ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROJECT REPORT

ON

INTEGRATED CYCLE OF COW - PRO JECT FOR RURAL SELF

SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

PREPARED BY

SAMBHURISHA MISHRA

REGD: 0601213138, 7TH SEM

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

JAGANNATH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Integrated cycle of Cow- Project for Rural Self Sustainable
Economic Development

An Indigenous Cow based Model Project for Sustainable Rural

Income & Employment generation

2
 CONTENTS
Sr. No. Details Page No.
SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT 4

OBJECTIVES 5

1. INTRODUCTION 5

2. THE PROJECT 7

3. PLAN OF WORK FOR SUSTAINABLE RURAL 9

ECONOMY (METHODOLOGY)
3.1 Indigenous Cow Dairy Development 9
3.2 Rearing and Management 9
3.2.1 Construction of cow shed 9
3.2.2 Feeding and rearing: 10
3.2.3 Cost involved in construction of shed and daily feeding and 10
rearing

4. MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES 11
4.1 Utilization of Biogas for Cooking and Lighting 11
4.1.1 Slurry management 11
4.2 Production of Cow based Fertilizers and Pesticides 11
4.3 Production of Panchgavya and Its Products 12
4.4 Production of Cow Milk and Its Products 13
4.4.1 Unfermented products 14
4.4.2 Fermented Products 15
4.5 Production of Daily/Domestic Use Products 16

5. ORGANIC FARMING, CULTIVATION OF HERBS & 16

MEDICINAL PLANTS AND RURAL HEALTH CARE

6. ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT 20

7. MANAGEMENT AND RISK INVOLVED 21

8. ECONOMY OF THE PROJECT 21

9. CONCLUSIONS 23

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 23

REFERENCES 24

APPENDIX-I 25

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SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT:

A major part of India’s population lives in rural areas. Though our national economy is
totally agro-based is a known fact, no longer the agriculture be a substitute to meet the needs
of rural people. It is clear from the major flow of money, which is through urban areas. To
improve this prevalent condition government has started several schemes. Despite the fact
wherein large amounts of money allocated for the series of schemes designed to generate
employment in rural areas, the scenario is not so conducive and encouraging, where million of
people remain jobless
or are partially employed, which borne little fruits. Unemployment is the major cause of rural
poverty and migration of rural people to urban areas.

The proposed project aims towards holistic development of villages. The indigenous
cows rearing in small group of dairies (10 cows per dairy and at least 5 dairies in one
village) and processing of cow products are the major activities for sustainable income
and employment generation involving weaker sections of the society i.e. small marginal
farmers, SC/ST, women, unemployed youth etc. The key resource here is Cow. It is tried to
achieve partial independence
in energy requirements using biogas generated from cow dung for cooking, lighting and
electricity generation at village level. Along with rural energy need, milk and milk products are
to be produced at village level and further these are to be consumed in the house hold and
also sold in the local market for income generation and protection against malnutrition. The
digested slurry from biogas plant will be used for organic farming and for cultivation of
medicinal plants and herbs in the area. Cow urine will be used for preparation of
biopesticides. The project provides an assured alternative energy supply at lower cost.
Human resource development will also be an integral part of the proposed activities. Local
people will be given training as per need for their skill development and processing of the
material to fetch more income for them. The project establishes rural industrial estates for
efficient utilization of local available resources based on integrated cycle of cow. This will
create number of employment opportunities in the area, thus rural people will earn and
generate more income, thereby, reducing poverty level existing in the area. The proper
management and potential utilization of locally available resources without disturbing the
environment will make the village self reliant in economy as envisaged by Mahatma
Gandhi.

Key features of the proposed project are based on holistic development of rural areas:

1. Integrated cycle of cow based products and its backward-forward linkages for
income and employment generation in rural areas
2. Self reliant local energy generation from cow dung (biogas for cooking, lighting and
electricity generation)
3. Supply of cow milk and its products after value addition and prevention of
malnutrition in the area
4. Encouraging shifting from chemical agriculture towards organic agriculture
5. Growing medicinal plants and herbs for rural local health care
6. Waste land development for food, fodder, fiber and employment generation

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 Integrated cycle of Cow- Project for Rural Self Sustainable Economic
Development

OBJECTIVES:
The proposed project is formulated for the following objectives:

1) Integrated cycle of cow products and its backward- forward linkages for income and
employment generation in rural areas
2) Establishing group of dairies (herd of 10 cows in each dairy) for cow milk and its
products production at village level involving small and marginal farmers, women,
landless labours, SC/ST etc.
3) Generation of biogas for cooking, lighting and electricity generation to achieve self
sufficiency in energy demand
4) Organic farming using digested slurry and producing other organic manures and cow
urine based pesticides
5) Cultivation of medicinal and herbal plants for local health care system

1. INTRODUCTION

The unemployment rate in India during 1993-94 was 6.0%, which has been increased to 7.3%
in the year 1999-2000. 75% of the population out of these is from rural sector. This is
primarily because of the present practice of shredding excess labour, increased capital
intensity per unit output and pattern moving towards capital intensive sector. The
employment generated by organized sector is only 8%, while the rest 92% is generated
by unorganized sector. So, the future employment strategy is to encourage the use of
labour intensive and capital saving technology. Special attention should be given to small,
medium and micro enterprises in the villages and rural industries, the areas identified for
employment generation.

