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Kingsley , J . Donald . 1944 . Representative Bureaucracy . Yellow Springs, OH : Antioch Press .

Representative Bureaucracy: Classic Readings and Continuing Controversies (Dolan & Rosenbloom 2003) Bureaucrat-Client Katz, E. and B. Danet (1973). Bureaucracy and the public: a reader in official-client relations. New York, Basic Books. , Microsociology
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Dolan, J. and D. H. Rosenbloom (2003). Representative bureaucracy: classic readings and continuing controversies. Armonk, NY, M.E.Sharpe.

Subramaniam, V. (1967). "Representative Bureaucracy: A Reassessment." The American Political Science Review 61(4): 1010-1019. Meier, K. J. and J. Bohte (2001). "Structure and Discretion: Missing Links in Representative Bureaucracy." Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 11(4): 455-470. , Ng, E. S. W. and R. J. Burke (2005). "Personorganization fit and the war for talent: does diversity management make a difference?" The International Journal of Human Resource Management 16(7): 1195-1210. Ely, R. J. and D. A. Thomas (2001). "Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes." Administrative Science Quarterly: 229-273. Greene, V., S. C. Selden, et al. (2001). "Measuring Power and Presence: Bureaucratic Representation in the American States." Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 11(3): 379-402. Kochan, T., K. Bezrukova, et al. (2003). "The effects of diversity on business performance: Report of the diversity research network." Human Resource Management 42(1): 3-21. Lim, H.-H. (2006). "Representative Bureaucracy: Rethinking Substantive Effects and Active Representation." Public Administration Review 66: 193-204.

Lipsky, M. (1980). Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public services. New York, Russell Sage Foundation. Kingsley, D. J. (1944). Representative bureaucracy: An interpretation of the British civil service. Yellow Springs, Ohio, Antioch Press. Greene, V., S. C. Selden, et al. (2001). "Measuring Power and Presence: Bureaucratic Representation in the American States." Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 11(3): 379-402.

Mesosociology Wise, L. R. and M. Tschirhart (2000). "Examining empirical evidence on diversity effects: How useful is diversity research for public-sector managers?" Public Administration Review 60(5): 386-394.

Pitts, D. W. (2005). "Diversity, representation, and performance: Evidence about race and ethnicity in public organizations." Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 15(4): 615-631. Pitts, D. W. (2006). "Modeling the impact of diversity management." Review of Public Personnel Administration 26(3): 245. Pitts, D. W. and E. M. Jarry (2005). Ethnic Diversity and Organizational Performance: Assessing Diversity Effects at the Managerial and Street Levels. Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Research Paper Series, Working Paper 06-33.

Delivery system: Meier, K. J. and J. Bohte (2001). "Structure and Discretion: Missing Links in Representative Bureaucracy." Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 11(4): 455-470. Wilson, E. M. and P. A. Iles (1999). "Managing diversity- an employment and service delivery challenge." International Journal of Public Sector Management 12(1): 27-49.

March, J. G. and J. P. Olsen (1989). Rediscovering institutions: The organizational basis of politics. New York, The Free Press.

Lynn Jr, L. E. (1998). "The New Public Management: How to Transform a Theme into a Legacy." Public Administration Review 58(3).

Legge, K. (2005). Human resource management: Rhetorics and realities, Palgrave Macmillan. Henderson, G. (1994). Cultural diversity in the workplace: Issues and strategies, Quorum Books Westport, CT. Blau, P. (1963). The dynamics of bureaucracy: a study of interpersonal relationships in two government agencies. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Boyne, G., M. Poole, et al. (1999). "Human resource management in the public and private sectors: an empirical comparison." Public Administration 77(2): 407-420.

Milliken, F. J. and L. L. Martins (1996). "Searching for Common Threads: Understanding the Multiple Effects of Diversity in Organizational Groups." The Academy of Management Review 21(2): 402-433.

Macrosociology Van de Walle, S. and Z. Scott (2009). The role of public services in state- and nationbuilding: exploring lessons from European history. IIAS 2009 conference - History and future of nation-building, The role of public administrations, civil servants and public finances in nation-building. Helsinki. Wrench, J. (2005). "Diversity management can be bad for you." Race & Class 46(3): 73. Young, M. D. (1958). The Rise of the Meritocracy, 1870-203: an Essay on Education and Equality, London, UK: Thames and Hudson. Waldo, D. (1948). The administrative state: A study of the political theory of American public administration. New York, Ronald Press Co. Waldo, D. (1971). Public administration in a time of turbulence. Scranton, Chandler Pub. Co. Wilkins, V. M. and B. N. Williams (2009). "Representing Blue: Representative Bureaucracy and Racial Profiling in the Latino Community." Administration Society 40(8): 775-798.

