Diverging Elevational Patterns of Tree vs. Epiphyte Species Density, Beta Diversity, and Biomass in a Tropical Dry Forest
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Environment
2.2. Biomass
2.3. Floristics
2.4. Species Density and Richness
2.5. Interactions between Trees and Epiphytes
2.6. Composition and Turnover
3. Discussion
3.1. Biomass
3.2. Diversity and Composition
3.3. Turnover and Nestedness
4. Methods
4.1. Study Site
4.2. Forest Inventory
4.3. Epiphyte and Tree Biomass Estimation
4.4. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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550 m | 800 m | 1050 m | 1150 m | 1250 m | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | ± | SD | Mean | ± | SD | Mean | ± | SD | Mean | ± | SD | Mean | ± | SD | |
Elevation (m a.s.l.) | 550.6 | ± | 17.5 | 810.6 | ± | 27.5 | 1057.4 | ± | 18.1 | 1152.0 | ± | 13.6 | 1248.6 | ± | 31.5 |
Slope inclination (°) | 30.6 | ± | 4.8 | 29.8 | ± | 8.1 | 22.0 | ± | 3.8 | 26.5 | ± | 6.3 | 29.2 | ± | 4.2 |
Soil pH (KCl) | 6.5 | ± | 0.1 | 6.6 | ± | 0.1 | 5.9 | ± | 0.1 | 5.7 | ± | 0.2 | 5.9 | ± | 0.3 |
Soil Ntotal (%) | 0.2 | ± | 0.0 | 0.3 | ± | 0.0 | 0.3 | ± | 0.1 | 0.3 | ± | 0.1 | 0.6 | ± | 0.1 |
Soil C/N | 10.1 | ± | 1.0 | 10.7 | ± | 0.7 | 11.6 | ± | 0.5 | 11.2 | ± | 0.5 | 11.0 | ± | 0.3 |
Soil Presin (µmol g−1) | 0.6 | ± | 1.2 | 2.5 | ± | 0.9 | 0.5 | ± | 0.2 | 1.4 | ± | 0.7 | 1.9 | ± | 1.0 |
Soil cation exchange capacity (µmol g−1) | 23.1 | ± | 29.6 | 58.0 | ± | 42.1 | 32.4 | ± | 22.6 | 176.1 | ± | 202.5 | 296.5 | ± | 206.3 |
Soil base saturation (%) | 99.7 | ± | 0.3 | 95.0 | ± | 11.3 | 89.0 | ± | 22.5 | 88.6 | ± | 11.5 | 88.8 | ± | 6.8 |
Lichen cover understorey (%) | 1.2 | ± | 0.4 | 7.0 | ± | 3.7 | 26.6 | ± | 15.7 | 37.8 | ± | 12.4 | 24.0 | ± | 9.5 |
Lichen cover canopy (%) | 2.2 | ± | 2.2 | 3.0 | ± | 2.7 | 29.4 | ± | 11.5 | 46.4 | ± | 7.8 | 33.6 | ± | 13.3 |
Bryophyte cover understorey (%) | 1.2 | ± | 0.4 | 1.0 | ± | 0.0 | 7.4 | ± | 5.9 | 9.6 | ± | 2.7 | 41.4 | ± | 6.8 |
Bryophyte cover canopy (%) | 1.0 | ± | 0.0 | 1.0 | ± | 0.0 | 3.6 | ± | 2.9 | 4.8 | ± | 1.5 | 18.6 | ± | 4.0 |
550 m | 800 m | 1050 m | 1150 m | 1250 m | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | ± | SD | Mean | ± | SD | Mean | ± | SD | Mean | ± | SD | Mean | ± | SD | |
Trees | |||||||||||||||
Individuals | 22.2 | ± | 3.8 | 24.4 | ± | 8.5 | 43.8 | ± | 5.1 | 33.0 | ± | 8.7 | 48.8 | ± | 9.1 |
Basal area (cm2 plot−1) | 8902 | ± | 2773 | 17,453 | ± | 9400 | 10,695 | ± | 1398 | 9838 | ± | 2735 | 10,081 | ± | 2595 |
AGB (Mg ha−1) a | 113 | ± | 38 | 171 | ± | 87 | 82 | ± | 23 | 133 | ± | 24 | 135 | ± | 45 |
