Microwave Characterization and Modelling of PA6/GNPs Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- (1)
- 109.22 mm × 54.61 mm (WR430)
- (2)
- 22.86 mm × 10.16 mm (WR90)
2.1. Methods
2.2. Experimental Set-Up
3. Results
3.1. WR430
3.2. WR90
3.3. Global Results
3.4. EM Simulations
4. Conclusions
- (a)
- regardless of the waveguide system used (WR430, WR90), a slightly decreasing trend in frequency can be observed for all the parameters (real and imaginary parts) with values that are in line with the few results that can be found in literature;
- (b)
- a 4 cm thick parallelepiped whose dielectric characteristics are equal to the ones measured for the 5 wt% samples, attenuates the E-field of 20 dB @9 GHz.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bozzi, M.; Pierantoni, L.; Bellucci, S. Applications of Graphene at Microwave Frequencies. Radioengineering 2015, 24, 661–669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geim, A.; Novoselov, K. The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 183–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- You, X.; Yang, J.; Feng, Q.; Huang, K.; Zhou, H.; Hu, J.; Dong, S. Three-dimensional gra-phene-based materials by direct ink writing method for lightweight application. Int. J. Lightweight Mater. Manuf. 2018, 1, 96–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, S.; Moore, A.L.; Cai, W.; Suk, J.W.; An, J.; Mishra, C.; Amos, C.; Magnuson, C.W.; Kang, J.; Shi, L.; et al. Raman Measurements of Thermal Transport in Suspended Monolayer Graphene of Variable Sizes in Vacuum and Gaseous Environments. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 321–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, S.J.; Choi, K.; Lee, B.; Kim, Y.; Hong, B.H. Materials for Flexible, Stretchable Electronics: Graphene and 2D Materials. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 2015, 45, 63–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sang, M.; Shin, J.; Kim, K.; Yu, K.J. Electronic and Thermal Properties of Graphene and Recent Advances in Graphene Based Electronics Applications. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lee, C.; Wei, X.; Kysar, J.W.; Hone, J. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 2008, 321, 385–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wassei, J.K.; Kaner, R.B. Graphene, a promising transparent conductor. Mater. Today 2010, 13, 52–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jia, Z.; Zhang, M.; Liu, B.; Wang, F.; Wei, G.; Su, Z. Graphene Foams for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding: A Review. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2020, 3, 6140–6155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Song, R.; Zhao, X.; Fang, R.; Zhang, B.; Qian, W.; Zhang, J.; Liu, C.; He, D. Flexible Graphene-Assembled Film-Based Antenna for Wireless Wearable Sensor with Miniaturized Size and High Sensitivity. ACS Omega 2020, 5, 12937–12943. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lima, R.M.A.P.; de Oliveira, M.C.A.; de Oliveira, H.P. Wearable supercapacitors based on graphene nanoplatelets/carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole composites on cotton yarns electrodes. SN Appl. Sci. 2019, 1, 325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cataldi, P.; Ceseracciu, L.; Athanassiou, A.; Bayer, I.S. Healable cotton–graphene nanocomposite conductor for wearable electronics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 13825–13830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moriche, R.; Sanchez, M.; Jiménez-Suárez, A.; Prolongo, S.; Urena, A. Strain monitoring mechanisms of sensors based on the addition of graphene nanoplatelets into an epoxy matrix. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2016, 123, 65–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zuo, Y.-T.; Liu, H.-J. Fractal approach to mechanical and electrical properties of graphene/SiC composites. Facta Univ. Ser. Mech. Eng. 2021, 19, 271–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, J.-T. A new proof of the dual optimization problem and its application to the optimal material distribution of SiC/graphene composite. Rep. Mech. Eng. 2020, 1, 187–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Le, N.L.; Nguyen, T.P.; Vu, H.N.; Nguyen, T.T.; Vu, M.D. An Analytical Approach of Nonlinear Thermo-mechanical Buckling of Functionally Graded Graphene-reinforced Composite Laminated Cylindrical Shells under Compressive Axial Load Surrounded by Elastic Foundation. J. Appl. Comput. Mech. 2020, 6, 357–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Ma, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, L.; Cao, D.; Gu, J. Polymer-based EMI shielding composites with 3D conductive networks: A mini-review. SusMat 2021, 1, 413–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, W.; Zhao, Y.; Wang, X.; Cai, W.; Wang, J.; Song, L.; Hu, Y. Multifunctional epoxy composites with highly flame retardant and effective electromagnetic interference shielding performances. Compos. Part B Eng. 2020, 192, 107990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Zhou, Z.; Zhou, C.; Sun, W.; Gao, J.; Dai, K.; Yan, D.; Li, Z. Lightweight and Robust Carbon Nanotube/Polyimide Foam for Efficient and Heat-Resistant Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Microwave Absorption. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 8704–8712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, S.; Yan, Y.; Gao, A.; Zhao, S.; Cui, J.; Zhang, G. Flexible polydimethylsilane nanocomposites enhanced with a threedimensional graphene/carbon nanotube bicontinuous framework for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 26723–26732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuang, T.; Chang, L.; Chen, F.; Sheng, Y.; Fu, D.; Peng, X. Facile preparation of lightweight high-strength biodegradable polymer/multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite foams for electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon 2016, 105, 305–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, F.; Wang, H.; Huang, F.; Guo, Y.; Wang, Z.; Hui, D.; Zhou, Z. Graphene-based microwave absorbing composites: A review and prospective. Compos. Part B Eng. 2018, 137, 260–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahzad, F.; Yu, S.; Kumar, P.; Lee, J.-W.; Kim, Y.-H.; Hong, S.M.; Koo, C.M. Sulfur doped graphene/polystyrene nanocomposites for electromagnetic interference shielding. Compos. Struct. 2015, 133, 1267–1275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, Z.; Cai, Y.; Zhan, Y.; Meng, Y.; Li, Y.; Xie, Q.; Xia, H. Thermal insulating rubber foams embedded with segregated carbon nanotube networks for electromagnetic shielding applications. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 435, 135118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.-S.; Huang, H.; Zhou, Y.-J.; Zhang, C.-Y.; Li, Z.-T. Research progress of graphene-based microwave absorbing materials in the last decade. J. Mater. Res. 2017, 32, 1213–1230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong, S.K.; Kim, K.Y.; Kim, T.Y.; Kim, J.H.; Park, S.W.; Kim, J.H.; Cho, B.J. Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of monolayer graphene. Nanotechnology 2012, 23, 455704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sevgi, L. Electromagnetic Screening and Shielding-Effectiveness (SE) Modeling. IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. 2009, 51, 211–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, W.; Cao, M.; Lu, M.; Yang, J.; Ju, H.; Hou, Z.; Liu, J.; Yuan, J.; Fan, L. Alignment of graphene sheets in wax composites for electromagnetic interference shielding improvement. Nanotechnology 2013, 24, 115708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, S.; Oh, J.-S.; Kim, M.-G.; Jang, W.; Wang, M.; Kim, Y.; Seo, H.W.; Kim, Y.C.; Lee, J.-H.; Lee, Y.; et al. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) transparent shielding of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) interleaved structure fabricated by electrophoretic deposition. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 17647–17653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graphene Flagship. Available online: https://graphene-flagship.eu/ (accessed on 11 November 2021).
- Cataldi, P.; Athanassiou, A.; Bayer, I.S. Graphene Nanoplatelets-Based Advanced Materials and Recent Progress in Sustainable Applications. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- 3DS-Dassault Systèmes®. Available online: https://www.3ds.com/it/prodotti-e-servizi/simulia/prodotti/cst-studio-suiter/ (accessed on 11 November 2021).
- Ravago. Available online: https://www.ravago.com/ (accessed on 12 November 2021).
- Nanesa. Available online: http://nanesa.com/en-US/Graphene/G2Nan (accessed on 12 November 2021).
- Baker-Jarvis, J.R.; Janezic, M.D.; Riddle, B.F.; Johnk, R.T.; Holloway, C.L.; Geyer, R.G.; Grosvenor, C.A. Measuring the Permittivity and Permeability of Lossy Materials: Solids, Liquids, Metals, Building Materials, and Negative-Index Materials; NIST Technical Note 1536; National Institute of Standards and Technology: Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2005.
- Materials Measurement Software: Technical Overview; Technical Report 85071E; Agilent Technol: Santa Clara, CA, USA, 2012.
- Nicolson, A.M.; Ross, G.F. Measurement of the intrinsic properties of materials by time-domain techniques. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 1970, 19, 377–382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Weir, W.B. Automatic measurement of complex dielectric constant and permeability at microwave frequencies. Proc. IEEE 1974, 62, 33–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baker-Jarvis, J.; Janezic, M.D.; Grosvenor, J.H., Jr.; Geyer, R.G. Transmission/Reflection and Short-Circuit Line Methods for Measuring Permittivity and Permeability; Technical Note 1355-R; NIST: Boulder, CO, USA, 1992.
- Baker-Jarvis, J.; Vanzura, E.J.; Kissick, W.A. Improved technique for determining complex permittivity with the transmission/reflection method. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Technol. 1990, 38, 1096–1103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Piuzzi, E.; Cannazza, G.; Cataldo, A.; Chicarella, S.; De Benedetto, E.; Frezza, F.; Pisa, S.; Prontera, S.; Timpani, F. Measurement System for Evaluating Dielectric Permittivity of Granular Materials in the 1.7–2.6-GHz Band. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2015, 65, 1051–1059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piuzzi, E.; Cannazza, G.; Cataldo, A.; De Benedetto, E.; De Giorgi, L.; Frezza, F.; Leucci, G.; Pisa, S.; Pittella, E.; Prontera, S.; et al. A comparative assessment of microwave-based methods for moisture content characterization in stone materials. Measurement 2018, 114, 493–500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ballo, D. Applying Error Correction to Network Analyzer Measurements; Application Note 1287-3; Agilent Technol: Santa Clara, CA, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Polyamide 6—Nylon 6—PA 6. Available online: https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=442 (accessed on 13 February 2022).
