worried Worried
Worship-tzq;F Worshipped Worshipped
Wrap-ciwapL Wrapped Wrapped
Wrestle-ky;Aj;jk;nra; Wrestled Wrestled
Write-vOJ Wrote Written
Yawn-nfhl;lhtptpL Yawned Yawned
Yield-fPo;g;gb Yielded Yielded
Yank-jpBnud ,Oj;jy; Yanked Yanked

66
 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

EXERCISE – 1
1. Declarative (or) Assertive 2. Interrogative
3. Imperative 4. Exclamatory
5. Declarative (or) Assertive 6. Declarative (or) Assertive
7. Exclamatory 8. Exclamatory
9. Imperative 10. Interrogative
11.Declarative (or) Assertive 12. Interrogative
13. Imperative 14. Exclamatory
15. Declarative (or) Assertive 16. Imperative
17. Exclamatory 18. Declarative (or) Assertive
19. Exclamatory 20. Declarative (or) Assertive
21. Declarative (or) Assertive 22. Interrogative
23. Interrogative 24. Imperative
25. Imperative 26. Declarative (or) Assertive
27. Imperative 28. Interrogative
29. Exclamatory 30. Exclamatory
31. Interrogative 32. Imperative

EXERCISE – 2
Subject Predicate
1.The cackling of geese Saved Rome
2. The boy stood on the burning deck
3. The singing of the birds Delights us.
4. Stone walls do not make a prison
5. He has a good memory
6. We cannot pump the ocean dry.
7. Bad habits grow unconsciously
8. The earth revolves round the Sun
9. Edison invented the phonograph
10. Islamabad Is the capital of Pakistan
11. No man can serve two ministers
12. A sick room should be well aired
13. I shot an arrow into the air
14. a hermit On the top of the hill lives
15. All roads lead to Rome

67
 EXERCISE - 3
1. crowd - collective noun, bravery - abstract noun
2. truth - abstract noun , Grapes - collective noun
3. class - collective noun, pupils - common noun.
4. honesty - abstract noun .
5. cleanliness – abstract noun , godliness – abstract noun
6. fleet – collective noun, ships – common noun, harbour – common noun.
7. committee – collective noun,
8. soldiers – common noun, bravery – abstract noun.
9. bunch – collective noun, grapes – common noun.
10. innocence – abstract noun
11. team – collective noun.
12. room – common noun, feet – common noun, length – abstract noun .
13. class – collective noun, grammar – abstract noun.

EXERCISE – 4
1. The rose is sweeter than most other flowers.
2. No other creature in the world is so small as the ant.
3. Maths is one of the easiest subjects
4. No other place in South India is so cool as Ooty
5. Cancer is one of the worst diseases
6. Rajesh is the dullest boy in the class.
7. The rose is one of the sweetest flowers.
8. No other animal is so big as elephant.
9. Lion is braver than any other animal in the forest.
10. The coconut tree is one of the most useful trees.
11. Suresh is richer than any other boys in the class.
12. Latin is the oldest language.
13. Gandhi is the greatest freedom fighter.
14. No other river in India is so holy as the Ganges.
15. Suresh is the most active boy.

EXERCISE - 5
1. heavy -Adjective of quality 8. much, little- adj of quantity
2. several - Indefinite Numeral adjective 9. great - adjective of quality
3. Every - Distributive Numeral adjective 10. cross - adjective of quality
4. live- adj of quality; better- adj of quality 11. Some- Indefinite Numeral
adjective
5. same- Demonstrative adjective 12. Good - adjective of quality
6. What- Interrogative adjective 13. next- adjective of quality

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7. every - Distributive Numeral adjective 14. second- Definite Numeral
adjective

EXERCISE -6
1. herself - Reflexive Pronoun 8.my - Personal Pronoun
2. these - Demonstrative Pronoun 9. Whom - Interrogative Pronoun
3. whom - Relative Pronoun 10. myself - Reflexive Pronoun
4. These - Demonstrative Pronoun 11. which - Relative Pronoun
5. Several - Indefinite Pronoun 12. Every one - Indefinite Pronoun
6. Which - Interrogative Pronoun 13. myself - Reflexive Pronoun
7. These - Demonstrative Pronoun 14. themselves - Reflexive Pronoun

EXERCISE -7
1. ill - Adverb of manner 10. so - Adverb of Degree or
Quantity
2. again - Adverb of frequentcy 11. too - Adverb of degree or quantiy
3. too - Adverb of degree or quantity 12. out - Adverb of verb
4. quite - Adverb of degree or quantity 13. enough - Adverb of place;better -
degree
5. Once or twice - Adverb of frequency 14. too - Adverb of degree
6. forward - Adverb of place 15. today - Adverb of time
7. ago - Adverb of time 16. never - Adverb of time
8. out - Adverb of place 17. round - Adverb of Place
9. tomorrow - Adverb of time 18. shamefully - Adverb of manner

EXERCISE -8
1. cut - Transitive Verb 11. took – Transitive Verb
2. stopped – Intransitive Verb 12. built –Transitive Verb
3. blew – Transitive Verb 13. Tell – Transitive Verb
4. stood – Intransitive Verb 14. went – Intransitive Verb
5. put – Transitive Verb 15. wrote – Transitive Verb
6. sleeps – Intransitive Verb 16. know – Transitive Verb
7. burns – Intransitive Verb 17. close – Transitive Verb
8. changes – Transitive Verb 18.arrived – Intransitive Verb
9. eat – Intransitive Verb 19. speak – Intransitive Verb
10. hopped – Intransitive Verb 20. ran – Intransitive Verb

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 EXERCISE- 9
1. upon. 16. by
2. above 17. in, for
3. among 18. by, with
4. along 19. at
5. of 20. since
6. on, to 21. into
7. by 22. Besides
8. without 23. by
9. under 24. for
10. since 25. with
11. of 26. from
12. at 27. for
13. over 28. on
14. from 29. for
15. at 30. to, from

EXERCISE-10

1. sets 2. went.
3. are playing 4. was cooking
5. shall have read 6. had gone
7 has studied. 8. had written
9. has been working 10. is cleaning
11. had burnt 12. shall have completed
13. sent 14. have already seen
15. have not done 16. will punish.
17. is performing 18. broke.
19. were sleeping 20. was climbing.

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