Species density raw | 7.4 | ± | 1.5 | 10.4 | ± | 3.2 | 14.0 | ± | 1.6 | 11.2 | ± | 1.5 | 16.0 | ± | 3.7 |
Species density rarefied (n = 13) | 5.7 | ± | 0.8 | 7.6 | ± | 1.1 | 7.8 | ± | 0.8 | 7.2 | ± | 0.7 | 7.9 | ± | 1.5 |
Species richness observed | 17 | 21 | 28 | 22 | 38 | ||||||||||
Species richness estimated | |||||||||||||||
Chao 1 | 20.3 | ± | 4.1 | 28.0 | ± | 7.1 | 29.3 | ± | 1.7 | 24.5 | ± | 3.2 | 39.3 | ± | 1.6 |
Chao 2 | 31.4 | ± | 13.1 | 25.5 | ± | 4.4 | 30.9 | ± | 2.8 | 23.7 | ± | 2.1 | 41.1 | ± | 2.7 |
Jackknife 1 | 24.2 | ± | 1.5 | 27.4 | ± | 3.5 | 35.2 | ± | 1.5 | 26.8 | ± | 2.3 | 47.6 | ± | 2.7 |
Jackknife 2 | 29.2 | 30.4 | 36.6 | 27.7 | 47.6 | ||||||||||
Michaelis–Menten (mean) | 24.2 | 27.6 | 37.0 | 29.1 | 59.0 | ||||||||||
Epiphytes | |||||||||||||||
Stands (no.) | 176 | ± | 56 | 253 | ± | 25 | 570 | ± | 339 | 700 | ± | 178 | 604 | ± | 287 |
Plant dry weight (g) b | 47.7 | ± | 19.1 | 52.0 | ± | 12.6 | 51.4 | ± | 14.6 | 38.3 | ± | 15.6 | 52.1 | ± | 25.3 |
Biomass (Mg ha−1 slope-corrected) | 0.26 | ± | 0.15 | 0.38 | ± | 0.06 | 0.73 | ± | 0.30 | 0.81 | ± | 0.50 | 0.78 | ± | 0.19 |
Species density raw | 8.4 | ± | 0.9 | 8.4 | ± | 1.5 | 14.4 | ± | 2.9 | 24.4 | ± | 4.0 | 27.6 | ± | 3.1 |
Species density rarefied (n = 125) | 8.2 | ± | 0.9 | 7.9 | ± | 1.3 | 11.2 | ± | 1.3 | 15.9 | ± | 1.7 | 19.8 | ± | 2.4 |
Species richness observed | 12 | 14 | 24 | 45 | 50 | ||||||||||
Species richness estimated | |||||||||||||||
Chao 1 | 12.0 | ± | 0.2 | 17.0 | ± | 4.2 | 25.5 | ± | 2.6 | 45.8 | ± | 1.3 | 59.3 | ± | 8.9 |
Chao 2 | 12.3 | ± | 0.8 | 26.0 | ± | 11.0 | 24.9 | ± | 1.3 | 48.1 | ± | 2.8 | 53.8 | ± | 3.2 |
Jackknife 1 | 13.6 | ± | 1.0 | 18.8 | ± | 1.5 | 28.0 | ± | 1.3 | 53.8 | ± | 3.4 | 59.6 | ± | 2.4 |
Jackknife 2 | 13.9 | 22.4 | 27.4 | 54.6 | 61.0 | ||||||||||
Michaelis–Menten (mean) | 13.3 | 15.8 | 28.6 | 57.0 | 62.0 |
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Werner, F.A.; Homeier, J. Diverging Elevational Patterns of Tree vs. Epiphyte Species Density, Beta Diversity, and Biomass in a Tropical Dry Forest. Plants 2024, 13, 2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182555
Werner FA, Homeier J. Diverging Elevational Patterns of Tree vs. Epiphyte Species Density, Beta Diversity, and Biomass in a Tropical Dry Forest. Plants. 2024; 13(18):2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182555
Chicago/Turabian StyleWerner, Florian A., and Jürgen Homeier. 2024. "Diverging Elevational Patterns of Tree vs. Epiphyte Species Density, Beta Diversity, and Biomass in a Tropical Dry Forest" Plants 13, no. 18: 2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182555