Agriculture having little capacity to absorb surplus labour now, the rural population began
to migrate to urban areas, creating numerous social, economic and hygienic complications.
The trend increased with the rapid growth of population and subsequent quick expansion
in the availability of machine made manufacturing. This created, apart from the aforesaid
problems, much more intensity in the cities. It also led economic and social injustice between
men, society and regions (Bhattacharya 1980). The above aforesaid problems direct us to
generate more employment opportunities and avenues in rural areas. At the same time
(keeping in mind the constraints) the employment opportunities should be such, which are
economically viable, eco friendly in nature (to achieve sustainability), technologically feasible
and socially acceptable.

Agriculture is the most important sector of the Indian economy from the perspective of
poverty alleviation and employment generation. Agriculture contributes close to a ¼ of India’s
national income, though the share has deceased from 56.5 % in 1950-51 to 24.3 % in
2001-02. The percentage of workforce engaged in agriculture has declined from 76 % in 1961
to 60 % in 1999-
2000. Industrial growth of the country largely depends on agricultural production.

A number of case studies conducted in Rajasthan shows that a probable thrust on sustainable
tiny village industries, may take care of the abundantly available human resources, by throwing
up opportunities to them to emerge not only as entrepreneurs but also as wage employers. This
will also avoid huge transportation costs and generate sufficient gainful employment to those
underemployed in the agriculture sector. Moreover, the case study shows that the up gradation
5
and quality control of the products was one of the major limitations of such industries.

Therefore, the balanced mixture of modernity and tradition in the real sense will facilitate the
development of a nation. The results will be fruitful if we combine both modern science
and traditional science and get best out of them. No economy can really be beneficial in making
country great unless it takes into consideration of the social and ethical well being of the nation.

We have neglected the importance of cow and her products due to

modernization, industrialization and influence of western culture. But, once again the whole
world is realizing the importance of her immense potentialities. She can prove to be a boon
in the areas of agriculture, science and technology, industry, energy, medicine etc for the
development of any nation, in addition being eco-friendly in nature. Thus panchgavya (cow
milk, curd, ghee, cow urine and cow dung) and its products can form the basis for
revitalization of rural economy.

In India the total cow breed population is estimated up to 17 crores. The average production
of cow u r i n e /day/cow is 5-6 litres and of cow dung/day/cow is 10-12 kilograms. In
total approximately 95-102 crore litres of cow urine and 170-204 crore kilograms of cow
dung is produced everyday. Very small proportion of this production is utilized these days.
Proper utilization of cow dung and cow urine into manure, pesticides, medicines and
other daily products can generate millions of employment opportunities in rural areas as well
it can protect soil from chemicals and fertilizers and improve soil fertility. The whole cow
based integrated cycle is environmentally friendly.

Increasing awareness about ill effects of chemicals and pesticides in quality, taste and
other properties of agricultural produce all over the world indicates that people prefer buying
organic food products and in future higher prices of agricultural produce can only be
fetched with organically produced materials. While input cost is less in organic farming
at the same time selling cost is higher for such produce. It has also been established at many
places in our country that in this way yield is not reduced. This is the only way for
agriculture to sustain in
long future.

Traditionally organic agriculture is very rich and time tested (scientific) practice in India
and therefore, agriculture survived here for last five thousand years. The large quantity of
organic manure can also be produced in village having large number of animals.
Vermi compost,
pesticides and herbicides can be prepared by cow urine & cow dung and neem
leaves formulations in large quantity at village level.

Day by day draught animals are becoming burden on farmers and are proving
uneconomical. This will also explore the avenues for the use of bullocks to run animal drawn
tractor, generator and carts, which are eco friendly, sustainable and economical way
to perform different agriculture practices, electricity and transportation which will
enhance their utilization hours. And also the dung could be utilized for biogas production,
which will provide bio-manure and bio-energy on a sustainable basis. This will also help
to establish animal-human-agriculture synergy to sustainable development.

2. THE PROJECT

The project aims towards utilization of indigenous cow resources of rural areas for the benefit
of weaker section of the society for their better livelihood, employment opportunity and
protection against malnutrition. Small and marginal farmers, women, landless labours,
artisans, SC & ST, unemployed youth etc. are the beneficiary groups whom the project
aims to strengthen. It is
6
based on the integrated cycle of indigenous cow in which the cow products like milk, cow dung,
cow urine etc. will be processed for:

1. Value added milk and milk products for protection against malnutrition in the rural areas.

2. Cow dung for biogas production and efficient utilization of bullock power for energy self
reliance.

3. Cow urine, biogas slurry and manure for organic agriculture and cultivation of medicinal
and herbal plants.

It is envisaged that in every village a group of 5 families will be taken up initially who will take
up cow rearing (dairying) as its occupation for the family. Each family will have 10
indigenous cows (5 milching + 5 non-milching) at the time of starting to make it
economically viable and sustainable. Therefore, approximately 50 adult cows will be
owned by these groups of five families in addition to the calves with milking cows. Milk
produced with them will be processed
or sold after their own consumption. Cow dung will be collected and a family size biogas
plant will be installed for gas supply in these individual families for cooking need and
electricity generation. Cow dung slurry will be used for organic farming in the village. In
addition to these families other families may take up work of waste land development for
supplying fodder, cultivation of herbal and medicinal plants, preparation of cow urine based
pesticides and making other products. It is assumed that sufficient income is generated to each
family in this occupation and linked activities. Marketing of their products will also be assisted
in a proper way. They will form a self help group and supported through various schemes
of the Government such as NABARD, Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of
Agriculture etc.

