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Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, heart failure, and hypertension. This systematic review aims to integrate most relevant studies on oxidative stress management in cardiovascular diseases. We searched relevant literatures in the PubMed database using specific keywords. We put emphasis on those manuscripts that were published more recently and in higher impact journals. We reviewed a total of 200 articles. We examined current oxidative stress managements in cardiovascular diseases, including supplements like resveratrol, vitamins C and E, omega-3 fatty acids, flavonoids, and coenzyme-10, which have shown antioxidative properties and potential cardiovascular benefits. In addition, we reviewed the pharmacological treatments including newly discovered antioxidants and nanoparticles that show potential effects in targeting the specific oxidative stress pathways. Lastly, we examined biomarkers, such as soluble transferrin receptor, transthyretin, and cystatin C in evaluating antioxidant status and identifying cardiovascular risk. By addressing oxidative stress management and mechanisms, this paper emphasizes the importance of maintaining the balance between oxidants and antioxidants in the progression of cardiovascular diseases. This review paper is registered with the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (INPLASY), registration # INPLASY202470064. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Strategies in Preventing Inflammatory and/or Oxidative-Stress-Induced Damages in Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury)

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22 pages, 15702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Invasion Range of the Common Myna, Acridotheres tristis Linnaeus, 1766 in Egypt under Climate Change

by Gamal M. Orabi, Fayez M. Semida, Doaa M. Medany, Mohamed A. Issa, Sanad H. Ragab and Mohamed Kamel

Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6495; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156495 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

The common myna bird (Acridotheres tristis Linnaeus, 1766) is widely recognized as one of the most formidable invasive avian species globally. The bird poses significant challenges due to its ability to outcompete a variety of native cavity-nesting birds. Additionally, the common myna is a notable agricultural pest and a substantial threat to indigenous biodiversity. The current study is focused on understanding the distribution pattern of the common myna (Acridotheres tristis Linnaeus, 1766) in Egypt and the significant favorable conditions to predict the invasion scale of the bird to the Egyptian fauna. To determine the environmental variables influencing the invasion range of the common myna in Egypt, a Species Distribution Model (SDM) was employed. The current work documented 117 invasion sites of the species from February to December 2023. The predicted habitats are mainly concentrated close to the Nile Delta of Egypt, the Suez Canal region, North and South Sinai, in addition to scattered areas on the Red Sea coast, along the riverbanks of Upper Egypt, in addition to a few northwestern areas of the Western Desert. The most significant environmental factors affecting the establishment were the Minimum Temperature of the Coldest Month, the Mean Temperature of the Coldest Quarter, and Elevation. The current invaded areas comprise about 0.8% of Egypt (8240 km² out of roughly one million km²). We found that this is significant and of concern due to the expectation of increasingly favourable conditions due to global warming; this will turn this invasive species into a real threat to Egyptian ecosystems due to its aggressive competition with native cavity-nesting birds, its impact as an agricultural pest, and its potential to disrupt local biodiversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)

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39 pages, 6130 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expanded Insights into Martian Mineralogy: Updated Analysis of Gale Crater’s Mineral Composition via CheMin Crystal Chemical Investigations

by Shaunna M. Morrison, David F. Blake, Thomas F. Bristow, Nicholas Castle, Steve J. Chipera, Patricia I. Craig, Robert T. Downs, Ahmed Eleish, Robert M. Hazen, Johannes M. Meusburger, Douglas W. Ming, Richard V. Morris, Aditi Pandey, Anirudh Prabhu, Elizabeth B. Rampe, Philippe C. Sarrazin, Sarah L. Simpson, Michael T. Thorpe, Allan H. Treiman, Valerie Tu, Benjamin M. Tutolo, David T. Vaniman, Ashwin R. Vasavada and Albert S. Yen Show full author list Hide full author list

Minerals 2024, 14(8), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080773 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