Mosher, F. C. (1968). Democracy and the public service. New York, Oxford University Press.

Thomas, D. and R. Ely (1996). "Making differences matter: a new paradigm for diversity management." Harvard Business Review 74(5): 79-90.

Niskanen, W. A. (1971). Bureaucracy and representative government. New York, AldineAtherton. Romzek, B. S. and J. S. Hendricks (1982). "Organizational Involvement and Representative Bureaucracy: Can We Have It Both Ways?" The American Political Science Review 76(1): 75-82. Roosevelt Thomas, R. (1990). "From affirmative action to affirming diversity." Harvard Business Review 68(2): 107-117. Migdal, J. S. (2001). State in society: Studying how states and societies transform and constitute one another. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Meier, K. J., R. D. Wrinkle, et al. (1999). "Representative bureaucracy and distributional equity: Addressing the hard question." Journal of Politics: 1025-1039.

Meier, K. J. and L. G. Nigro (1976). "Representative Bureaucracy and Policy Preferences: A Study in the Attitudes of Federal Executives." Public Administration Review 36(4): 458. Meier, K. J. and L. J. O'Toole (2006). "Political control versus bureaucratic values: Reframing the debate." Public Administration Review 66(2): 177-192. Mcrae, K., Ed. (1974). Consociational democracy: Political accommodation in segmented societies. Toronto, McClelland and Stewart Limited.

Meier, K. J. (1993). Politics and the bureaucracy: Policymaking in the fourth branch of government. Pacific Grove, CA, Brooks/Cole Publishin Company. Lijphart, A. (1977). Democracy in plural societies. New Haven, Yale University Press. Foster Curtis, E. and J. L. Dreachslin (2008). "Integrative Literature Review: Diversity Management Interventions and Organizational Performance: A Synthesis of Current Literature." Human Resource Development Review 7(1): 107. Esman, M. J. (1999). "Public administration and conflict management in plural societies: The case for representative bureaucracy." Public Administration and Development 19: 353-366. Coleman Selden, S., J. L. Brudney, et al. (1998). "Bureaucracy as a representative institution: Towards a reconciliation of bureaucratic government and democratic theory." American Journal of Political Science 42(3): 719-744. Appleby, P. (1945). Big Democracy. New York. Krislov, S. and D. H. Rosenbloom (1981). Representative bureaucracy and the American political system. New York, Praeger. Bovens, M. and A. Wille (2009). Diploma democracy. On the Tensions between Meritocracy and Democracy. Utrecht/Leiden, Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research. Coleman Selden, S. and F. Selden (2001). "Rethinking diversity in public organizations for the 21st century: Moving toward a multicultural model." Administration & Society 33(3): 303.

David, R. (2006). "From Prague to Baghdad: Lustration systems and their political effects." Government and Opposition 41(3): 347-372. Kalev, A., E. Kelly, et al. (2006). "Best practices or best guesses? Assessing the efficacy of corporate affirmative action and diversity policies." American Sociological Review: 589-617. Jacoby, H. (1973). The bureaucratization of the world. Berkeley, University of California Press. Kellough, J. E. and K. C. Naff (2004). "Responding to a Wake-up Call: An Examination of Federal Agency Diversity Management Programs." Administration Society 36(1): 6290.

Representative Bureaucracy: Classic Readings and Continuing Controversies

Julie A. Dolan, David H. Rosenbloom 0 Reviews M.E. Sharpe, 2003 - 217 pages The readings in Representative Bureaucracy provide an efficient guide to the settled knowledge and emerging issues regarding policy and research on democratizing public bureaucracies by making them socially representative of the people they ostensibly serve. The book includes both classic and cutting-edge works and presents a contemporary model for analyzing representative bureaucracy -- focusing on the linkages between social origins, life experiences, attitudes, and administrators' decision making. The selections address many of the leading concerns of contemporary politics, including diversity and equal opportunity policy, democratic control of administration, administrative performance, and "reinventing government." Many of the field's most cited works are included in this comprehensive yet affordable volume. Each chapter starts with an introductory summary of the key questions under consideration and concludes with discussion questions. The book makes the field of representative bureaucracy comprehensively and efficiently accessible to students, scholars, and reflective

public managers. It serves as an essential reader for courses on bureaucracy, public administration, or human resource management in the public sector. Book jacket.

