Production of Margarine Fat Containing Medium- and Long-Chain Triacylglycerols by Enzymatic Interesterification of Peony Seed Oil, Palm Stearin and Coconut Oil Blends
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Fat Blending
2.3. Enzymatic Interesterification
2.4. Fatty Acid Composition
2.5. Triacylglycerol Composition
2.6. Peroxide Value
2.7. Slip Melting Point
2.8. Solid Fat Content
2.9. Melting and Crystallization Characteristics
2.10. Polymorphism
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fatty Acid Composition
3.2. Triacylglycerol Composition
3.3. Peroxide Value
3.4. Slip Melting Point and Solid Fat Content
3.5. Melting and Crystallisation Characteristics
3.6. Polymorphism
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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FA (%) | PSO | PS | CO | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C6:0 | ND | ND | 0.64 ± 0.02 a | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
C8:0 | ND | ND | 8.88 ± 0.40 a | 0.37 ± 0.01 b | 0.41 ± 0.01 b | 0.37 ± 0.02 b | 0.37 ± 0.01 b | 0.43 ± 0.00 b |
C10:0 | ND | ND | 8.20 ± 0.42 a | 0.40 ± 0.02 b | 0.43 ± 0.02 b | 0.44 ± 0.06 b | 0.42 ± 0.01 b | 0.44 ± 0.00 b |
C12:0 | ND | 0.17 ±0.01 c | 35.89 ± 0.11 a | 3.69 ± 0.12 b | 3.80 ± 0.13 b | 3.79 ± 0.14 b | 3.90 ± 0.10 b | 3.90 ± 0.03 b |
C14:0 | 0.05 ± 0.00 d | 1.40 ± 0.03 c | 19.88 ± 1.11 a | 2.26 ± 0.16 b | 2.37 ± 0.08 b | 2.70 ± 0.04 b | 2.82 ± 0.01 b | 2.65 ± 0.04 b |
C16:0 | 6.69 ± 0.19 g | 48.34 ± 0.12 a | 11.87 ± 0.16 f | 29.94 ± 0.97 e | 32.40 ± 0.60 d | 32.43 ± 1.27 d | 34.15 ± 0.20 c | 36.66 ± 0.40 b |
C17:0 | ND | 0.18 ± 0.00 a | ND | 0.12 ± 0.01 cd | 0.12 ± 0.02 d | 0.14 ± 0.01 bc | 0.15 ± 0.00 b | 0.14 ± 0.01 bcd |
C18:0 | 4.58 ± 0.02 e | 8.63 ± 0.13 a | 5.27 ± 0.01 d | 6.45 ± 0.32 c | 6.30 ± 0.05 c | 7.49 ± 0.59 b | 7.63 ± 0.13 b | 7.62 ± 0.06 b |
C18:1 | 25.05 ± 0.10 e | 33.09 ± 0.21 a | 8.01 ± 0.10 f | 27.24 ± 0.44 d | 27.23 ± 0.21 d | 27.82 ± 0.44 cd | 28.17 ± 0.13 bc | 28.84 ± 0.64 b |
C18:2 | 26.80 ± 0.58 a | 7.57 ± 0.14 g | 1.23 ± 0.09 h | 14.35 ± 0.11 b | 13.58 ± 0.45 c | 12.73 ± 0.20 d | 11.90 ± 0.04 e | 10.96 ± 0.28 f |
C18:3 | 36.30 ± 0.31 a | ND | ND | 14.76 ± 0.30 b | 12.95 ± 0.27 c | 11.56 ± 0.38 d | 9.93 ± 0.05 e | 7.87 ± 0.06 f |
C20:0 | 0.24 ± 0.00 d | 0.62 ± 0.02 a | 0.13 ± 0.01 e | 0.41 ± 0.02 c | 0.40 ± 0.02 c | 0.53 ± 0.09 b | 0.57 ± 0.00 ab | 0.52 ± 0.00 b |
C22:0 | 0.30 ± 0.00 a | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
ΣUSFA | 88.14 ± 0.17 a | 40.67 ± 0.08 g | 9.24 ± 0.03 h | 56.36 ± 0.64 b | 53.76 ± 0.51 c | 52.11 ± 0.64 d | 49.99 ± 0.04 e | 47.66 ± 0.37 f |
TAG (%) | PSO | PS | CO | B1 | E1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CaCaCa | ND | TD | 2.58 ± 0.12 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | TD |
CaCaLa | ND | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 17.89 ± 0.59 | 1.82 ± 0.11 | 0.04 ± 0.02 |