This study presents mineral composition estimates of rock and sediment samples analyzed with the CheMin X-ray diffraction instrument on board the NASA Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity, in Gale crater, Mars. Mineral composition is estimated using crystal-chemically derived algorithms applied to X-ray diffraction data, specifically unit-cell parameters. The mineral groups characterized include those found in major abundance by the CheMin instrument (i.e., feldspar, olivine, pyroxene, and spinel oxide). In addition to estimating the composition of the major mineral phases observed in Gale crater, we place their compositions in a stratigraphic context and provide a comparison to that of martian meteorites. This work provides expanded insights into the mineralogy and chemistry of the martian surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Mars: Everything You Need to Know about the Red Planet)

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31 pages, 2651 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bacterial Degradation of Antinutrients in Foods: The Genomic Insight

by Alexander Arsov, Lidia Tsigoriyna, Daniela Batovska, Nadya Armenova, Wanmeng Mu, Wenli Zhang, Kaloyan Petrov and Penka Petrova

Foods 2024, 13(15), 2408; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13152408 - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Antinutrients, also known as anti-nutritional factors (ANFs), are compounds found in many plant-based foods that can limit the bioavailability of nutrients or can act as precursors to toxic substances. ANFs have controversial effects on human health, depending mainly on their concentration. While the positive effects of these compounds are well documented, the dangers they pose and the approaches to avoid them have not been discussed to the same extent. There is no dispute that many ANFs negatively alter the absorption of vitamins, minerals, and proteins in addition to inhibiting some enzyme activities, thus negatively affecting the bioavailability of nutrients in the human body. This review discusses the chemical properties, plant bioavailability, and deleterious effects of anti-minerals (phytates and oxalates), glycosides (cyanogenic glycosides and saponins), polyphenols (tannins), and proteinaceous ANFs (enzyme inhibitors and lectins). The focus of this study is on the possibility of controlling the amount of ANF in food through fermentation. An overview of the most common biochemical pathways for their microbial reduction is provided, showing the genetic basis of these phenomena, including the active enzymes, the optimal conditions of action, and some data on the regulation of their synthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)

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21 pages, 762 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Applications of Smart and Self-Sensing Materials for Structural Health Monitoring in Civil Engineering: A Systematic Review

by Ana Raina Carneiro Vasconcelos, Ryan Araújo de Matos, Mariana Vella Silveira and Esequiel Mesquita

Buildings 2024, 14(8), 2345; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082345 - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Civil infrastructures are constantly exposed to environmental effects that can contribute to deterioration. Early detection of damage is crucial to prevent catastrophic failures. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems are essential for ensuring the safety and reliability of structures by continuously monitoring and recording data to identify damage-induced changes. In this context, self-sensing composites, formed by incorporating conductive nanomaterials into a matrix, offer intrinsic sensing capabilities through piezoresistivity and various conduction mechanisms. The paper reviews how SHM with self-sensing materials can be applied to civil infrastructure while also highlighting important research articles in this field. The result demonstrates increased dissemination of self-sensing materials for civil engineering worldwide. Their use in core infrastructure components enhances functionality, safety, and transportation efficiency. Among nanomaterials used as additions to produce self-sensing materials in small portions, carbon nanotubes have the most citations and, consequently, the most studies, followed by carbon fiber and steel fiber. This highlight identifies knowledge gaps, benchmark technologies, and outlines self-sensing materials for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

18 pages, 3625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Potential and Obstacles of Agro-Industrial Waste-Based Fertilizers

by Angela Maffia, Federica Marra, Giuseppe Celano, Mariateresa Oliva, Carmelo Mallamaci, Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain and Adele Muscolo

