Halophila stipulacea: A Comprehensive Review of Its Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Activities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Taxonomic Classification of Halophila stipulacea
4. Ecological Characteristics of Halophila stipulacea
5. Phytochemical Characteristics of Halophila stipulacea
5.1. Phytochemical Composition
Extract Type | Analytical Methods | Main Results | Major Compounds | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ethyl acetate fraction of the methanolic crude extract | TLC, UV, HR-MALDI-MS, HPLC | Identification and isolation of 2 phenolic compounds and 2 aromatic organic compounds with potential anticancer effect |
| [55] |
Aqueous fraction of the methanolic crude extract | TLC, UV, HR-MALDI-MS, HPLC | Identification and isolation of a nucleotide with potential anticancer effect |
| [55] |
Diethyl ether fraction of the acetone crude extract | TLC, UV, HR-MALDI-MS, HPLC | Identification and isolation of a flavonoid, a sterol, and 3 fattyacids with potential anticancer effect |
| [55] |
Aqueous crude extract | HPGC | Identification of 7 monosaccharides |
| [60] |
Methanolic crude extract | RP-HPLC | Identification of 11 Phenolic compounds |
| [60] |
Unsaponifiable matter (from the CHCl3 fraction of the MeOH/CHCl3 crude extract) | GC-MS | Identification of 2 non-oxygenated compounds, 6 oxygenated compounds, and 7 sterol compounds |
| [60] |
Saponifiable matter (from the CHCl3 fraction of the MeOH/CHCl3 crude extract) | GC-MS | Identification of 8 saturated fatty acids and 5 unsaturated fatty acids |
| [60] |
Ethanolic extract | GC-MS | Identification of 36 phytochemicals |
| [61] |
Ethanolic extract of shoots and roots | RP-HPLC | Identification of 14 phenolic compounds and 10 flavonoids |
| [57] |
Ethanolic extract | GC/MS | Identification of 15 compounds |
| [62] |
Ethanolic extract | UPLC-HRMS/MS | Identification of 80 secondary metabolites |
| [56] |
Hexane extract of leaves | UPLC-HRMS/MS | Identification of 41 phytoconstituents |
| [54] |
Ethyl acetate extract of leaves | UPLC-HRMS/MS | Identification of 47 phytoconstituents |
| [54] |
Methanol extract of leaves | UPLC-HRMS/MS | Identification of 47 phytoconstituents |
| [54] |
Hexane extract of stems | UPLC-HRMS/MS | Identification of 36 phytoconstituents |
| [54] |
Ethyl acetate extract of stems | UPLC-HRMS/MS | Identification of 48 phytoconstituents |
| [54] |
Methanol extract of stems | UPLC-HRMS/MS | Identification of 52 phytoconstituents |
| [54] |
Acetone extract | 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and LC-ESIMS | Identification and isolation of a terpenoid |
| [58] |
Diethyl ether fraction of the acetoneExtract | 1H NMR, 13C NMR, TLC, and HRESI-MS | Identification and isolation of 2 compounds |
| [59] |
Butanol fraction of the acetone extract | TLC, RP-HPLC, and NMR | Identification and isolation of 9 compounds |
| [53] |
5.2. Nutritional Composition
6. Biological Activities of Halophila stipulacea
6.1. Antimicrobial Activities
6.2. Antioxidant Activities
6.3. Anticancer Activities
6.4. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
6.5. Anti-Metabolic Disorders Activities
6.6. Anti-Osteoclastogenic Activity
6.7. Other Activities
7. Safety of Halophila stipulacea
8. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phylum | Tracheophyta |
Class | Magnoliopsida |
Order | Alismatales |
Family | Hydrocharitaceae |
Genus | Halophila |
Species | Halophila stipulacea |
Binomial name | Halophila stipulacea (Forsskål and Niebuhr) Ascherson |
Extract Type | Methods | Main Results | References |
---|---|---|---|
Dried H. stipulacea leaves powder | Biochemical analyses of ash, lipid, and protein |
| [63] |
Aqueous crude extract | HPGC |
| [60] |
Dried H. stipulacea leaves powder | HPLC Pico-Tag |
| [60] |
Saponifiable matter (from the CHCl3 fraction of the MeOH/CHCl3 crude extract) | GC-MS |
| [60] |
Dried H. stipulacea young leaves powder | Biochemical analyses of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids |
| [64] |
Dried H. stipulacea old leaves powder | Biochemical analyses of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids |
| [64] |
Dried H. stipulacea leaves powder | Wet digestion using nitric and perchloric acid |
| [65] |
Dried H. stipulacea stems, roots, and rhizoids powder | Wet digestion using nitric and perchloric acid |
| [65] |
Extract | Dose | Experimental Model | Organisms | Main Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-bacterial | |||||
Ethanolic extract of leaves | 200 mg/mL |
| Bacillus subtilis, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| [66] |
Chloroform extract of leaves | 200 mg/mL |
| Bacillus subtilis, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| [66] |
Ethyl acetate extract of leaves | 200 mg/mL |
| Bacillus subtilis, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| [66] |
Aqueous extract of leaves | 200 mg/mL |
| Bacillus subtilis, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| [66] |
Ethanolic extract of leaves + Antibiotic | 200 mg/mL |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| [66] |
Aqueous extract of the seagrass |
| Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis |
| [67] | |
Methanolic extract of leaves | 100 mg/mL |
| Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholera, Shigella dysentriae, Shigella bodii, Salmonella paratyphi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, |
| [68] |
Chloroform extract of leaves | 100 mg/mL |
| Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholera, Shigella dysentriae, Shigella bodii, Salmonella paratyphi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, |