CaLaLa | ND | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 18.85 ± 0.71 | 1.97 ± 0.13 | 0.08 ± 0.03 |
LnLnLn | 5.61 ± 0.18 | TD | TD | 2.17 ± 0.06 | 0.12 ± 0.01 |
LnLnL | 4.64 ± 0.15 | TD | TD | 1.67 ± 0.14 | 0.33 ± 0.03 |
LaLaM | ND | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 22.94 ± 1.09 | 2.05 ± 0.15 | 0.12 ± 0.04 |
LnLL | 5.94 ± 0.19 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | TD | 2.34 ± 0.10 | 0.94 ± 0.06 |
LnLnO | 5.90 ± 0.21 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | TD | 2.40 ± 0.09 | 0.92 ± 0.06 |
LnLnP | 2.71 ± 0.10 | TD | TD | 1.07 ± 0.04 | 1.04 ± 0.04 |
LaLaO | ND | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 3.96 ± 0.18 | 0.26 ± 0.06 | 0.64 ± 0.04 |
LaMM | ND | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 13.33 ± 0.44 | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 0.37 ± 0.02 |
LLL | 5.80 ± 0.13 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | TD | 2.25 ± 0.15 | 0.80 ± 0.05 |
LnLnS | 1.93 ± 0.09 | TD | TD | 0.62 ± 0.05 | 0.70 ± 0.02 |
LnLO | 8.98 ± 0.21 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 3.56 ± 0.13 | 2.05 ± 0.17 |
LnLP | 2.30 ± 0.08 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | TD | 0.90 ± 0.06 | 2.55 ± 0.13 |
PoLL | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | ND | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.04 |
LaMO | ND | ND | 2.67 ± 0.20 | 0.17 ± 0.05 | 0.47 ± 0.03 |
LaPM | ND | ND | 8.73 ± 0.31 | 0.58 ± 0.04 | 0.86 ± 0.14 |
LnLS | 6.43 ± 0.17 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 1.18 ± 0.10 | 1.76 ± 0.11 |
LLO | 8.86 ± 0.22 | 0.42 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 3.99 ± 0.29 | 2.52 ± 0.20 |
LnOO | 7.14 ± 0.15 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 3.12 ± 0.20 | 2.67 ± 0.13 |
LnOP | 3.64 ± 0.15 | 0.66 ± 0.05 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 1.80 ± 0.12 | 6.54 ± 0.26 |
LLP | 3.45 ± 0.07 | 1.30 ± 0.11 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 2.01 ± 0.13 | 3.55 ± 0.11 |
LaOO | TD | ND | 0.65 ± 0.05 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 1.40 ± 0.07 |
LaPO | ND | ND | 1.72 ± 0.13 | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 3.93 ± 0.25 |
MMO | ND | 0.04 | 1.02 ± 0.09 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 1.50 ± 0.09 |
LaPP | ND | ND | 1.81 ± 0.13 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 3.59 ± 0.23 |
LOO | 3.57 ± 0.14 | 0.98 ± 0.08 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 1.60 ± 0.09 | 2.09 ± 0.16 |
LLS | 2.94 ± 0.09 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.84 ± 0.05 | 1.33 ± 0.06 |
LOP | 3.15 ± 0.08 | 7.60 ± 0.54 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 4.06 ± 0.19 | 6.95 ± 0.15 |
PoOO | 1.04 ± 0.05 | 2.51 ± 0.15 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 1.33 ± 0.07 | 2.33 ± 0.08 |