Land 2024, 13(8), 1166; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081166 - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Conducted in Southern Italy’s Calabria region, this study aimed to repurpose olive wastes, which are still a source of valuable biomolecules including plant nutrients, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds, into compost to be used in sustainable agriculture as fertilizers, in alternative to synthetic substances. The compost underwent chemical analysis and soil fertility testing to support eco-friendly agricultural practices. Factors like extraction process, waste composition, and percentage of waste in composting were studied for their impact. The research evaluated compost fertilizing effectiveness by analyzing soil chemical and biological properties 180 days after the application. The results demonstrated that the proportion of olive oil waste and the olive oil extraction method significantly impacted compost quality and its environmental footprint. All composts improved soil properties but to a different extent. Compost olive waste 3 (OWC3; 34% olive oil waste, 33% buffalo manure, and 33% straw) was the most effective in enhancing soil fertility. Compost olive waste 1 (OWC1), with the same olive waste percentage as compost olive waste 2 (OWC2) but from a different extraction process, outperformed OWC2 in enhancing soil fertility and microbial activity. The research highlighted the importance of organic matter addition to soil and the significant role of both raw material percentage and extraction process in compost quality. Life cycle assessment indicated that OWC3 had the lowest environmental impact and the highest fertilizing power. Composting represents a practical way to manage organic wastes and improve soil quality, providing essential nutrients for soil health and ecosystem functioning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil-Sediment-Water Systems)

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27 pages, 6167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decoding the Chloroplast Genome of Tetrastigma (Vitaceae): Variations and Phylogenetic Selection Insights

by Junqiao Zhu, Yang Huang, Weiguo Chai and Pengguo Xia

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(15), 8290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158290 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Tetrastigma (Vitaceae) is known for its ornamental, medicinal, and ecological significance. However, the structural and variational characteristics of the Tetrastigma chloroplast genome and their impact on phylogenetic relationships remain underexplored. This study utilized bioinformatics methods to assemble and annotate the chloroplast genomes of 10 Tetrastigma species and compare them with five previously sequenced species. This study analyzed gene composition, simple sequence repeats, and codon usage patterns, revealing a high A/T content, uniquely identified pentanucleotide repeats in five species and several preferred codons. In addition, comparative analyses were conducted of the chloroplast genomes of 15 Tetrastigma species, examining their structural differences and identifying polymorphic hotspots (rps16, rps16-trnQ, trnS, trnD, psbC-trnS-psbZ, accD-psaI, psbE-petL-petG, etc.) suitable for DNA marker development. Furthermore, phylogenetic and selective pressure analyses were performed based on the chloroplast genomes of these 15 Tetrastigma species, validating and elucidating intra-genus relationships within Tetrastigma. Futhermore, several genes under positive selection, such as atpF and accD, were identified, shedding light on the adaptive evolution of Tetrastigma. Utilizing 40 Vitaceae species, the divergence time of Tetrastigma was estimated, clarifying the evolutionary relationships within Tetrastigma relative to other genera. The analysis revealed diverse divergences of Tetrastigma in the Miocene and Pliocene, with possible ancient divergence events before the Eocene. Furthermore, family-level selective pressure analysis identified key features distinguishing Tetrastigma from other genera, showing a higher degree of purifying selection. This research enriches the chloroplast genome data for Tetrastigma and offers new insights into species identification, phylogenetic analysis, and adaptive evolution, enhancing our understanding of the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of these species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)

16 pages, 660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Diversity of Yeasts in Beekeeping Environments and the Selection of a Culture Starter for the Development of a Mead

by Noelia Viveros-Lizondo, Pilar Fernández-Pacheco and María Arévalo-Villena

Fermentation 2024, 10(8), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10080389 - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

