How Do Creativity and Social Support Affect the Resilience of Mediterranean University Students? A Cross-National Study in the Post-Pandemic Period
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Sustaining Resilience by Fostering Creativity and Strengthening Social Support
1.2. Emerging Adults in Italy and Spain: Young People in Mediterranean Europe
1.3. The Present Study
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measure
2.3.1. Creative Personality Attributes
2.3.2. Divergent Thinking
2.3.3. Social Support
2.3.4. Resilience
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Objective 1: Descriptive Analysis and Statistically Significant Differences between Italy and Spain on Study Variables
3.2. Objective 2: Correlations among Variables Preliminary to Hierarchical Regression Model
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Odriozola-González, P.; Planchuelo-Gómez, A.; Irurtia, M.J.; de Luis-García, R. Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 290, e113108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elmer, T.; Mepham, K.; Stadtfeld, C. Students under lockdown: Comparisons of students’ social networks and mental health before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Switzerland. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0236337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aristovnik, A.; Keržič, D.; Ravšelj, D.; Tomaževič, N.; Umek, L. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on life of higher education students: A global perspective. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Lorenzo, A.; Lattke, L.S.; Rabaglietti, E. Changes in Weight, Body Image Perception and Self-Efficacy: A Study on Italian Adolescents during the Pandemic Period. Eur. J. Humanit. Soc. Sci. 2021, 1, 48–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saulle, R.; De Sario, M.; Bena, A.; Capra, P.; Culasso, M.; Davoli, M.; Minozzi, S. School closures and mental health, wellbeing and health behaviours among children and adolescents during the second COVID-19 wave: A systematic review of the literature. Epidemiol. Prev. 2022, 46, 333–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nitschke, J.P.; Forbes, P.A.G.; Ali, N.; Cutler, J.; Apps, M.A.J.; Lockwood, P.L.; Lamm, C. Resilience during uncertainty? Greater social connectedness during COVID-19 lockdown is associated with reduced distress and fatigue. Br. J. Health Psychol. 2021, 26, 553–569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Banerjee, D.; Rai, M. Social isolation in Covid-19: The impact of loneliness. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 2020, 66, 525–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ford, C.M.; Sharfman, M.P.; Dean, J.W. Factors associated with creative strategic decisions. Creativity Innov. Manag. 2008, 17, 171–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verger, N.B.; Urbanowicz, A.; Shankland, R.; McAloney-Kocaman, K. Coping in isolation: Predictors of individual and household risks and resilience against the COVID-19 pandemic. Soc. Sci. Humanit. Open 2021, 3, 100123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Metzl, E.S.; Morrell, M.A. The role of creativity in models of resilience: Theoretical exploration and practical applications. J. Creat. Ment. Health 2008, 3, 303–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, A.K.; Cromwell, J.R. How to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic with more creativity and innovation. Popul. Health Manag. 2021, 24, 153–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Özmete, E.; Pak, M. The relationship between anxiety levels and perceived social support during the pandemic of COVID-19 in Turkey. Soc. Work Public Health 2020, 35, 603–616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lardone, A.; Sorrentino, P.; Giancamilli, F.; Palombi, T.; Simper, T.; Mandolesi, L.; Lucidi, F.; Chirico, A.; Galli, F. Psychosocial variables and quality of life during the COVID-19 lockdown: A correlational study on a convenience sample of young Italians. PeerJ 2020, 8, e10611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaufman, J.C.; Sternberg, R.J. The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity; Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Kapoor, H.; Kaufman, J.C. Meaning-making through creativity during COVID-19. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 595990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tromp, C.; Sternberg, R.J. Dynamic creativity: A person × task × situation interaction framework. J. Creative Behav. 2022, 56, 553–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walia, C. A Dynamic definition of creativity. Creativity Res. J. 2019, 31, 237–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fauziah, M.; Marmoah, S.; Murwaningsih, T.; Saddhono, K. The effect of thinking actively in a social context and creative problem-solving learning models on divergent-thinking skills viewed from adversity quotient. Eur. J. Educ. Res. 2020, 9, 537–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernández-Díaz, J.R.; Gutiérrez-Ortega, M.; Llamas-Salguero, F.; Cantón-Mayo, I. Creativity and resilience as predictors of career success. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McFadden, S.H.; Basting, A.D. Healthy aging persons and their brains: Promoting resilience through creative engagement. Clin. Geriatr. Med. 2010, 26, 149–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lopez-Persem, A.; Bieth, T.; Guiet, S.; Ovando-Tellez, M.; Volle, E. Through thick and thin: Changes in creativity during the first lockdown of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front. Psychol. 2022, 13, 821550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karwowski, M.; Zielińska, A.; Jankowska, D.M.; Strutyńska, E.; Omelańczuk, I.; Lebuda, I. Creative Lockdown? A Daily Diary Study of Creative Activity During Pandemics. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 600076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Michinov, E.; Michinov, N. Stay at home! When personality profiles influence mental health and creativity during the COVID-19 lockdown. Curr. Psychol. 2021, 42, 5650–5661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ozbay, F.; Johnson, D.C.; Dimoulas, E.; Morgan, C.A., III; Charney, D.; Southwick, S. Social support and resilience to stress: From neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry 2007, 4, 35. Available online: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20806028/ (accessed on 22 January 2024).