PPL | 0.53 ± 0.04 | 9.38 ± 0.41 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 4.42 ± 0.26 | 6.07 ± 0.29 |
POPo | 0.40 ± 0.04 | 7.02 ± 0.35 | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 3.30 ± 0.26 | 4.30 ± 0.14 |
MPO | TD | 2.29 ± 0.14 | 0.95 ± 0.08 | 0.97 ± 0.07 | 1.91 ± 0.15 |
OOO | 4.85 ± 0.12 | 2.36 ± 0.09 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 2.45 ± 0.11 | 2.19 ± 0.13 |
SOL | 5.89 ± 0.14 | 2.85 ± 0.22 | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 2.82 ± 0.11 | 2.82 ± 0.20 |
POO | 1.65 ± 0.07 | 9.25 ± 0.68 | 0.24 ± 0.07 | 4.59 ± 0.20 | 3.60 ± 0.17 |
PPO | 0.68 ± 0.06 | 26.21 ± 1.07 | 1.05 ± 0.08 | 14.07 ± 0.69 | 12.80 ± 0.49 |
PPP | ND | 8.68 ± 0.32 | 0.31 ± 0.07 | 11.03 ± 0.29 | 6.72 ± 0.27 |
SOO | 1.34 ± 0.10 | 2.71 ± 0.11 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 1.60 ± 0.05 | 1.03 ± 0.08 |
POS | 0.37 ± 0.04 | 10.00 ± 0.53 | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 4.70 ± 0.18 | 3.28 ± 0.11 |
SPP | ND | 3.15 ± 0.11 | ND | 3.86 ± 0.14 | 2.46 ± 0.15 |
SSO | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.77 ± 0.04 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 0.22 ± 0.03 |
SSP | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.43 ± 0.03 | ND | 0.46 ± 0.03 | 0.31 ± 0.02 |
SSS | TD | 0.02 ± 0.01 | TD | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 |
S3 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 12.53 ± 0.39 | 86.44 ± 2.87 | 23.07 ± 1.07 | 14.59 ± 0.52 |
S2U | 1.76 ± 0.11 | 48.70 ± 1.56 | 11.66 ± 0.38 | 25.21 ± 0.92 | 30.81 ± 2.01 |
SU2 | 35.83 ± 1.33 | 31.96 ± 0.89 | 1.64 ± 0.05 | 24.82 ± 1.12 | 37.55 ± 1.83 |
U3 | 62.37 ± 1.42 | 6.80 ± 0.37 | 0.26 ± 0.05 | 26.90 ± 0.78 | 17.05 ± 0.40 |
MLCT | ND | 0.18 ± 0.04 | 55.80 ± 1.81 | 2.92 ± 0.13 | 11.38 ± 0.36 |
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Zhang, M.; Xu, B.; Zhao, D.; Shen, M.; Li, M.; Liu, D.; Liu, L. Production of Margarine Fat Containing Medium- and Long-Chain Triacylglycerols by Enzymatic Interesterification of Peony Seed Oil, Palm Stearin and Coconut Oil Blends. Foods 2024, 13, 1405. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091405
Zhang M, Xu B, Zhao D, Shen M, Li M, Liu D, Liu L. Production of Margarine Fat Containing Medium- and Long-Chain Triacylglycerols by Enzymatic Interesterification of Peony Seed Oil, Palm Stearin and Coconut Oil Blends. Foods. 2024; 13(9):1405. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091405
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Man, Baocheng Xu, Dongkun Zhao, Mengqi Shen, Mengjie Li, Donghao Liu, and Lili Liu. 2024. "Production of Margarine Fat Containing Medium- and Long-Chain Triacylglycerols by Enzymatic Interesterification of Peony Seed Oil, Palm Stearin and Coconut Oil Blends" Foods 13, no. 9: 1405. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091405