The biodiversity of several beekeeping environments and honey samples was studied. The bacterial and yeast counts ranged from 0.00 to 5.19 Log CFU/g and from 0.00 to 3.33 Log CFU/g, respectively, presenting significant differences between the values. Of the honey samples, two of them exceeded the legislative limit established for total aerobic bacteria (5.19 Log CFU/g and 5.03 Log CFU/g). A total of ninety-eight yeast strains were isolated, with eight different species: Candida albicans, Dekkera anomala, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, Z. mellis, Kazachstania unispora, Meyerozyma guillermondii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and S. unisporus. This implies a low microbial biodiversity and a low genetic variability index (D = 0.116 and 6–19%, respectively) due to the large number of genetically identical individuals found in each species. To select the most adequate strains for mead elaboration (with pure and mixed cultures), the fermentation capacity and organoleptic characteristics were studied. The best yeasts were chosen for the “pure culture fermentation” of honey (Saccharomyces spp. M11A2) and for mixed sequential inoculation (K. unispora M17A2). Both of the yeasts were isolated from honey and selected for their high fermentative capacity and resistance to ethanol. The results of the sensory analysis of the meads that were produced, in addition to one commercial product, were compared and indicated that the one inoculated with the pure culture had the best overall impression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied and Fundamental Studies of Yeast in Fermented Foods and Beverages)

14 pages, 3929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning Approach for Modeling the Power Consumption and Delay of Logic Circuits Employing GNRFET Technology

by Recep Emir, Dilek Surekci Yamacli, Serhan Yamacli and Sezai Alper Tekin

Electronics 2024, 13(15), 2993; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13152993 - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

The interest in alternative logic technologies is continuously increasing for short nanometer designs. From this viewpoint, logic gates, full adder and D-latch designs based on graphene nanoribbon field effect transistors (GNRFETs) at 7 nm technology nodes were presented, considering that these structures are core elements for digital integrated circuits. Firstly, NOT, NOR and NAND gates were implemented using GNRFETs. Then, 28T full adder and 18T D-latch circuits based on CMOS logic were designed using GNRFETs. As the first result of this work, it was shown through HSPICE simulations that the average power consumption of the considered logic circuits employing GNRFETs was 78.6% lower than those built using classical Si-based MOSFETs. Similarly, the delay advantage of the logic circuits employing GNRFETs was calculated to be 53.2% lower than those using Si-based MOSFET counterparts. In addition, a deep learning model was developed to model both the power consumption and the propagation delay of GNRFET-based logic inverters. As the second result, it was demonstrated that the developed deep learning model could accurately represent the power consumption and delay of GNRFET-based logic circuits with the coefficient of determination (R²) values in the range of 0.86 and 0.99. Full article

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11 pages, 2420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using AuNPs-DNA Walker with Fluorophores Detects the Hepatitis Virus Rapidly

by Baining Sun, Chenxiang Zheng, Dun Pan, Leer Shen, Wan Zhang, Xiaohua Chen, Yanqin Wen and Yongyong Shi

Biosensors 2024, 14(8), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14080370 - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Viral hepatitis is a systemic infectious diseases caused by various hepatitis viruses, primarily leading to liver damage. It is widely prevalent worldwide, with hepatitis viruses categorized into five types: hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, based on their etiology. Currently, the detection of hepatitis viruses relies on methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoelectron microscopy to observe and identify viral particles, and in situ hybridization to detect viral DNA in tissues. However, these methods have limitations, including low sensitivity, high error rates in results, and potential false negative reactions due to occult serum infection conditions. To address these challenges, we have designed an AuNPs-DNA walker method that uses gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and complementary DNA strands for detecting viral DNA fragments through a colorimetric assay and fluorescence detection. The DNA walker, attached to gold nanoparticles, comprises a long walking strand with a probe sequence bound and stem-loop structural strands featuring a modified fluorescent molecule at the 3′ end, which contains the DNAzyme structural domain. Upon the addition of virus fragments, the target sequence binds to the probe chains. Subsequently, the long walking strand is released and continuously hybridizes with the stem-loop structural strand. The DNAzyme undergoes hydrolytical cleavage by Mg²⁺, breaking the stem-loop structural strand into linear single strands. As a result of these structural changes, the negative charge density in the solution decreases, weakening spatial repulsion and rapidly reducing the stability of the DNA walker. This leads to aggregation upon the addition of a high-salt solution, accompanied by a color change. Virus typing can be performed through fluorescence detection. The innovative method can detect DNA/RNA fragments with high specificity for the target sequence, reaching concentrations as low as 1 nM. Overall, our approach offers a more convenient and reliable method for the detection of hepatitis viruses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology: From Fabrication Methods and Improvement Strategies to Applications in Biosensing and Biomedicine)