- Folk, D.; Okabe-Miyamoto, K.; Dunn, E.; Lyubomirsky, S. Did social connection decline during the first wave of COVID-19?: The role of extraversion. Collabra Psychol. 2020, 6, 37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perry-Smith, J.E. Social yet creative: The role of social relationships in facilitating individual creativity. Acad. Manag. J. 2006, 49, 85–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, C.-S.; Chin, X.-Y.; Chng, S.T.-C.; Lee, J.; Ooi, C.-S. Perceived social support increases creativity: Experimental evidence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Papadopoulos, T.; Roumpakis, A. Southern europe. In Handbook on Society and Social Policy; Edward Elgar Publishing: Cheltenham, UK, 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jurado-Guerrero, T.; Naldini, M. Child and family policy in Southern Europe. In Handbook of Family Policy; Edward Elgar Publishing: Cheltenham, UK, 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez-Campillo, A.; Fernández-Santos, Y. The impact of the economic crisis on the (in)efficiency of public Higher Education institutions in Southern Europe: The case of Spanish universities. Socio-Econ. Plan. Sci. 2020, 71, 100771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Halliburton, A.E.; Hill, M.B.; Dawson, B.L.; Hightower, J.M.; Rueden, H. Increased Stress, Declining Mental Health: Emerging Adults’ Experiences in College during COVID-19. Emerg. Adulthood 2021, 9, 433–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perry, B.L.; Smith, N.C.; Coleman, M.E.; Pescosolido, B.A. Social networks, the COVID-19 pandemic, and emerging adults’ mental health: Resiliency through social bonding and cohesion. Am. J. Public Health 2024, 114 (Suppl. 3), S258–S267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Preetz, R.; Filser, A.; Broemmelhaus, A.; Baalmann, T.; Feldhaus, M. Longitudinal changes in life satisfaction and mental health in emerging adulthood during the COVID-19 pandemic. risk and protective factors. Emerg. Adulthood 2021, 9, 602–617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, Y.; Shao, J.; Zeng, W.; Wu, X.; Huang, D.; Zeng, Y.; Wu, J. Depression and creativity during COVID-19: Psychological resilience as a mediator and deliberate rumination as a moderator. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 665961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arnett, J.J. Emerging adulthood: Understanding the new way of coming of age. In Emerging Adults in America: Coming of Age in the 21st Century; Arnett, J.J., Tanner, J.L., Eds.; American Psychological Association Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2005; pp. 3–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gambin, M.; Sękowski, M.; Woźniak-Prus, M.; Wnuk, A.; Oleksy, T.; Cudo, A.; Hansen, K.; Huflejt-Łukasik, M.; Kubicka, K.; Łyś, A.E.; et al. Generalized anxiety and depressive symptoms in various age groups during the COVID-19 lockdown in Poland. Specific predictors and differences in symptoms severity. Compr. Psychiatry 2020, 105, 152222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pierce, M.; Hope, H.; Ford, T.; Hatch, S.; Hotopf, M.; John, A.; Kontopantelis, E.; Webb, R.; Wessely, S.; McManus, S.; et al. Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population. Lancet Psychiatry 2020, 7, 883–892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kujawa, A.; Green, H.; Compas, B.E.; Dickey, L.; Pegg, S. Exposure to COVID-19 pandemic stress: Associations with depression and anxiety in emerging adults in the United States. Depress. Anxiety 2020, 37, 1280–1288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prowse, R.; Sherratt, F.; Abizaid, A.; Gabrys, R.L.; Hellemans, K.G.C.; Patterson, Z.R.; McQuaid, R.J. Coping with the COVID-19 pandemic: Examining gender differences in stress and mental health among university students. Front. Psychiatry 2021, 12, 650759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krifa, I.; van Zyl, L.E.; Braham, A.; Ben Nasr, S.; Shankland, R. Mental health during COVID-19 pandemic: The role of optimism and emotional regulation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Evens, R.; Reiche, S.; Marek, R.M.; Moon, D.U.; Groß, R.E.; Romanello, A.; Masah, D.J.; Böckheler, M.S.; Gutwinski, S.; Montag, C.; et al. Psychedelic experiences during the early COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from an international online survey. Front. Psychiatry 2021, 12, 732028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calandri, E.; Graziano, F.; Begotti, T.; Cattelino, E.; Gattino, S.; Rollero, C.; Fedi, A. Adjustment to COVID-19 lockdown among italian university students: The role of concerns, change in peer and family relationships and in learning skills, emotional, and academic self-efficacy on depressive symptoms. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 643088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rogowska, A.M.; Ochnik, D.; Kusnierz, C.; Jakubiak, M.; Schuetz, A.; Held, M.J.; Arzensek, A.; Benatov, J.; Berger, R.; Korchagina, E.; et al. Satisfaction with life among university students from nine countries: Cross-national study during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 2262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mana, A.; Super, S.; Sardu, C.; Canal, D.J.; Moran, N.; Sagy, S. Individual, social and national coping resources and their relationships with mental health and anxiety: A comparative study in Israel, Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands during the Coronavirus pandemic. Glob. Health Promot. 2021, 28, 17–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faggioni, M.P.; González-Melado, F.J.; Di Pietro, M.L. National health system cuts and triage decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and Spain: Ethical implications. J. Med. Ethics 2021, 47, 300–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Núñez-Gil, I.J.; Fernández-Pérez, C.; Estrada, V.; Becerra-Muñoz, V.M.; El-Battrawy, I.; Uribarri, A.; Fernández-Rozas, I.; Feltes, G.; Viana-Llamas, M.C.; Trabattoni, D.; et al. Mortality risk assessment in Spain and Italy, insights of the HOPE COVID-19 registry. Intern. Emerg. Med. 2021, 16, 957–966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruiz, M.C.; Devonport, T.J.; Chen-Wilson, C.H.J.; Nicholls, W.; Cagas, J.Y.; Fernandez-Montalvo, J.; Choi, Y.; Robazza, C. A cross-cultural exploratory study of health behaviors and wellbeing during COVID-19. Front. Psychol. 2021, 11, 608216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sandín, B.; Valiente, R.M.; García-Escalera, J.; Chorot, P. Impacto psicológico de la pandemia de COVID-19: Efectos negativos y positivos en población española asociados al periodo de confinamiento nacional. Rev. Psicopatología Psicol. Clínica 2020, 25, 1–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Setyawati, S.M.; Nurfaizal, Y.; Dwiatmadja, C.; Anggraeni, A.I. Ade creative self-efficacy: A new approach to social support and creativity of smes’ owners. Int. J. Econ. Bus. Adm. 2019, 7, 64–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dal Bianco, A.; Ricciari, V.; Spairani, A. La Mobilità Degli Studenti in Italia: Un’analisi Empirica. La Mobilità Degli Studenti in Italia. 2010, pp. 1000–1021. Available online: https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/2410578 (accessed on 22 January 2024).
- Williams, J.R. Revising the declaration of helsinki. World Med. J. 2008, 54, 120–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oldham, G.R.; Cummings, A. Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Acad. Manag. J. 1996, 39, 607–634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gough, H.G. A creative personality scale for the Adjective Check List. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1979, 37, 1398–1405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- López-Fernández, V.; Merino-Soto, C.; Fruto, M.L.M.; Garavito, C.A.O. Analysis of the descriptive and psychometric characteristics of the internal structure of the ribs in spanish. Creativity Res. J. 2019, 31, 229–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Runco, M.A.; Plucker, J.A.; Lim, W. Development and psychometric integrity of a measure of ideational behavior. Creativity Res. J. 2001, 13, 393–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zimet, G.D.; Dahlem, N.W.; Zimet, S.G.; Farley, G.K. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J. Persinal. Assess. 1988, 52, 30–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Connor, K.M.; Davidson, J.R.T. Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress. Anxiety 2003, 18, 76–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Fabio, A.; Palazzeschi, L. Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale: Proprietà psicometriche della versione italiana [Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale: Psychometric properties of the Italian version]. G. Ital. Ric. Appl. 2012, 5, 101–110. Available online: https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/628717 (accessed on 22 January 2024).