The major components of the project are:

1. Establishing 5 small dairy of 10 indigenous cows by involving 5 families in a village

2. Value addition of milk produced from these cows (common for all 5 group)

3. Preparation of cow urine medicines and pesticides (common for all 5 group)
3
4. Construction of 4 m biogas plant in each established dairy and slurry management

5. Cultivation of herbs and medicinal plants

6. Promotion of organic farming and waste land development

7. Training cum service cum marketing support services

The weaker section of the society in village will take advantages of the project for their
livelihood and contribute in the rural economy, sanitation and environmental up gradation.

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3. PLAN OF WORK FOR SUSTAINABLE RURAL ECONOMY
(METHODOLOGY)

The proposed project is hereby formulated for holistic development of rural area via effectively
utilizing the resources from cow rearing.

Resource Outcomes
Milk Direct income by selling raw milk/protection from malnutrition
Making various milk products and further selling in near by
market
Dung Biogas generation for their own energy application
• Cooking food
Rearing • Lighting and electricity
cow • Engine operation for irrigation pump sets
Urine cow urine distillate fraction for making various medicines and
(Dairying) bio-pesticides
Biogas Enriched manure- organic farming, Growing quality crops and
Digested dung medicinal plants
Cultivation of
medicinal and Additional income generation and local health care
herbal plant
Bullock Efficient utilization of animal power

3.1 Indigenous Cow Dairy Development

A group of 5 families having 5-6 members will be identified. The families which have
small agricultural land and willing to associate will be considered.
Number of cows in each
Number of Resource generated from a single group
group
Group
Milking Non-Milking Milk Dung Cow Urine
25 litre per 50+50= 100
5 5 5 day kg/day 50 l/day

250 l/d
Total from 5 group 125 l/d 500 kg/d

Note: 1. Average dung production per day per cow 10 kg.

2. Average milk production per day per cow approx. 5 litre.
3. Average urine production from one cow 5 litre per day.

3.2 Rearing and Management

Rearing and management involves construction of cow shed and raising them properly.

3.2.1 Construction of cow shed: A shed of 12 metre in length and 5 metre in width is sufficient
to accommodate 5 milching cows with calves and 5 Non-milching cows in standing position
when kept facing towards the wall and the manger shall be adjacent to wall. The calves of the
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milking cows shall be kept apart in a common shed from the mother cows.

The dimension of the manger shall be as listed below:

Dimension of brick manger (all dimension in cm)
Height of fore curb, Thickness of fore curb, Inner width of manager,
Depth of manger, Min
Max Min Min
30 10 75 30

3.2.2 Feeding and rearing:

The feed required per day is listed below.

Total feed per

Milking Non-Milking Total for 5 group,
Feed Calves day per group,
cow cow kg
kg
Dry matter,
5 × 3 = 15 5x1.2= 6 5 × 3 = 15 36.00 180
kg

Green
5 × 6 = 30 5x2=10 5 × 4 = 20 60.00 300
Fodder, kg
Cake, kg 5 × 3 = 15 5x1=5 5× 2 = 10 30.00 150

3.2.3 Cost involved in construction of shed and daily feeding and rearing:

Item Approximate cost, Rs.

A. Capital cost
Construction of shed for cows and calves 1, 000, 00/-
Cost of cows ( 5+5)
(Cow @ Rs. 8, 000/- and Non-milking cow 70,000/-
@ Rs. 6, 000/-)
Total capital investment for one dairy 1, 70,000/-
Total capital cost for 5 group 8,50,000/-
B. Daily feeding cost
Dry matter (Bhusa etc.) @ Rs.
36 kg 90/-
2.50/kg
Green fodder @ Rs. 1.50/kg 60 kg 90/-
Cattle feed @ Rs. 5.00 /kg 30 kg 150/-
Other associated cost 20/-
Total daily feeding cost 350/-
Total daily feeding cost for 5 group of
1,750/-
dairies
Total annual feeding cost 6, 38, 750/-

Labour work will be done by family members.

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4. MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES

4.1 Utilization of Biogas for Cooking and Lighting

The group of 10 cows (milking and non-milking) will produces daily 100-125 kg dung.
3
• This is sufficient to produce 4 m biogas daily.
3 3
• One person needs 0.24 m biogas daily for cooking food (5 person requires 1.2 m biogas
daily).
3 3
• One mantle lamp of 100 candle power needs 0.13 m biogas/h (for 4 h lighting 0.52 m
biogas requirement).
3
• Total biogas requirement for cooking and lighting is 1.72 m biogas daily for a family of
5 members.
3
• Along with above 1 kWh electricity can be generated from 0.75 m biogas.
3
• Biogas plant of 4 m per day capacity is sufficient to meet the daily cooking lighting and
other heating requirement of a family having 5 members.
3
Biogas plant: A 4 m /day capacity KVIC type biogas plant will be constructed at beneficiary’s
home site to meet his requirement.

