Chapter 1

BACTERICIDAL EFFICACY OF EXTRACTED KAMIAS (Averrhoa bilimbi) AS A HAND
SANITIZER AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE
COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND ALLIED MEDICAL PROGRAMS
ACADEMIC YEAR 2015-2016
GROUP 6 BMLS RESEARCHERS
KATRINA SOLE N. LEBANTINO, FRANZCES JOAN A. BIBAT, CATHERINE D. LORENA
ANNA SHERVANNA V. SEMANERO, JOLINA JANE MADAYAG, JULIE ANN T. DAYAG
RESEARCH CAPSULE
Introduction
Plants provide wealth of bioactive compounds. They are the
main source of drugs that being used from the ancient times as herbal
remedies for the healthcare, prevention, and cure of various diseases
and ailments. Many Philippine plants are used therapeutically for their
antibacterial activities.
The Oxalidaceae or wood sorrel family are a small family of
eight genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and small trees, with the
great majority of the 900 species in the genus Oxalis s(wood sorrels).
Averrhoa bilimbi L. (bimbuli) and Averrhoa carambola (star fruit) are
the only two species belonging to the genus Averrhoa family
oxalidaceae. They are widely cultivated throughout tropical countries
for their fruits. These unconventional fruits are easily available as
backyard plants and nutritionally rich. Young fruits are green in color
which turns yellowish as they ripe. (Definition by Babylons Free
Dictionary)
This research will identify the bactericidal effect of Kamias as

Hand sanitizer against Staphylococcus aureus. Bactericidal agent is a
bacteria killing or an agent that kills bacteria while bacteriostatic
agents acts by inhibiting growth; it does not necessarily kill the
organism. Staphylococcus aureus a common species found especially
on nasal mucous membrane and skin (hair follicles); bacterial species
that produces exotoxins including those that cause toxic shock
syndrome, with resulting skin rash, and renal, hepatic, and central
nervous system disease, and an enterotoxin associated with food
poisoning; it causes furunculosis, cellulitis, pyemia, pneumonia,
osteomyelitis, endocarditis, suppuration of wounds, other infections;
also a cause of infection in burn patients; humans are the chief
reservoir. (Volk and Wheeler Basic Microbiology Fifth edition; page 210)
The purpose of this research study is to determine the
feasibility of the kamias as a hand sanitizer in killing Staphylococcus
aureus.
A sanitizer is a substance that is used to kill or destroy
microorganisms present in a particular part of a body or an object. This
is often used as an antimicrobial agent for some microorganisms that
are present to body.
One example of a sanitizer is a hand sanitizer. This is used

specifically on hands to kill or destroy the microorganisms present on
it.
Different varieties of hand sanitizer are being sold in the
market. Different flavors, scents and brand names are occurring and
some are costly that others are not able to afford.
Kamias sanitizer is a hand sanitizer made primarily of the fruit
kamias which is said to be an antibacterial agent.
This study will provide a Kamias hand sanitizer which
researchers found out to be an Antibacterial which can destroy
microorganisms that is commonly present on the hands. The
researchers will determine if the product will be feasible for the said
actions on hands.
Background of the study
For the past years, Kamias has been used in some investigatory
projects and research studies that supports our
According to the study of May- ann Roselle (March 2008), she
used Kamias as wine. This study is about kamias as wine.Kamias
occurs in the cultivated and semi-cultivated state throughout the
Philippines. It was introduced from tropical America, and is now
pantropic in distribution.The fruit is used to removes stains from
clothing and also for washing the hands. It is much used as a
seasoning and is made into sweets, including jam, and is used in
making pickles.It have its properties like astringent, stomachic,
refrigerant, antiscorbutic. (http://mayannroselle.blogspot.com/2008/03/kamias-as-bevearage-drink.html)
Another study conducted by Grade 8 student (Patricia Mae

Martinez on 22 June 2013) entitled Effectiveness of Kamias as an
Alternative Stain Remover. This research study will give way for an
immediate solution and response to the problems of stains. Indirectly,
this study will provide great knowledge to some researchers or even
companies that deal in molecular biological studies to focus on the
effectiveness of this plant as an effective stain remover. The
researchers have observed that the cloth can become cleaner or the
stain can disappear completely if it is scrubbed like the way everyone
scrubs their laundry clothes.
The focus of this study is to make a homemade hand sanitizer to test
for the efficacy from Kamias using various concentrations in killing
Staphylococcus aureus.
Objectives of the study
The goal of this study is to determine the efficacy of Kamias as a
hand sanitizer in killing Staphylococcus aureus .
Particularly, the objectives of this study is to:

