Study on the Optimization, Extraction Kinetics and Thermodynamics of the Ultrasound-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction of Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Different Extraction Methods
2.2.1. Enzymatic Extraction (EE)
2.2.2. Ultrasound-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction (UAE) and Ultrasonic Extraction (UE)
2.3. Determination of the Yield of TFP
2.4. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Box–Behnken Design (BBD)
2.5. Determination of Extraction Kinetic Parameters
- (a)
- The crushed T. fuciformis are uniform spherical particles, and the particle shape remains almost unchanged throughout the whole extraction process.
- (b)
- At the beginning of extraction and any sampling interval, the T. fuciformis particles are evenly distributed, and the mass transfer resistance of the particle surface can be ignored.
- (c)
- TFPs are evenly distributed in the T. fuciformis particles with radial diffusion (ignoring axial diffusion), and the mass concentration and diffusion coefficients of TFPs remain constant.
- (d)
- There are no chemical reactions or degradation of polysaccharides during the extraction process.
2.6. Determination of Thermodynamic Parameters
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effects of Single-Factor Extraction Conditions on the TFP Yield
3.2. Model Fitting and Statistical Analysis by RSM
3.3. Effect of Parameter Interactions on TFP Extraction Yield
3.4. Verification of Predictive Model
3.5. Kinetics Analysis
3.5.1. Analysis of k1
3.5.2. Analysis of k2
3.5.3. Analysis of Ds
3.5.4. Analysis of t1/2
3.6. Thermodynamic Parameters Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Run Numbers | A: Ultrasonic Power (W) | B: Duration (min) | C: Temperature (°C) | TFP Yield (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 700 (1) | 40 (0) | 50 (1) | 25.99 |
2 | 600 (0) | 40 (0) | 45 (0) | 25.59 |
3 | 600 (0) | 30 (−1) | 45 (0) | 25.47 |
4 | 500 (−1) | 50 (1) | 45 (0) | 26.54 |
5 | 500 (−1) | 40 (0) | 50 (1) | 24.9 |
6 | 500 (−1) | 40 (0) | 40 (−1) | 22.99 |
7 | 600 (0) | 30 (−1) | 50 (1) | 23.13 |
8 | 500 (−1) | 30 (−1) | 45 (0) | 22.5 |
9 | 700 (1) | 50 (1) | 45 (0) | 28.54 |
10 | 600 (0) | 40 (0) | 45 (0) | 25.39 |
11 | 600 (0) | 50 (1) | 50 (1) | 27.85 |
12 | 600 (0) | 40 (0) | 45 (0) | 25.37 |
13 | 700 (1) | 30 (−1) | 45 (0) | 25.16 |
14 | 600 (0) | 30 (−1) | 40 (−1) | 22.76 |
15 | 600 (0) | 50 (1) | 40 (−1) | 26.67 |
16 | 700 (1) | 40 (0) | 40 (−1) | 26.41 |
17 | 600 (0) | 40 (0) | 45 (0) | 25.69 |
Variables | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 46.61 | 9 | 5.18 | 139.25 | <0.0001 |
A | 10.51 | 1 | 10.51 | 282.61 | <0.0001 |
B | 32.20 | 1 | 32.20 | 865.75 | <0.0001 |
C | 1.15 | 1 | 1.15 | 31.06 | 0.0008 |
AB | 0.11 | 1 | 0.11 | 2.93 | 0.1308 |
AC | 1.36 | 1 | 1.36 | 36.49 | 0.0005 |
BC | 0.16 | 1 | 0.16 | 4.41 | 0.0739 |
A2 | 0.025 | 1 | 0.025 | 0.66 | 0.4425 |
B2 | 0.048 | 1 | 0.048 | 1.28 | 0.2945 |
C2 | 1.08 | 1 | 1.08 | 28.98 | 0.0010 |
Residual | 0.26 | 7 | 0.037 | ||
Lack of fit | 0.19 | 3 | 0.062 | 3.35 | 0.1365 |
Pure error | 0.074 | 4 | 0.019 | ||
Cor. Total | 46.87 | 16 |