Cost involved: Rs. 25, 000 per plant including Government subsidy.
3
Total cost for installation of 5 family size (4 m capacity) biogas plant = 1, 25, 000/-

4.1.1 Slurry management

Along with 4 cubic metre biogas 30 kg dry slurry will be produced daily. This will amount
10.95 tonnes per year per biogas plant. It is proposed that this biogas spent slurry is used for
organic farming and cultivation of medicinal plants.

4.2 Production of Cow based Fertilizers and Pesticides

Traditionally organic farming has been the agricultural practice in India. Intake of
toxic substances in human beings and animals has increased due to chemical inputs in
agriculture. People are now seriously concerned with the protection of our environment and
even more about safeguarding their health. Cattle will not only supply the dung and the urine
for the making of compost and pesticide but will also produce milk, which is the raw
material for wide range of dairy products. Organic farming automatically leads to the
diversification of farm activity. For, small marginal farmers, organic farming is most suitable
as considerable integration is possible and appreciable cost savings could be achieved through
recycling of waste and other materials that are available within the system.

One of the major advantages of organic farming therefore is that both the farmer and
the government are able to minimize expenditure, and in particular, the farmer is able to
make environmental friendly compost without heavy outlays. Even if some farmers would have
to buy organic manure the price indeed will be very low as this produced out of what are
called today waste materials. Specialists say that organic manure will prevent weed
growth, as against chemical manure, which stimulate weeds. In the present circumstances
many farmers use chemicals to keep weed in check. Going back to the natural methods of
farming has benefits, which are self-reinforcing. It creates a safer environment for both
the consumer and the producer. Organic farming produces healthy plants and safeguards the
health of animals because the grass that the cattle feed is not fertilized by chemical nutrients.
One of the most important
10
considerations is that organic farming can be deployed everywhere and in any kind
of agriculture in the country, irrespective of where the land is situated and it is
applicable to all crops without exception.

Cow based fertilizers and pesticides are organic in nature and will help in restoring,
maintaining and enhancing the ecological balance. The potential estimated is 600 million tones
of wet dung contains about 4.2 million tonnes of nitrogen, about 2.1 million tonnes of
phosphorus and about
2.1 million tonnes of potash. The combined value of these three fertilizer elements
from inorganic sources would come over 3,500 crores of rupees at current fertilizer
prices. A successful experiment has been conducted in Goseva Kendra at Wardha. In
consultation with fifteen villages they began biological farming. Earlier they had to spend Rs
5100/- on chemical fertilizers for one hectare of land. Now it has come down to Rs 3100/-. In
the same time their health is also improved.

The proposed group will generate 10.95 tonnes per year enriched manure spent slurry from
the biogas plant which will cut down the expenditure on chemical fertilizers by 50
percent per annum.

4.3 Production of Panchgavya and Its Products

The cow is the representative of the world, which is full of goodness, affection, attitude,
mercy and sacrifice. It also gives its five products. But, for petty economical and tangible gains
of little number of people, it has resulted in cruelty, exploitation and massacre of useful
animal. All of these are going to slaughterhouses. It is therefore necessary to blend science
and tradition and place the facts before the people and save this precious species for the
welfare and survival of the human beings. Once the scientific and economic importance
is realized, people will automatically take care of national economy, cow breed. Hence,
panchgavya and its products have a great potential to form sustainable entrepreneurship,
which thereby leads to form sustainable economy.

As the world is becoming sensitive towards issues of environment, ecology and chemical
in agriculture, the new era has come to think the alternative for chemical fertilizers,
pesticides, petroleum products and environment destruction parameters. Rural areas
development and sustainable agriculture an take place based on “Goshala”
(cowherd) centre based biogas electricity generating system, rural industrial complex, bio-
fertilizers, bio-pesticides using cow- dung and cow-urine (Vijay 2002).

The average production of cow urine/day/cow is 5-6 litres. In total approximately 95-102
Crore litres of cow urine is produced everyday. Proper management of cow dung and cow
urine can save precious foreign exchange and provide with pollution free energy and thereby
maintaining ecological balance. Cow urine has been described to be the most effective
substance or secretion
of animal origin with innumerable therapeutic values.

In ayurveda cow urine is suggested for improving general health. It was found that “ cow
urine distillate fraction” enhanced the potency of taxol (pactitaxel) against MCF-7 a
human breast cancer cell line in in-vitro assays(US patent No. 6410059). (Central Institute
of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2002). Many research institutions are concerned
with carrying out the examinations related to medicinal medicinal and chemical properties
of panchgavya. Some of the important properties recognized by Go-Vidhyan Anusandhan
Kendra, Devalapur are as follows(, but the research is still going on).

A total of 50-60 litre cow urine will be produced daily in every dairy which has to be utilized for
11
cow urine distillate and making pesticides and medicines.

4.4 Production of Cow Milk and Its Products

Milk is always considered ideal food for infants and children and a good supplementary food
for adults as it supplies good quality protein, calcium and vitamins particularly
vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid. In addition, milk contains several bio-protective
molecules that secure health security to humans. There seems to be no adequate substitute
of milk. The cow milk is the most important of all these animals as supplier of food nutrients
(Chakravarty I. and Ghosh K., 2002).