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12 pages, 646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rising Prevalence of Low-Frequency PPM1D Gene Mutations after Second HDCT in Multiple Myeloma

by Katja Seipel, Nuria Z. Veglio, Henning Nilius, Barbara Jeker, Ulrike Bacher and Thomas Pabst

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(8), 8197-8208; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080484 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Multiple myeloma (MM) first-line treatment algorithms include immuno-chemotherapy (ICT) induction, high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) consolidation, followed by lenalidomide maintenance. After these initial therapies, most patients suffer a disease relapse and require subsequent treatment lines including ICT, additional HDCT and ASCT, or novel immunotherapies. The presence of somatic mutations in peripheral blood cells has been associated with adverse outcomes in a variety of hematological malignancies. Nonsense and frameshift mutations in the PPM1D gene, a frequent driver alteration in clonal hematopoiesis (CH), lead to the gain-of-function of Wip1 phosphatase, which may impair the p53-dependent G1 checkpoint and promote cell proliferation. Here, we determined the presence of PPM1D gene mutations in peripheral blood cells of 75 subsequent myeloma patients in remission after first or second HDCT/ASCT. The prevalence of truncating PPM1D gene mutations emerged at 1.3% after first HDCT/ASCT, and 7.3% after second HDCT/ASCT, with variant allele frequencies (VAF) of 0.01 to 0.05. Clinical outcomes were inferior in the PPM1D-mutated (PPM1Dmut) subset with median progression-free survival (PFS) of 15 vs. 37 months (p = 0.0002) and median overall survival (OS) of 36 vs. 156 months (p = 0.001) for the PPM1Dmut and PPM1Dwt population, respectively. Our data suggest that the occurrence of PPM1D gene mutations in peripheral blood cells correlates with inferior outcomes after ASCT in patients with multiple myeloma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiple Myeloma: From Molecular Mechanism to Diagnosis and Therapy)

18 pages, 780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dual-Channel Supply Chain Coordination Considering Green and Service Inputs

by Yefeng Guan, Chao Wan and Wei Wang

Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6492; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156492 - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

The rise of the green economy and the dual-channel model has led to consumer preferences for a model that is both green and service-based. At the same time, customer service expectations have led to greater uncertainties in corporate decision-making. However, many research gaps remain in terms of how green and service-based models work together in a dual-channel supply chain to influence operational decisions and achieve efficiency improvements. Therefore, while considering customer expectations, this study adopts Stackelberg game theory to construct a dual-channel supply chain analysis that considers green and service inputs and analyzes the optimal decisions of manufacturers and retailers. The results show that when the costs of green inputs are low, this increases the greenness and prices of green products while also stimulating the retailer to improve service levels and common product prices. When the retailer’s service costs are low, this promotes higher service levels and product prices but inhibits product greenness and green product prices in the online channel. In addition, centralized decision-making is associated with higher product greenness, which is beneficial from an environmental perspective. Numerical analysis further reveals that profit-sharing contracts can be effective in achieving supply chain coordination. These findings have reference significance for the coexistence and interaction of green and service-based factors in dual-channel supply chains, as well as provide a reference value for the impact of customer service expectations on supply chain-related decision-making. Full article