Extraction Methods | Temperature (°C) | Linear Equation | R2 | y∞ | k1 (min−1) | Da (×10−4 mm2/min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UAE | 30 | y = 0.0143x + 2.4369 | 0.9830 | 23.99 | 0.0143 | 2.44 |
35 | y = 0.0163x + 2.4501 | 0.9905 | 26.37 | 0.0163 | 2.55 | |
40 | y = 0.0169x + 2.4478 | 0.9907 | 27.84 | 0.0169 | 2.68 | |
45 | y = 0.0175x + 2.5841 | 0.9360 | 31.06 | 0.0175 | 2.86 | |
50 | y = 0.0104x + 2.8015 | 0.9525 | 27.72 | 0.0104 | 2.74 | |
UE | 30 | y = 0.146x + 2.1338 | 0.9866 | 18.21 | 0.0146 | 2.28 |
35 | y = 0.0147x + 2.1796 | 0.9773 | 19.04 | 0.0147 | 2.41 | |
40 | y = 0.0156x + 2.1873 | 0.9698 | 19.96 | 0.0156 | 2.56 | |
45 | y = 0.0169x + 2.2332 | 0.9176 | 20.94 | 0.0169 | 2.77 | |
50 | y = 0.0164x + 2.2328 | 0.9242 | 20.16 | 0.0164 | 2.74 | |
EE | 30 | y = 0.0029x + 2.1172 | 0.9473 | 10.79 | 0.0029 | 0.51 |
35 | y = 0.0036x + 2.1134 | 0.9907 | 10.98 | 0.0036 | 0.58 | |
40 | y = 0.0039x + 2.0769 | 0.9519 | 11.01 | 0.0039 | 0.63 | |
45 | y = 0.0046x + 2.1523 | 0.9136 | 11.90 | 0.0046 | 0.70 | |
55 | y = 0.0034x + 2.1930 | 0.9729 | 11.86 | 0.0034 | 0.70 |
Extraction Methods | Temperature (°C) | Exponential Equation | R2 | k2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
UAE | 30 | y = 0.6263exp(−0.3461x) | 0.9434 | 0.0346 |
35 | y = 0.6764exp(−0.0358x) | 0.9095 | 0.0358 | |
40 | y = 0.6824exp(−0.0356x) | 0.9302 | 0.0356 | |
45 | y = 0.7241exp(−0.0409x) | 0.9719 | 0.0409 | |
50 | y = 0.4933exp(−0.0392x) | 0.9133 | 0.0392 | |
UE | 30 | y = 0.6328exp(−0.0329x) | 0.9122 | 0.0329 |
35 | y = 0.6378exp(−0.0338x) | 0.9361 | 0.0338 | |
40 | y = 0.6673exp(−0.0348x) | 0.9584 | 0.0348 | |
45 | y = 0.7025exp(−0.0447x) | 0.9795 | 0.0447 | |
50 | y = 0.7014exp(−0.0459x) | 0.9545 | 0.0459 | |
EE | 30 | y = 0.2390exp(−0.0141x) | 0.9165 | 0.0141 |
35 | y = 0.2611exp(−0.0177x) | 0.9863 | 0.0177 | |
40 | y = 0.2871exp(−0.0158x) | 0.9098 | 0.0158 | |
45 | y = 0.3013exp(−0.0214x) | 0.9435 | 0.0214 | |
50 | y = 0.2557exp(−0.00161x) | 0.9156 | 0.0161 |
Extraction Methods | Ea (kJ/mol) | ∆H (kJ/mol) | ∆S (J/mol) | ∆G (kJ/mol) (318.15 K) |
---|---|---|---|---|
UAE | 8.25 | 5.66 | −261.19 | 88.76 |
UE | 10.43 | 7.85 | −254.74 | 88.89 |
EE | 23.90 | 21.33 | −223.14 | 92.31 |
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Hou, F.; Song, S.; Yang, S.; Wang, Y.; Jia, F.; Wang, W. Study on the Optimization, Extraction Kinetics and Thermodynamics of the Ultrasound-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction of Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharides. Foods 2024, 13, 1408. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091408
Hou F, Song S, Yang S, Wang Y, Jia F, Wang W. Study on the Optimization, Extraction Kinetics and Thermodynamics of the Ultrasound-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction of Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharides. Foods. 2024; 13(9):1408. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091408
Chicago/Turabian StyleHou, Furong, Shasha Song, Shuhui Yang, Yansheng Wang, Fengjuan Jia, and Wenliang Wang. 2024. "Study on the Optimization, Extraction Kinetics and Thermodynamics of the Ultrasound-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction of Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharides" Foods 13, no. 9: 1408. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091408