Nutrients content per 100 gm Cow's Milk

Protein(3.2 gms), Fat (4.1 gms), Carbohydrates(4.4 gms), Calcium(120 mg),
Phosphorous(90 mg), Iron(0.2 mg), Carotene(53 mg), Thiamine(0.05 mg), Riboflavin(0.19
mg), Niacin(0.10 mg), Folic acid(8.5 mg), Vitamin C(2 mg ), Energy: 67 Kcal

Milk has a very good quality protein and the biological value is over 90. Though milk
contains only 3-4 % protein, due to the rich quality of protein and the amount that can be in
ingested and the presence of other nutrients, makes it indispensable. Lysine is one of the
essential amino acid, which is abundant in milk protein. Cheese, khoa and dehydrated milk
powders are concentrated forms hence contain high amount of nutrients per unit.

The fat of milk is easily digestible. It contains linolenic acid (0.5%) and arachidonic acid
(0.12%). Diary foods are a major source of calcium because of significant amount of
minerals present. The calcium: phosphorous ratio (1.2:1) in milk is regarded as most
favourable for bone development. In addition dairy products contain other nutrients such as
vitamin D and lactose, which favour calcium absorption. Milk is not only used as such but
many products, fermented and non-fermented are used in cookery. Various forms in which milk
can be consumed are:

4.4.1 Unfermented products

Skimmed milk is deficient in fat and fat-soluble vitamins but the protein, sugar, minerals
and vitamin B factors (except pyrodoxine) are well preserved. If skimmed milk
powder is supplemented with vitamin A, D and pyridoxine, it is a comparatively cheap
food of high nutritive value. It is helpful for the treatment of malnutrition, the nephritic
syndrome and the cirrhosis of liver. The addition of about 6 tablespoons of skimmed
milk powder during the preparation of chapattis, custard, curd, etc will supply an
additional 35 gms of protein. Toned milk is prepared by mixing equal parts of fresh
buffalo milk (rich in fat) and reconstituted skimmed milk powder. The fat, protein,
carbohydrate, vitamin and mineral contents – and thus the nutritive value – are the same
as fresh cow’s milk. It is a useful source of proteins for malnourished children and
pregnant women.

Khoa(Mava) is milk in which the water content is reduced to between 20% and 25%. It is
prepared by vigorously boiling milk and stirring it continuously to avoid burning at the bottom
or overflowing at the top. When cooled, khoa forms a uniform mass, containing fats, heat-
coagulated proteins and lactose. Khoa supplies 82 Kcal per tablespoon.

Chhana(cottage cheese) is prepared by adding lemon juice to boiling milk; this

precipitates casein, lactalbumin and fat. The liquid part (whey) is strained through cloth
and chhana is collected.

12
Whey is a byproduct of butter and cheese production and is frequently discarded. However,
when dried it can be preserved, and forms a good source of nutrition in poorer countries.

4.4.2 Fermented Products

Dahi(Curd): The mode of preparation of dahi varies considerably, as does its flavour.
The flavour depends upon the type of lactic acid organisms predominant in the starter. It has
same calorie value as that of milk from which it has been prepared.

Yoghurt is the name given to milk cuddled by a specific type of lactic acid bacillus called
Lactobacillus bulgaricus.

Lassi(Butter Milk): When dahi is churned with water and fat is removed, the residual acid
buttermilk is called lassi. Dahi and lassi can be prepared from whole or skimmed milk.

Ghee (Clarified butter: Butter-fat): The composition of cow and buffalo ghee is similar: 99%
fat, mostly saturated; about 1114 µ gm vitamin A per 100 gms, varying with cattle feed
and the freshness; and about 30 µ gm vitamin D per 100 gms, varying with the exposure of
cattle to the sunshine.

Cheese Cottage: Cheese is an unfermented milk product, but cheese produced commercially in
the west is fermented product. There are over 400 varieties of cheese.

Total milk production from a single group of cow herd (5cows) will be 25 litre per day. This
will put for either selling in near by market @ Rs. 12/litre or can be value added product for
further selling at higher price than raw milk.

The daily income generation from 25 litre milk by selling @ Rs. 14 per litre will be Rs. 350 per
day and thus total per annum Rs. 1, 27,750.

4.5 Production of Daily/Domestic Use Products

Everyone uses the wide range of domestic/daily use products. These products consume a lot of
energy and money for its manufacture and the process also pollutes the environment. They are
all chemical based and has long term negative side effects. Cow dung and cow urine can be used
for the manufacture of wide range of domestic products mainly phenyl, mosquito repellent
coil, agarbatti (fuming stick), distemper, dental powder, bathing soap, cleansing powder,
shampoo, face pack etc. These can go a long way towards sustainable entrepreneurship having
high market value returns.

5. ORGANIC FARMING, CULTIVATION OF HERBS & MEDICINAL PLANTS

AND RURAL HEALTH CARE

New activities like Alge bio-fertilizer, compost and vermin-compost manure, natural pesticide
(Bio-mass), vermin-culture and some agro processing units should be harnessed so as to
reduce dependency on the organized sectors of chemical fertilizers and pesticides etc. Income
accruing from these activities does not get transferred to the urban areas but remain available
with in rural communities.