18 pages, 6791 KiB

Open AccessReview

Origin and Evolution of the Azolla Superorganism

by Jonathan Bujak and Alexandra Bujak

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2106; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152106 - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Azolla is the only plant with a co-evolving nitrogen-fixing (diazotrophic) cyanobacterial symbiont (cyanobiont), Nostoc azollae, resulting from whole-genome duplication (WGD) 80 million years ago in Azolla’s ancestor. Additional genes from the WGD resulted in genetic, biochemical, and morphological changes in the plant that enabled the transmission of the cyanobiont to successive generations via its megaspores. The resulting permanent symbiosis and co-evolution led to the loss, downregulation, or conversion of non-essential genes to pseudogenes in the cyanobiont, changing it from a free-living organism to an obligate symbiont. The upregulation of other genes in the cyanobiont increased its atmospheric dinitrogen fixation and the provision of nitrogen-based products to the plant. As a result, Azolla can double its biomass in less than two days free-floating on fresh water and sequester large amounts of atmospheric CO₂, giving it the potential to mitigate anthropogenic climate change through carbon capture and storage. Azolla’s biomass can also provide local, low-cost food, biofertiliser, feed, and biofuel that are urgently needed as our population increases by a billion every twelve years. This paper integrates data from biology, genetics, geology, and palaeontology to identify the location, timing and mechanism for the acquisition of a co-evolving diazotrophic cyanobiont by Azolla’s ancestor in the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of North America. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant–Cyanobacteria Symbiosis: From Morphology to Practical Uses)

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27 pages, 5634 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Estrogen across Multiple Disease Mechanisms

by Xiuting Xiang, Praneetha Palasuberniam and Rahmawati Pare

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(8), 8170-8196; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080483 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Estrogen is a significant hormone that is involved in a multitude of physiological and pathological processes. In addition to its pivotal role in the reproductive system, estrogen is also implicated in the pathogenesis of a multitude of diseases. Nevertheless, previous research on the role of estrogen in a multitude of diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, depression, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, gastrointestinal diseases, and estrogen-dependent cancers, has concentrated on a single disease area, resulting in a lack of comprehensive understanding of cross-disease mechanisms. This has brought some challenges to the current treatment methods for these diseases, because estrogen as a potential therapeutic tool has not yet fully developed its potential. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively explore the mechanism of estrogen in these seven types of diseases. The objective of this study is to describe the relationship between each disease and estrogen, including the ways in which estrogen participates in regulating disease mechanisms, and to outline the efficacy of estrogen in treating these diseases in clinical practice. By studying the role of estrogen in a variety of disease mechanisms, it is hoped that a more accurate theoretical basis and clinical guidance for future treatment strategies will be provided, thus promoting the effective management and treatment of these diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Molecular Mechanisms in Human Diseases)

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16 pages, 9567 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using the Multiple-Sensor-Based Frost Observation System (MFOS) for Image Object Analysis and Model Prediction Evaluation in an Orchard

by Su Hyun Kim, Seung-Min Lee and Seung-Jae Lee

Atmosphere 2024, 15(8), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15080906 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2024

Abstract

Accurate frost observations are crucial for developing and validating frost prediction models. In 2022, the multi-sensor-based automatic frost observation system (MFOS), including an RGB camera, a thermal infrared camera, a leaf wetness sensor (LWS), LED lighting, and three glass plates, was developed to replace the naked-eye observation of frost. The MFOS, herein installed and operated in an apple orchard, provides temporally high-resolution frost observations that show the onset, end, duration, persistence, and discontinuity of frost more clearly than conventional naked-eye observations. This study introduces recent additions to the MFOS and presents the results of its application to frost weather analysis and forecast evaluation in an orchard in South Korea. The NCAM’s Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was employed as a weather forecast model. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) The newly added image-based object detection capabilities of the MFOS helped with the extraction and quantitative comparison of surface temperature data for apples, leaves, and the LWS. (2) The resolution matching of the RGB and thermal infrared images was made successful by resizing the images, matching them according to horizontal movement, and conducting apple-centered averaging. (3) When applied to evaluate the frost-point predictions of the numerical weather model at one-hour intervals, the results showed that the MFOS could be used as a much more objective tool to verify the accuracy and characteristics of frost predictions compared to the naked-eye view. (4) Higher-resolution and realistic land-cover and vegetation representation are necessary to improve frost forecasts using numerical grid models based on land–atmosphere physics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue ICT-Based High-Resolution Weather and Climate Research for an Early-Warning System for Agricultural Disasters)

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