- Notario-Pacheco, B.; Solera-Martínez, M.; Serrano-Parra, M.D.; Bartolomé-Gutiérrez, R.; García-Campayo, J.; Martínez-Vizcaíno, V. Reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (10-item CD-RISC) in young adults. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 2011, 9, 63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kline, R. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In Applied Quantitative Analysis in Education and the Social Sciences; Routledge: London, UK, 2013; pp. 171–207. [Google Scholar]
- Hickey, G.L.; Kontopantelis, E.; Takkenberg, J.J.M.; Beyersdorf, F. Statistical primer: Checking model assumptions with regression diagnostics. Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg. 2019, 28, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, S.H. A study on item-analysis of gough’s a creative personality scale for the adjective check list. Adv. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2013, 36, 54–57. [Google Scholar]
- Luescher, R.; Barthelmess, P.Y.; Kim, S.; Richter, U.H.; Mittag, M. Conceptualizing creativity: General and cultural biases in gough’s creative personality scale. J. Creative Behav. 2019, 53, 30–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Prada, E.; Mareque, M.; Pino-Juste, M. Creativity and intercultural experiences: The impact of university international exchanges. Creat. Theor.-Res.-Appl. 2020, 7, 321–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Q.; Zhao, X.; Yuan, Y.; Shi, B. The relationship between creativity and intrusive rumination among chinese teenagers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Emotional resilience as a moderator. Front. Psychol. 2021, 11, 601104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saputra, M.R.; Palupi, L.S. Relationship between social support and psychological well-being of the final year students. In E3S Web of Conferences; EDP Sciences: Les Ulis, France, 2020; Volume 202, p. 12027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Fabio, A.; Saklofske, D.H. Comparing ability and self-report trait emotional intelligence, fluid intelligence, and personality traits in career decision. Pers. Individ. Differ. 2014, 64, 174–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sica, L.S.; Ragozini, G.; Di Palma, T.; Sestito, L.A. Creativity as identity skill? late adolescents’ management of identity, complexity and risk-taking. J. Creative Behav. 2019, 53, 457–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sample | Min | Max | Mean | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | t-Score | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Creative personality | Total | −6 | 13 | 2.58 | 3.25 | 0.46 | 0.52 | |
IT | −3 | 13 | 3.65 | 2.91 | 0.73 | 1.30 | 6.04 ** | |
ES | −6 | 11 | 1.46 | 3.21 | 0.62 | 0.33 | ||
Divergent thinking | Total | 54 | 105 | 79.17 | 9.55 | −0.04 | −0.01 | |
IT | 54 | 105 | 83.01 | 8.81 | −0.21 | 0.35 | 7.64 ** | |
ES | 55 | 101 | 75.14 | 8.62 | 0.05 | 0.31 | ||
Social support | Total | 12 | 84 | 66.65 | 12.83 | −0.94 | 1.42 | |
IT | 32 | 84 | 64.59 | 11.55 | −0.30 | −0.53 | −2.81 ** | |
ES | 12 | 84 | 68.81 | 13.77 | −1.54 | 3.31 | ||
Resilience | Total | 15 | 55 | 38.44 | 7.21 | −0.51 | 0.37 | |
IT | 15 | 55 | 38.04 | 6.93 | −0.53 | 0.71 | −0.96 | |
ES | 16 | 55 | 38.87 | 7.50 | −0.53 | 0.16 |
Variables | Sample | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Creative personality | Total | 0.279 ** | 0.068 | 0.133 * | |
2. Divergent thinking | Total | 0.071 | 0.348 ** | ||
3. Social support | Total | 0.292 ** | |||
4. Resilience | Total |
Total Sample | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Variable | β | t | R2adj | ΔR2 | F(gdl) | |
Step 1 | Gender | 0.146 * | 2.49 | 0.018 | 0.025 | 3.58(2,284) |
Nationality | 0.063 | 1.08 | ||||
Step 2 | Gender | 0.205 ** | 3.62 | 0.116 | 0.101 | 13.56(3,283) |
Nationality | 0.012 | 0.211 | ||||
Social support | 0.328 ** | 5.72 | ||||
Step3 | Gender | 0.181 ** | 3.44 | 0.244 | 0.132 | 19.49(5,281) |
Nationality | 0.208 ** | 3.46 | ||||
Social support | 0.258 ** | 4.77 | ||||
Creative personality attributes | 0.083 | 1.49 | ||||
Divergent thinking | 0.383 ** | 6.08 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
De Lorenzo, A.; García, T.; Areces, D.; Rabaglietti, E. How Do Creativity and Social Support Affect the Resilience of Mediterranean University Students? A Cross-National Study in the Post-Pandemic Period. Adolescents 2024, 4, 311-323. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents4020022
De Lorenzo A, García T, Areces D, Rabaglietti E. How Do Creativity and Social Support Affect the Resilience of Mediterranean University Students? A Cross-National Study in the Post-Pandemic Period. Adolescents. 2024; 4(2):311-323. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents4020022
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Lorenzo, Aurelia, Trinidad García, Débora Areces, and Emanuela Rabaglietti. 2024. "How Do Creativity and Social Support Affect the Resilience of Mediterranean University Students? A Cross-National Study in the Post-Pandemic Period" Adolescents 4, no. 2: 311-323. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents4020022