India is a land of species and country is blessed with appropriate soil and climatic condition
for various type of aromatic and medicinal plants, i.e., rose, tube rose, jasmine, germanium
lavender guggual, peri winckle, etc., while species constitute and important group of
agricultural
13
commodities and play significant role in our national economy.

Seventy percent of India’s population lives in villages. With the production of consumer
articles passing on more and more to organized sectors, because of our age old traditional
techniques of production which are now no more remunerative and do not fulfill the present
need of local area and outside market demand resulting many of the village industries and
handicrafts works have been hit severely, throwing a large number of people out of livelihood.
More and more people are being forced to abandon their ancestrial agro and other
occupation. There are mainly artisans
(landless) and small and marginal farm holdings. Through the importance
of entrepreneurship for economic development has been recognized long back but
systematic efforts were not made to check whatever the uneven pace of economic growth in
different sector. Agriculture and various activities related to it were given employment to
68.8% of the Indian population. It is also well known that the non-agricultural income in
rural areas is negligible. Some pertinent agriculture related basic facts at all India level are as
follows:

1. There is not more than 0.33 hectare of gross agricultural area per rural person.
2. Income generated per hectare is only Rs. 7000-8000/-. This figure reflects the low
productivit y of land.
Hence income per rural person is Rs. 2334-2667/- per year.

The net result has been the break down of the village economy forcing migration to the
cities creating the series of problems. Hence, it is necessary to take up new income
generating activities to check the large scale and to minimize the migration to cities.

Therefore, to create employment opportunity and to maintain better livelihood in rural areas,
integrated cycle of cow is a fit answer. Based on the cycle income level of a family can be raised
to a satisfactory level.

14
 Cow Urine Based Pesticides & Cow Urine
Medicines

Cow Rearing in Group Dung

(Dairying)

Fodder Feed Cow Milk Biogas Plant Manure

Cow Milk Products Biogas

Organic Farming

Cooking energy, electricity

Protection from Malnutrition Generation, Running Engines
Herbal & Medicinal Plant Cultivation

Value Ad ition of Agric Prod cts, Milk

and Herbs
AGRO INDUSTRIES

Integrated Cycle of Co Herd of Cows owned by a single

w for Employment and Income
family in a village eration for Rural Poor
Gen[5 milking desi cows+5 non-
milking]
15

Milk production Urine production Dung production

6. ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

Sl. No. Particulars Advantages

Beneficiaries
groups – SC/ST/
landless labours,
1 small and marginal Weaker section of the society will be benefited for their livelihood.
farmers, women,
Unemployed rural
youth
Employment The proposed model of cow based rural economic project will
2. generation, provide employment to all 5 members of the family. In
poverty alleviation addition many indirect employments will be generated in village.
Though the milk production capacity of Indian cow is low but in the
view of its quality and nutrient it stands at first number from
Protection against any other source of milk.
3.
malnutrition The milk can be easily value added in rural area by
using conventional practices into curd, ghee, lassi, mava etc. that
can be sold at good price thus improves economy of rural people.
3
Cow dung has potential of 1m biogas production from 25 kg fresh
Sustainable bio dung. The generated biogas with investment of little money can
4.
Energy reduce the energy requirement of rural people involved in cooking
food, lighting, heating water and stationary engine applications.
The digested slurry from biogas plant after biomethanation has very
good fertilizer value in comparison to direct application in the field.
Biogas generation is surplus.
Benefits of digested slurry to soil q uality a nd fertil ity
Primary effect Secondary effect Tertiary effect

Organic matter Improves physico- Increases yield

Digested slurry
5. chemical & and yield
organic
biological properties sustainability
Physical buffer Reduces raindrop Reduces erosion
impact & wind shear
Various applications such as organic composting and
biofertilizer for growing quality field crops and cultivation of
various medicinal plants. Medicinal plants are getting popularity at
the present pace of time in regard of herbal medicines
Clean renewable biogas reduces emission, burns smokeless,
Protection of application reduces methane emission into environment.
environment, rural Methane emission is 21 times more harmful gas than carbon
6 sanitation and dioxide in the regard of Green House
rural energy Gases. Along with protection of
security environment from various inbuilt hazards its use secures village
energy requirement up to great extent via utilization of animal
Saving the desi breed of Indian cows which are highly valuable for
Conservation of agricultural point of view, are source of production of draught oxes
7.
indigenous beeds for agricultural tillage and other applications such as animal power
generation.

20
7. MANAGEMENT AND RISK INVOLVED

The project will be managed by group of families, whom the basic needed infrastructure
is provided. Initially the fund will be provided by involved funding agency for creating
all the facility. After that the responsible group will start earning from these cows and
returns the capital investment on the basis of installment.

The risk factor here is cow diseases, though diseases in Indian breed of cows are very
less. However, cows are to be insured by some agencies to reduce the incorporated risk.

