Autoimmune Diseases Following Environmental Disasters: A Narrative Review of the Literature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Formulation of the Research Question
- Population: Disaster survivors;
- Intervention: Environmental disasters;
- Comparison: Not required for this review;
- Outcome: Autoimmune disease development.
2.2. Development of the Review Protocol
2.3. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.4. Search Strategy—Data Source
2.5. Data Extraction, Disagreement Resolution and Results
3. Pathways Linking Climate-Induced Environmental Disasters to Autoimmune Diseases
4. Specific Environmental Disasters and Autoimmune Disease Risk
4.1. Heat Stress and Autoimmune Responses
4.2. Wildfires and Immune System Impact
4.3. Earthquakes and Particulate Matter
4.4. Desert Dust Storms and Health Risks
4.5. Volcanic Eruptions and Immune Triggers
5. Triggering Autoimmune Diseases through Environmental Disasters
5.1. Vector-Borne Diseases
5.2. Waterborne and Foodborne Diseases
5.3. Rodent-Borne Diseases
6. Post-Disaster Stress and Autoimmune Disease Exacerbation
7. Public Health Implications
8. Limitations
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Environmental Disasters | Environmental Factors | Biological Mechanisms | Autoimmune Responses/Diseases | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Heat wave | High temperature | Heat stress Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines Damage to epithelial barrier Epigenetic changes Heat shock proteins | Systemic lupus erythematosus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, ANCA-associated Vasculitis, Behçet’s disease, cutaneous organ-specific autoimmune diseases (Vitiligo, Psoriasis, Alopecia, Pemphigus) | [51,52] |
Wildfire | PM2.5 particles | Oxidative stress Damage to epithelial barrier Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines | Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Psoriasis, connective tissue diseases, Inflammatory Bowel disease, Multiple sclerosis | [67,68,75,76,77,78] |
Soil microbiome disruption | Inhalation of heat- and stress-resistant spores such as Coccidioides spores | Autoantibodies against Ku autoantigen MPO-ANCA Vasculitis | [89,90] | |
Earthquake | PM2.5 particles containing dust and silica | Oxidative stress Damage to epithelial barrier Macrophage death Chronic inflammation | Antinuclear antibodies Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Systemic sclerosis, ANCA-associated Vasculitis | [92,93,94,95,96,98,99] |
Desert Dust Storm | Dust particles containing silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), iron (Fe2O3) and titanium (TiO2) oxides | Oxidative stress Damage to epithelial barrier Activation of complement proteins Chemotaxis of alveolar macrophages and inflammation | Sarcoidosis, Pneumoconiosis, Pulmonary fibrosis, Silicosis | [107,108,109,110] |
Volcanic Eruption | Toxic volcanic trace elements containing heavy and alkali metals | Oxidative stress Accelerating the progressive destruction of myelin | Multiple sclerosis | [111] |
Diseases | Associated Autoimmune Responses and Diseases | References |
---|---|---|
Malaria | Autoimmune anemia | [131,132,133,134,135,136,137] |
Anti-phospholipid antibodies | [131] | |
Systemic lupus erythematosus | [138] | |
ANA antibodies | [138] | |
Anti-dsDNA antibodies | [139] | |
Anti-ssDNA antibodies | [138] | |
Dengue | Myasthenia Gravis | [146,147] |
Autoantibodies against coagulation factors, platelets and endothelial cells, pemphigus | [141,142,143,144,145] | |
Multiple sclerosis | [146,147] | |
Reiter’s syndrome | [146,147] | |
Autoimmune encephalomyelitis | [149] | |
Systemic vasculitis | [148] | |
Systemic lupus erythematosus | [146,147] | |
