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Keywords = good freezers

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15 pages, 300 KiB  
Review
Freezing Stallion Semen—What Do We Need to Focus on for the Future?
by Ziyad Al-Kass and Jane M. Morrell
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(2), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11020065 - 2 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3970
Abstract
Artificial insemination (AI) is used frequently in the breeding of sport horses, apart from Thoroughbreds. Most AIs are carried out with cooled semen rather than frozen semen because of the difficulties in identifying a protocol that is suitable for freezing most ejaculates and [...] Read more.
Artificial insemination (AI) is used frequently in the breeding of sport horses, apart from Thoroughbreds. Most AIs are carried out with cooled semen rather than frozen semen because of the difficulties in identifying a protocol that is suitable for freezing most ejaculates and the necessity to inseminate close to ovulation because of the short life of the thawed spermatozoa. More widespread use of frozen semen would improve biosecurity, allow greater choice of stallions, and offer more flexibility when managing deliveries of semen to the stud. It would even decrease the amount of antibiotics used in semen extenders, since the volume of frozen semen is smaller than when cooled semen is inseminated. However, there is considerable variability in the cryosurvival of spermatozoa from different stallions, leading to the classification of stallions as good or bad freezers. Improvements could be made at the level of stallion nutrition, the semen collection regimen, the extender, the removal of seminal plasma, and the cooling protocol, among others. Stallion sperm membranes are highly susceptible to lipid peroxidation, but research on antioxidants has failed to identify an additive that would benefit all stallions. In the future, biomarkers for sperm freezability could be used as an aid in identifying suitable ejaculates for cryopreservation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sperm Biotechnology in Animals Reproduction)
13 pages, 3390 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Properties of Micronized Natural Zeolitic Volcanic Tuff as Cosmetic Ingredient
by Emilia Neag, Zamfira Stupar, Anamaria Iulia Torok, Ionut Surupaceanu, Marin Senila and Oana Cadar
Materials 2022, 15(7), 2405; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072405 - 24 Mar 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1849
Abstract
This study explores the characteristics of a micronized natural zeolitic volcanic tuff (MZ) as ingredient in cosmetic formulations. In particular, the purpose was to prepare and investigate the organoleptic and physicochemical properties of two representative cosmetic formulations containing MZ. The MZ samples were [...] Read more.
This study explores the characteristics of a micronized natural zeolitic volcanic tuff (MZ) as ingredient in cosmetic formulations. In particular, the purpose was to prepare and investigate the organoleptic and physicochemical properties of two representative cosmetic formulations containing MZ. The MZ samples were characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), apparent density, chemical composition and particle size distribution of MZ samples were also determined. The micronization treatment applied did not produce significant structural and physicochemical changes with respect to the raw zeolitic volcanic tuff. The prepared formulations containing 5% MZ with different particle sizes (100–125 µm and 125–250 µm) were subjected to preliminary and accelerated stability tests, and the pH and organoleptic properties were also evaluated. The cosmetic formulations presented a pH of 4.3, a pleasant touch, good spreadability, easy application on skin, no color alteration and a good stability after 15, 30 and 60 days of storage at room temperature, low temperature and freezer during the accelerated stability tests. The obtained results endorse the MZ as suitable for the development of formulations exploiting the clinoptilolite properties as a cosmetic ingredient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Chemistry)
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