8. ECONOMY OF THE PROJECT

Cost involved for setting a single small dairy of 10 cows

Item Approximate cost, Rs.
Capital cost
Construction of shed 1, 000, 00/-
Cost of cows
(Cow milching @ Rs. 8,000/- and non 70,000/-
milching @ Rs. 6000-)
Total fixed cost 1, 70,000/-
Total for 5 group 8, 50, 000/-

Cost involved in installation of biogas plant for cooking and lighting

Item Approximate cost (Rs.) For 5 group
Biogas plant of 4cubic metre 25, 000/- 1,25, 000/-
Other accessories such as
lighting lamp and cooking 5, 000/- 25,000/-
stoves and piping and fittings
Total 1, 50, 000/-

Cost involved in setting up panchgavya and cow urine based products

Item Approximate cost (Rs.) For 5 group
Distillation plant and others
20, 000/- 1, 00, 000/-
requirements

Total daily feeding cost per group 350/-

Total daily feeding cost for 5 group 1750/-
Total annual feeding cost 6,38,750/-

21
Total cost for setting up five groups of 10 cow herd based model project for rural
development: (Fixed Cost)
Item Rs.
Cost involved for setting five small dairy each having 10 cows 8,50,000/-
Cost involved in installation of biogas plant for cooking and lighting 1, 50, 000/-
Cost involved in setting up panchgavya and cow urine based products 1, 00, 000/-
Total investment 11,00,000/-

Annual operating cost:

Items Rs.
Yearly feeding and rearing cost 6,38,750/-
Other maintenance cost 1, 00, 000/-
Total (Rs.) 7,38, 750/-

Yearly Income generation:

Items One single group Five group
Selling milk and milk products 1, 27,750/- 6,38,750/-
Organic Manure 80, 000/- 4, 00, 000/-
Panchgavya and cow urine 40, 000/- 2, 00, 000/-
based products
Medicinal plant 36, 000/- 1, 80, 000/-
Total (Rs.) 2, 83, 750/- 14, 18, 750/-

Annualized cost

Fixed Cost
Depreciation on Capital cost 10, 000/-
Interest @ 8 % per year 88, 000/-
Total 98, 000/-
Operating cost
Yearly operating cost 7,38,750/-
Total (Rs.) 8,36,750/-
Annualized Benefit
14,18,750 – 8,36,750 = Rs. 5,82,000/-
Approximately Rs. 1, 16, 400/- per family

There will be direct employment to 10 persons and indirect employment to 30 persons. These
costs have been taken as if all goods and services will be purchased. However in the
village most of the beneficiaries will have access to free fodder from the fields and pasture land
and this will reduce the cost of feeding to about 50- 70 percent. This center will also
promote breed improvement of indigenous cows in the area. It will further provide them
additional income by selling improved breed from the second year itself.

22
9. CONCLUSIONS

To provide sustainable employment and better livelihood in rural areas are the major thrust areas
in the country today. To achieve these goals, there is need to develop a holistic approach
in which local resources are utilized efficiently by rural masses for the benefit of weaker
sections
of the society i.e small and marginal farmers, women, SC/ST and unemployed youth. With
little training and efforts the proposed project of integrated cycle of cow raises per capita
income of rural families and able to generate enough employment to stop migration.
Indigenous cow is the focal point of the project with all backward forward linkages. With
the implementation of the project, a family is able to earn around Rs. 1.15 lakh per year and a
total of more than 10 persons will get direct employment and around 30 persons will get
indirect employment in a village.

23
REFERENCES:

1. Gupta S P (2002) Special Group on Targeting Ten Million Employment Opportunities

Per Year. Government of India, Planning Commission, New Delhi.
2. Hand Book of Agriculture, ICAR Publications, New Delhi
3. Hand Book of Animal Husbandry, ICAR Publications, New Delhi
4. Melkania U and Melkania N P (1989) Agricultural and Environment in India. In: Mohan
I (ed.) New World Environment Series, Environmental Pollution and Management, Asian
Publishing House, New Delhi-110026.
5. Moitra A (2001) Women and Entrepreneurs. Kurukshetra. 49:28-30
6. Nautiyal, C.S. (2000). Bio-control of plant diseases for agricultural sustainability.
In Biocontrol potential and its exploitation in sustainable agriculture. Edited by
R.K. Upadhyay, K.G. Mukerji, and B.P. Chamola. Kluwer Academic/Plenum
Publishers, New York. pp. 9-23.
7. Pati J (2000) Women, Environment and Sustainable Rural Development. Kurukshetra.
48(12): 22-27
8. United States patent No. 6,410,059 Khanuja, et al. dated June 25, 2002 “Pharmaceutical
composition containing cow urine distillate and antibiotics.”

24
 APPENDIX-I

Loan and Grants are available from various agencies for setting up such type of model
projects for livelihood development in rural areas. Some of the possible schemes/ agencies are
mentioned here:

(I) NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development): It offers
following for rural sector.

• Facilitating credit flow for agriculture and rural development.

• Promoting and supporting policies, practices and innovations conducive to rural
development.
• Strengthening rural credit delivery system through institutional development.
• Supervising rural financial institutions (Co-operative Banks and Regional Rural Banks).
• Refinancing Rural Financial Institutions (RFIs) for their financing for investment and
production purposes in rural areas.
• Loans to State Governments for strengthening cooperatives, developing
rural infrastructure, health and education facilities in rural areas through Rural
Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF).
• Support for micro-credit innovations of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and
other non-formal agencies.
• Monitoring and Evaluation of financed projects.

(a) Kisan Credit Card Scheme

As a pioneering credit delivery innovation, KCC Scheme aims at provision of adequate

and timely support from the banking system to the farmers for their cultivation needs
including purchase of inputs in a flexible and cost effective manner. Personal Accident
Insurance Scheme formulated for KCC holders to cover them against accidental
death/permanent disability.