1. To determine the efficacy of the homemade hand sanitizer by
using various concentration in inhibiting Staphyloccocus aureus:
a. 30%
b. 50 %
c. 70 %
d. 90 %
2. To identify what concentration is more effective when using
Staphylococcus aureus as bacterial isolates
3. To compare the efficacy of homemade hand sanitizer extracted
from kamias using various concentrations when using
Staphylococcus aureus as bacterial isolates.
Statement of the problem
For this research to aim its purpose, the problems which can give
information to this study are the following:
1. What is the efficacy of the homemade hand sanitizer by using
various concentration in inhibiting Staphyloccocus aureus
relative to :
a. 30%
b. 50 %
c. 70 %
d. 90 %
2. What concentration is more effective when using homemade
hand sanitizer extracted from Kamias against Staphylococcus
aureus as bacterial isolates relative to :
a. 30 %
b. 50 %
c. 70 %
d. 90 %
3. In what concentration of the home made hand sanitizer
extracted from Kamias does the Staphylococcus aureus become
susceptible?
Significance of the study
Taking care of our health and/or body is very significant to each
of us. Since it is the foundation of all our bodily activities. Furthermore,
we cannot enjoy every little thing around us if our health is at risk. So
to make sure that we can freely move without any hesitation, taking
preventive measures will be such a great start to get rid of possible
diseases.
This study is significant to the following:
a. Health care provider, since they are expose to patients everyday
who are suffering from different diseases, it is necessary to have
an extra care for themselves by using hand sanitizer after a
whole day of working in hospitals and laboratories.
b. Food handler, to ensure that the food they are serving is clean
they should first apply good sanitation, one of this is applying
before preparing foods and after a whole day of handling of

foods.
Conceptual Framework
PREPARATION OF THE HOMEMADE
HAND SANITIZER
CULTURE OF SANITIZER
30%
50%
70%
WITH
90%
NO GROWTH
END OF TESTING
Staphylococcus aureus GROWTH AND
ADDING OF HOMEMAND SANITIZER TO THE

CULTURE
30%
50%
SUSCEPTIBLE
70%
90%
INHIBITED
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:

The study entitled EFFICACY OF EXTRACTED KAMIAS AS HANDSANITIZER IN
KILLING STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS has the following conclusions:
1. After 48 hours of incubation of the sanitizer there are no growth of
microorganisms which shows that the sanitizer is hygienic.
2. First and second trial, after 24 hours, shows that there are no zone of
inhibition on the plate containing Staphylococcus aureus.
3. In general the feasibility of the sanitizer to kill Staphylococcus aureus
is not effective on concentrations 30%, 50%, 70% and 90%.
Recommendations:
The researchers recorded for the following recommendations:
1. Extracts of Kamias with various concentrations can be used as
alternative of commercial hand sanitizer for home consumption.
2. Pure extracts of Kamias is most likely provide bactericidal efficacy as
hand sanitizer against Staphylococcus aureus.
3. Further studies can be conducted to consider other citrus fruit extract
and other experimental microorganisms.
Bibliography
Volk and Wheeler Basic Microbiology Fifth edition
Definition by Babylons Free Dictionary
http://may-annroselle.blogspot.com/2008/03/kamias-as-bevearage-drink.html
Averrhoa bilimbi linn-Natures Drug store- A pharmacological review, Anitha
Roy, Geetha RV, Lakshmi T.
Human Hands and Fingernails;Edited by Chao-Lin Chen, Demosthenes
Morales, Huynh Nga Vo, students of Rachel Larsen
Abdullah Aziz, Jhahariar Rahman, Mahfuzul islam, and Anjuman Ara Begun
The Harmful effects of fermented food: rawfoodexplained.com: February 18,
2015, 9:56 am
Handwashing:cdc.gov
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Staphylococcus+aureus

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BACTERICIDAL EFFICACY OF EXTRACTED KAMIAS (Averrhoa bilimbi) AS A HAND

SANITIZER AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

This research will identify the bactericidal effect of Kamias as

One example of a sanitizer is a hand sanitizer. This is used

Another study conducted by Grade 8 student (Patricia Mae

Particularly, the objectives of this study is to:

before preparing foods and after a whole day of handling of

Staphylococcus aureus GROWTH AND

ADDING OF HOMEMAND SANITIZER TO THE

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:

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