Primary adrenocortical insufficiency | [146,147] | |
Zika | Guillain–Barré syndrome | [155,156,159] |
Idiopathic thrombocyto-penic purpura | [157,158] | |
Multiple sclerosis | [160] | |
West Nile | Autoimmune encephalitis | [163,164] |
Myasthenia gravis | [165] | |
Guillain–Barré syndrome | [166,167,168] | |
Chikungunya | Rheumatoid arthritis | [169,170,171] |
Sjögren’s syndrome | [172,173] | |
Leishmaniasis | ANA, ANCA, AMA-M2, anti-LC1, anti-LKM1, anti CENP-B, anti-SSA, anti-SSB, anti-Jo1, anti-dsDNA, and RF positivity | [178,179] |
Diseases | Associated Autoimmune Responses and Diseases | References |
---|---|---|
Salmonellosis | Ulcerative colitis | [195,196] |
Crohn’s disease | [195,196] | |
Reactive arthritis | [194] | |
Reiter’s syndrome | [197] | |
SLE | [201] | |
HLA-B27 | [199] | |
Anti-dsDNA, antithyroglobulin, RF and nuclear staining with HEp-2 cell positivity | [200] | |
Shigellosis | Ulcerative colitis | [193,198] |
Crohn’s disease | [193,198] | |
HLA-B27 | [193,198] | |
Giardiasis | Crohn’s disease | [202] |
Reactive arthritis | [203] | |
tTG and EMA antibody positivity | [204] | |
Cryptosporidiosis | Crohn’s disease | [202] |
Reactive arthritis | [203] | |
Hepatitis A | Guillain–Barré syndrome | [217,218] |
RA | [217,218] | |
Henoch–Schönlein purpura | [217,218] | |
Still’s syndrome | [217,218] | |
Autoimmune hepatitis | [205,206,207,208] | |
Autoimmune anemia | [218] | |
Antiphospholipid syndrome | [217,218] | |
SLE | [217,218] | |
Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis | [217,218] | |
Hepatitis E | Guillain–Barré syndrome | [210,211] |
Reactive arthritis | [214] | |
Henoch–Schönlein purpura | [210,211] | |
Autoimmune thyroiditis | [212] | |
Autoimmune hepatitis | [209] | |
Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis | [215] | |
Cutaneous necrotizing small-vessel vasculitis | [213] | |
Cholera | SLE-progression trigger | [219] |
Rota infection | Henoch–Schönlein purpura | [224] |
Uveitis | [226] | |
Pemphigus vulgaris | [227] | |
Myasthenia Gravis | [228] | |
Biliary atresia | [229] | |
Type 1 diabetes | [221] | |
Celiac disease | [220,222] | |
Schistosomiasis | Hepatic fibrosis | [236,237] |
ANA antibody positivity | [239] | |
Islet-cell antibody seropositivity | [238] | |
Anti-collagen V autoantibodies | [240] | |
Leptospirosis | Reactive arthritis | [253] |
Autoimmune anemia | [256] | |
SLE | [254] | |
Uveitis | [258,259] | |
ANA, anti-dsDNA, anti-SSA/SSB, anti-Sm, anti-ribosomal P, anti-cardiolipin positivity | [255,260] | |
Autoimmune Basal Ganglia Encephalitis | [261] | |
Hantavirus infection | Exacerbation of autoimmune liver disease | [271] |
Guillain–Barré syndrome | [272] | |
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy and hypophysitis | [270] | |
Graves’ disease | [269] |
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Mpakosi, A.; Cholevas, V.; Tzouvelekis, I.; Passos, I.; Kaliouli-Antonopoulou, C.; Mironidou-Tzouveleki, M. Autoimmune Diseases Following Environmental Disasters: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12171767
Mpakosi A, Cholevas V, Tzouvelekis I, Passos I, Kaliouli-Antonopoulou C, Mironidou-Tzouveleki M. Autoimmune Diseases Following Environmental Disasters: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Healthcare. 2024; 12(17):1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12171767
Chicago/Turabian StyleMpakosi, Alexandra, Vasileios Cholevas, Ioannis Tzouvelekis, Ioannis Passos, Christiana Kaliouli-Antonopoulou, and Maria Mironidou-Tzouveleki. 2024. "Autoimmune Diseases Following Environmental Disasters: A Narrative Review of the Literature" Healthcare 12, no. 17: 1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12171767