Contact Resistance Sensing for Touch and Squeeze Interactions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Pilot experiment: to examine the contribution of contact resistance on the total resistance change during compression.
- Experiment 1: to investigate the static resistance properties of samples using six electrode solutions based on three accessible materials—copper tape, conductive fabric tape, and conductive threads.
- Experiment 2: to investigate the dynamic resistance behavior of foam sensors based on two electrode solutions utilizing conductive threads.
2. Related Work
2.1. Sensing for Squeezable Interfaces
2.2. Electrodes for Foam Sensors
3. Test Setup
3.1. Data Acquisition Setup
3.2. Compression Setup
- The primary function of the first component is to provide compression and load control during the deformation process (Figure 1c, 1). Weights are put in a box to exert compression in most experiments. To facilitate vertical descent, the wooden box is accompanied by two elongated bars on each side, designed to align with the tracks of the big wooden box. A box made of paper is used to apply small loads in Experiment 1 (i.e., 0.06 N and 1.04 N) to minimize the weight of the container itself and provide an even contact surface.
- The second component is a larger wooden box (Figure 1c, 2) which is strategically designed to facilitate the controlled vertical descent of the first component (the box). This larger wooden apparatus is equipped with two parallel tracks, situated on both the left and right sides.
4. Pilot Experiment: Conductive Wool vs. Conductive PU Foam
5. Pilot Experiment: Contact Resistance
- Hypothesis 1: The major cause of resistance change is the change in the volume of the foam.
- Hypothesis 2: The major cause of resistance change is the contact between the electrodes and the foam.
- If the changes in resistance were similar in all three circumstances, then the change in volume of the foam would be the major factor causing the change in resistance, therefore suggesting H1;
- If the change in resistance was more significant as the weight was placed on the electrode, then the main factor influencing the resistance would be the contact resistance, therefore suggesting H2.
5.1. Procedure
5.2. Results
5.3. Discussion
6. Experiment 1: Electrode Solutions
6.1. Sample Preparation
- (a)
- Conductive copper tape (AT528, Advance Tapes, Leicester, UK): 19 mm × 30 mm;
- (b)
- Conductive fabric tape (MDFT-10F-1I, MOS Equipment, Santa Barbara, CA, USA): 19 mm × 30 mm;
- (c)
- One piece of conductive thread inserted into the surface of foam (641, Adafruit Inc., New York, NY, USA): 160 mm;
- (d)
- Two pieces of conductive threads inserted into the surfaces of the foam (641, Adafruit Inc., New York, NY, USA): 160 mm × 2 pieces. The distance between two conductive threads that constitute the same electrode is 10 mm;
- (e)
- One piece of conductive thread loosely put on the surface of the foam (641, Adafruit Inc., New York, NY, USA): 160 mm;
- (f)
- Two pieces of conductive thread loosely put on the surface of the foam (641, Adafruit Inc., New York, NY, USA): 160 mm. The distance between two conductive threads that constitute the same electrode is 10 mm.
6.2. Procedure
6.3. Methods of Analysis
- The coefficient of variation (CV) of the first 1500 data points before deformation, defined by the ratio of standard deviation (SD) to the mean value, denoted as .
- The CV of the last 1500 data points during compression, denoted as .
- The SD of the /R0 values for each sample under the same strain in Test 1, denoted as ).
- The SD of the /R values for each sample under the same load in Test 2, denoted as ).
6.4. Results
6.5. Discussion
7. Experiment 2: Dynamic Resistance Behaviors under Manual Compression
7.1. Test 1: Single Impulse and Constant Compression
7.1.1. Procedure
7.1.2. Methods of Analysis
7.1.3. Results and Discussion
7.2. Test 2: Cyclic Compression
7.2.1. Procedure
7.2.2. Results and Discussion
8. Applications
8.1. Finger Interaction: Bubble Popping
8.2. Hand Interaction: Interactive Stress Ball
9. Discussion: Design Guidelines for Foam-Based Squeezable Interfaces
9.1. Leveraging Contact Resistance Instead of Minimizing It
9.2. Choosing Electrode Solution Based on System Requirements
9.3. Calibrating Data Based on Electrical Properties
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PU | Polyurethane |
HCI | Human–Computer Interaction |
DIY | Do-It-Yourself |
CV | Coefficient of Variation |
UTP | Unshielded Twisted Pair |
FSR | Force-Sensitive Resistor |
Appendix A. Contact Resistance—Sample 2
Appendix B. Table—Variance of Resistance Change Across Samples
Electrode | ) (%) | ) (%) |
---|---|---|
a. Copper tape | 10.91 | 4.76 |
b. Fabric tape | 6.21 | 4.61 |
c. Thread (insert, 1 piece) | 5.34 | 3.79 |
d. Thread (insert, 2 pieces) | 8.00 | 4.22 |
e. Thread (surface, 1 piece) | 7.78 | 8.90 |
f. Thread (surface, 2 pieces) | 6.64 | 6.60 |
Appendix C. Experiments of Electrode Distance and Compression Direction
- Test 1 (T1): electrode distance
- Test 2 (T2): compression direction
Appendix C.1. Procedure
Appendix C.2. Methods of Analysis
Appendix C.3. Results
Appendix D. Supplementary Plots for Dynamic Resistance Behavior
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Electrode | R (ohm) | CV | CV | (%) | (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a. Copper tape | 18,801 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 4.19 | 3.09 |
b. Fabric tape | 12,418 | 0.011 | 0.013 | 4.26 | 2.05 |
c. Thread (insert, 1 piece) | 11,293 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 3.09 | 2.75 |
d. Thread (insert, 2 pieces) | 11,120 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 3.78 | 2.17 |
e. Thread (surface, 1 piece) | 27,857 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 3.46 | 3.35 |
f. Thread (surface, 2 pieces) | 85,735 | 0.017 | 0.007 | 2.76 | 1.82 |
Electrode | Cost | Sensitivity | Stability | Repeatability | Tactile Sensation | Interaction Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Copper tape | 0.014 euro/cm | Medium | Medium | Medium | Rigid | One dimensional |
Fabric tape | 0.016 euro/cm | Medium | Medium | Medium | Stiff fabric | One dimensional |
Thread—insert | 0.007 euro/cm | Medium | High | Medium-high | Soft | Multi-dimensional |
Thread—surface | High | Medium | High | Soft | One dimensional |
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Zhou, N.; Devleminck, S.; Geurts, L. Contact Resistance Sensing for Touch and Squeeze Interactions. Multimodal Technol. Interact. 2024, 8, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti8020014
Zhou N, Devleminck S, Geurts L. Contact Resistance Sensing for Touch and Squeeze Interactions. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction. 2024; 8(2):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti8020014
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Nianmei, Steven Devleminck, and Luc Geurts. 2024. "Contact Resistance Sensing for Touch and Squeeze Interactions" Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 8, no. 2: 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti8020014