(b) Swarojgar Credit Card Scheme

The normal limit under the scheme is Rs. 25,000/ per borrower. However, in deserving
cases, banks may consider even higher limits. The initial investment in fixed assets
and/or working capital requirement/ recurring expenditure of the borrower are to be taken as
the base for fixing the limit. The total limit would have a relationship with the projected
net earning and the repayment capacity of the borrower.

Term loan will be provided for meeting the investment requirements and it will be repaid
within five years in suitable installments.Working capital/ recurring expenditure limit may
be in the form of a revolving cash credit. A component for consumption credit could be built
in, keeping
in view the value of the family labour in the productive activity. Under the scheme, the
banks will have absolute freedom to select the clients for the card. The focus of the scheme
is small borrowers Banks may sanction Term Loan (TL) and Working Capital Loan (WCL)
as a single Composite Loan or may sanction TL and WCL separately depending on the need/
convenience
of the borrowers or nature of the activities. If the WCL is sanctioned as Cash Credit, the normal
banking practice followed by banks for sanction/renewal of CC limits may be adopted . In order
to make the transactions in the SCC a/c more realistic and regular, it is desirable to follow credit
discipline. Accordingly repayment schedule may be drawn. While sanctioning loans to SHGs,
25
the limit may be fixed depending on the group activity and its viabilit y.

(c) Rural Entrepreneurship Development Programmes (REDP)

NABARD extends grant assistance to agencies with professional competence for

conducting entrepreneurship development programmes for unemployed rural youth. A
comprehensive strategy has been adopted to cover one lakh potential entrepreneurs under
REDP over a period
of 5 years (1999-2000 to 2003-04) through institutionalization of REDP. The target has already
been achieved.

(d) Assistance for Marketing of Non Farm Products of Rural Women (MAHIMA)

Recognizing the importance of marketing as a crucial link for women entrepreneurs the scheme
'MAHIMA' was introduced. It aims at supporting various initiatives for promoting marketing
of items produced by women. Assistance is available for various aspects related to marketing
like, market survey, capacity building, technology upgradation, branding, labeling,
packaging, publicity, setting up of showrooms/sale outlets etc. NABARD provides 100%
refinance to banks under the scheme.

26
(II) Ministry of Rural Development

Various schemes by the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India has

been operating at district levels by the District Rural Development Agency. From these
schemes fund can be collected.

(a) Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana

The objective of Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) is to provide sustainable

income to the rural poor. The program aims at establishing a large number of micro- enterprises
in the rural areas, building upon the potential of the rural poor. It is envisaged that every family
assisted under SGSY will be brought above the poverty line in a period of tIntegrated
Rural Development Program (IRDP), Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment
(TRYSEM), Development of Woman and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), Supply of
Integrated Tool-kit for Rural Artisans (SITRA), Ganga Kalyan Yojana (GKY) and Million
Well Scheme (MWS), which are no longer in operation. The program covers families below
poverty line in rural areas
of the country. Within this target group, reserving 50 percent of benefits for SCs/STs, 40
percent for women and three percent for physically handicapped persons has
provided special safeguards. Subject to availability of funds, It is proposed to cover 30 percent
of the rural poor in each block in the next 5 years.

(b) Integrated Wastelands Development Program

The Integrated Wasteland Development Project Scheme strives to develop non-forest wasteland
on village/micro watershed basis. The scheme also generate employment in rural areas besides,
enhancing people's participation in wasteland development leading to equitable sharing of
benefits ad sustainable development.

(c) Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana

• Gram Panchayat with Gram Sabha's approval will execute the construction work of Rs.
50000/-.
• The work/scheme costing more than Rs. 50000/- is required by the approval of authority
concerned.
• 22.5 percent of annual allocation funds are earmarked for SCs/STs individual beneficiary
scheme.

Block Development and Panchayat officer can be contacted for details of the scheme.

(d) Employment Assurance Scheme

The objective of the scheme is to create economic infrastructure and community assets for
sustained employment and development

The employment Assurance Scheme is being restructured on the following lines:

• The funds to the state will be allocated in accordance with the criteria to be decided by
the Government / National Development Council from time to time and also to the
districts on the index of backwardness evolved at the centre.
• 70 % of funds flowing to the districts would be allocated to the blocks and 30% reserved
27
 at the district level to be utilized in the areas of districts.
• The selection of works would be decided by Zila Parishads after due consultations with
MPs of the area.

(e) Integrated Rural Energy Programme (IREP)

Energy is an essential component of the wheels of progress and it is the constant endeavor of the
government to exploit all sources of energy. In this direction the rural areas offer immense scope
to tap the non-conventional sources of energy including solar energy, wind energy and bio-
mass based energy. Proper utilisation of these sources through better and improved devices
will not only be economical but also ensure a better environment and good health. As
part of the programme, usage of devices and accessories like solar water heater, solar cooker,
street lighting equipment through solar energy, solar laterns, solar water lifting pumps, wind
mills, improved Kerosene stoves and solar pressure cookers are promoted among the rural
people especially women.

(III) Ministry of Agriculture

Some schemes of the Agricultural Ministry can be used to get financial support for rural
development programmes.

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