- Polyamid PA6. Available online: https://rolec.de/fileadmin/Media/44/a2/Polyamid_PA6_en-.pdf (accessed on 10 May 2022).
- Reyes, N.; Casado, F.; Tapia, V.; Jarufe, C.; Finger, R.; Bronfman, L. Complex Dielectric Permittivity of Engineering and 3D-Printing Polymers at Q-Band. J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves 2018, 39, 1140–1147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, Z.; Luo, J.; Zhao, G. Dielectric and microwave attenuation properties of graphene nanoplatelet–epoxy composites. AIP Adv. 2014, 4, 017139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kashi, S.; Gupta, R.K.; Baum, T.; Kao, N.; Bhattacharya, S.N. Dielectric properties and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of graphene-based biodegradable nanocomposites. Mater. Des. 2016, 109, 68–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shueb, M.I.; Manaf, M.E.A.; Ratnam, C.T.; Mohamad, N.; Mohamed, M. Enhancement of Mechanical and Electrical Properties in Graphene Nanoplatelet Modified Nylon 66. Malays. J. Compos. Sci. Manuf. 2020, 1, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aslanzadeh, S.; Saghlatoon, H.; Honari, M.M.; Mirzavand, R.; Montemagno, C.; Mousavi, P. Investigation on electrical and mechanical properties of 3D printed nylon 6 for RF/microwave electronics applications. Addit. Manuf. 2018, 21, 69–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gabriel, S.; Lau, R.W.; Gabriel, C. The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10Hz to 20 GHz. Phys. Med. Biol. 1996, 41, 2251–2269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cole, S.; Cole, R.H. Dispersion and absorption in dielectrics: I. Alternating current characteristics. J. Chem. Phys. 1941, 9, 341–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cavagnaro, M.; Pittella, E.; Pisa, S. UWB pulse propagation into human tissues. Phys. Med. Biol. 2013, 58, 8689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Debye, P. Zur Theorie der spezifischen Wärmen. Ann. Phys. 1912, 344, 789–839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Afilipoaei, C.; Teodorescu-Draghicescu, H. A Review over Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Composite Materials. Proceedings 2020, 63, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.L.; Tay, B.K.; See, K.Y.; Sun, Z.; Tan, L.K.; Lua, D. Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of carbon-based materials prepared by screen printing. Carbon 2009, 47, 1905–1910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neruda, M.; Vojtech, L. Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Woven Fabrics with High Electrical Conductivity: Complete Derivation and Verification of Analytical Model. Materials 2018, 11, 1657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ram, R.; Khastgir, D.; Rahaman, M. Physical properties of polyvinylidene fluoride/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites with special reference to electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness. Adv. Polym. Technol. 2018, 37, 3287–3296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Russo, P.; Cimino, F.; Tufano, A.; Fabbrocino, F. Thermal and quasi-static mechanical characterization of polyamide 6-graphene nanoplatelets composites. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- N1501A Dielectric Probe Kit. Available online: https://www.keysight.com/it/en/assets/7018-04631/technical-overviews/5992-0264.pdf (accessed on 13 February 2022).
- Pittella, E.; Piuzzi, E.; Russo, P.; Fabbrocino, F. Microwave characterization of Polyamide 6 Graphene Nanoplatelet Composites. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 & IoT (MetroInd4.0&IoT), Rome, Italy, 7–9 June 2021; pp. 488–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garnett, J.C.M., XII. Colours in metal glasses and in metallic films. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Contain. Pap. A Math. Or Phys. Character 1904, 203, 385–420. [Google Scholar]
ε′ | ε″ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
WR430 1.7–2.5 GHz | WR90 8.2–12.4 GHz | WR430 1.7–2.5 GHz | WR90 8.2–12.4 GHz | |
PA6 | 3.0723 ± 0.0095 | 2.999 ± 0.0059 | 0.0107 ± 0.0083 | 0.0091 ± 0.0045 |
1% | 4.195 ± 0.019 | 4.100 ± 0.014 | 0.0227 ± 0.016 | 0.0120 ± 0.0083 |
3% | 5.846 ± 0.038 | 6.159 ± 0.043 | 0.106 ± 0.042 | 0.155 ± 0.043 |
5% | 10.172 ± 0.069 | 9.381 ± 0.060 | 0.493 ± 0.039 | 0.422 ± 0.030 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Pittella, E.; Piuzzi, E.; Russo, P.; Fabbrocino, F. Microwave Characterization and Modelling of PA6/GNPs Composites. Math. Comput. Appl. 2022, 27, 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/mca27030041
Pittella E, Piuzzi E, Russo P, Fabbrocino F. Microwave Characterization and Modelling of PA6/GNPs Composites. Mathematical and Computational Applications. 2022; 27(3):41. https://doi.org/10.3390/mca27030041
Chicago/Turabian StylePittella, Erika, Emanuele Piuzzi, Pietro Russo, and Francesco Fabbrocino. 2022. "Microwave Characterization and Modelling of PA6/GNPs Composites" Mathematical and Computational Applications 27, no. 3: 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/mca27030041