The readings in this collection provide a comprehensive guide to the established knowledge and emerging issues regarding democratizing public bureaucracies by making them socially representative. The book includes both classic and cutting-edge works, and presents a contemporary model for analyzing representative bureaucracy that focuses on the linkages between social origins, life experiences, attitudes, and administrators' decision making. The selections address many of the leading concerns of contemporary politics, including diversity and equal opportunity policy, democratic control of administration, administrative performance, the pros and cons of the new public management, and reinventing government. Many of the field's most cited works are included. Each chapter starts with an introductory summary of the key questions under consideration and concludes with discussion questions. With it's extensive selection of classic and contemporary readings, the book will have wide application for courses on bureaucracy, public administration, and public sector human resource management.

Table of Contents
List of Tables and Figures; Preface; Chapter 1. Theoretical Underpinnings: Why Does the Social Background of Public Administrators Matter? Bureaucracy, Max Weber; Representative Bureaucracy, J. Donald Kingsley; Democracy and the Public Service, Frederick C. Mosher; Representative Bureaucracy, Samuel Krislov; Chapter 2. Public Personnel Policy and Social Representation: How Do Policies for Recruitment, Selection, Promotion, Pay, and Retention Affect Representative Bureaucracy? To Look Like America, Katherine Naff; Measuring Bureaucratic Representation and Integration, David Nachmias and David H. Rosenbloom; The Curious Case of Women in State and Local Government, Lee Sigelman; Black Employment in Municipal Jobs: The Impact of Black Political Power, Peter K. Elsinger; Chapter 3. Social Representation and Public Administrators' Worldviews: What is the Linkage Between Social Background and Civil Servants' Policy Preferences? Bureaucracy and Social Change, Seymour Martin Lipset; Representative Bureaucracy and Policy Preferences: A Study in the Attitudes of Federal Executives, Kenneth John Meier and Lloyd G. Nigro; Passive and Active Representation in the Federal Service: A Comparison of Blacks and Whites, David H. Rosenbloom and Jeannette G.

Featherstonhaugh; Policy Preferences on Workplace Reform, Mary M. Hale and M. Frances Branch; Chapter 4. Social Background, Life Experience, and Policy Advocacy: Why Do Civil Servants Act on Policy Preferences Derived from their Social Backgrounds and Life Experiences? Minority Groups in Public Bureaucracies: Are Passive and Active Representation Linked?

Structure and Discretion: Missing Links in Representative Bureaucracy

1. Kenneth J. Meier and 2. John Bohte

+ Author Affiliations 1. Texas A&M University 2. Oakland University

Abstract
Studies of representative bureaucracy highlight both passive and active forms of representation. Passive representation refers to similarities in demographic characteristics between bureaucrats and client populations. Active representation refers to situations in which bureaucracies work to further the needs of a particular group of people. In this study, we examine the role employee discretion plays in linking passive and active forms of representation in a sample of six hundred school districts in Texas. Specifically, we argue that active representation is enhanced in organizations that vest greater discretion in their employees. Our study reveals that minority student performance improves under organizational structures that promote, rather than limit, minority teacher discretion.

Oxford University Press

(Pitts 2005; Roch, Pitts, and Navarro 2010).

References (Lim 2006)

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Representation in the Federal Service: A Comparison of Blacks and Whites . Social Science Quarterly 57 ( 4 ): 873 82 . Saltzstein , Grace Hall . 1979 . Representative Bureaucracy and Bureaucratic Responsibility: Problems and Prospects . Administration & Society 10 ( 4 ): 465 75 . Selden , Sally Coleman . 1997a . Representative Bureaucracy: Examining the Linkage Between Passive and Active Representation in the Farmers Home Administration . American Review of Public Administration 27 ( 1 ): 22 42 . . 1997b . Th e Promise of Representative Bureaucracy: Diversity and Responsiveness in a Government Agency . Armonk : M. E. Sharpe . Selden , Sally Coleman , Jeff rey L. Brudney , and J. Edward Kellough . 1998 . Bureaucracy as a Representative Institution: Toward a Reconciliation of Bureaucratic Government and Democratic Th eory . American Journal of Political Science 42 ( 3 ): 717 44 . Selznick , Philip . 1966 . TVA and the Grass Roots: A Study in the Sociology of Formal Organization . New York : Harper & Row . Subramaniam , V . 1967 . Representative Bureaucracy: A Reassessment . American Political Science Review 61 ( 4 ): 1010 19 .

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26 Contingent representativity

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