| [68] |
Hexane extract of leaves | 100 mg/mL |
| Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholera, Shigella dysentriae, Shigella bodii, Salmonella paratyphi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, |
| [68] |
Ethanolic extract | 1 mg/mL |
| Micrococcus sp., Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae |
| [61] |
Hexane extract |
| Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli DH5 (alpha), listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas aerigunosa, Staphylococus aureus, Micrococcus luteus |
| [69] | |
Ethyl acetate extract |
| Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli DH5 (alpha), listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas aerigunosa, Staphylococus aureus, Micrococcus luteus |
| [69] | |
Methanolic extract |
| Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli DH5 (alpha), listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas aerigunosa, Staphylococus aureus, Micrococcus luteus |
| [69] | |
Hexane extract | 5 mg/mL |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| [70] |
Chloroform extract | 5 mg/mL |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| [70] |
Methanolic extract | 5 mg/mL |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| [70] |
Fabric treated with H. stipulacea ethanolic extract |
| Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli |
| [62] | |
Anti-fungal | |||||
Aqueous extract of the seagrass |
| Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans |
| [67] | |
Ethanolic extract | 1 mg/mL |
| Grotricumcandidum, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Penicillium marneffeii, Cryptococcus neoformas |
| [61] |
Hexane extract | 10 mg/disk |
| Aspergilus niger, saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida tropicalis |
| [69] |
Ethyl acetate extract | 10 mg/disk |
| Aspergilus niger, saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida tropicalis |
| [69] |
Methanolic extract | 10 mg/disk |
| Aspergilus niger, saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida tropicalis |
| [69] |
Hexane extract | 5 mg/mL |
| Macrophomina phaseolina, Colletotrichum capsici, Fusarium sp., Aspergillus flavus |
| [70] |
Chloroform extract | 5 mg/mL |
| Macrophomina phaseolina, Colletotrichum capsici, Fusarium sp., Aspergillus flavus |
| [70] |
Methanolic extract | 5 mg/mL |
| Macrophomina phaseolina, Colletotrichum capsici, Fusarium sp., Aspergillus flavus |
| [70] |
Anti-biofouling | |||||
Hexane extract of leaves | 3 and 30 µg/mL |
| Cobetia marina, Vibrio harveyi, Roseobacter litoralis, Halomonas aquamarina, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica, |
| [54] |
Hexane extract of leaves | 60 to 3.75 µg/mL |
| Mussel larvae (Mytilus galloprovincialis) |
| [54] |
Ethyl acetate extract of leaves | 3 and 30 µg/mL |
| Cobetia marina, Vibrio harveyi, Roseobacter litoralis, Halomonas aquamarina, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica, |
| [54] |
Ethyl acetate extract of leaves | 60 to 3.75 µg/mL |
| Mussel larvae (Mytilus galloprovincialis) |
| [54] |
Methanol extract of leaves | 3 and 30 µg/mL |
| Cobetia marina, Vibrio harveyi, Roseobacter litoralis, Halomonas aquamarina, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica, |
| [54] |
Methanol extract of leaves | 60 to 3.75 µg/mL |
| Mussel larvae (Mytilus galloprovincialis) |
| [54] |
Hexane extract of stems | 3 and 30 µg/mL |
| Cobetia marina, Vibrio harveyi, Roseobacter litoralis, Halomonas aquamarina, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica, |
| [54] |
Hexane extract of stems | 60 to 3.75 µg/mL |
| Mussel larvae (Mytilus galloprovincialis) |
| [54] |
Ethyl acetate extract of stems | 3 and 30 µg/mL |
| Cobetia marina, Vibrio harveyi, Roseobacter litoralis, Halomonas aquamarina, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica, |
| [54] |
Ethyl acetate extract of stems | 60 to 3.75 µg/mL |
| Mussel larvae (Mytilus galloprovincialis) |
| [54] |
Methanol extract of stems | 3 and 30 µg/mL |
| Cobetia marina, Vibrio harveyi, Roseobacter litoralis, Halomonas aquamarina, Pseudoalteromonas atlantica, |
| [54] |
Methanol extract of stems | 60 to 3.75 µg/mL |
| Mussel larvae (Mytilus galloprovincialis) |
| [54] |
Extract | Dose | Methods | Observations | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanolic extract of leaves | 0.1 mg/mL |
|
| [32] |
Ethanolic extract of leaves | Not specified |
|
| [32] |
Ethanolic extract of leaves | Not specified |
|
| [32] |
Methanolic extract of H. stipulacea | Not specified |
|
| [67] |
Aqueous crude extract | Not specified |
|
| [60] |
Phenolic fraction of the methanolic crude extract | Not specified |
|
| [60] |
Ethanolic extract of leaves | 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 µg/mL |
|
| [66] |
Ethanolic extract of old leaves | 1, 10, and 100 µg/mL |
|
| [64] |
Ethanolic extract of young leaves | 1, 10, and 100 µg/mL |
|
| [64] |
Ethanolic extract of old leaves | 1, 10, and 100 µg/mL |
|
| [64] |
Ethanolic extract of young leaves | 1, 10, and 100 µg/mL |
|
| [64] |
Ethanolic extract of old leaves | 1, 10, and 100 µg/mL |
|
| [64] |
Ethanolic extract of young leaves | 1, 10, and 100 µg/mL |
|
| [64] |
Ethanolic extract of old leaves | 10 μg/mL |
|
| [64] |
Extract | Dose | Methods | Observations | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hexane extract of leaves |
10 or 30 µg/mL EC50 (µg/mL):
|
|
| [54] |
Ethyl acetate extract of leaves |
10 or 30 µg/mL EC50 (µg/mL):
|
|
| [54] |
Methanol extract of leaves | 10 or 30 µg/mL |
|
| [54] |
Hexane extract of stems |
10 or 30 µg/mL EC50 (µg/mL):
|
|
| [54] |
Ethyl acetate extract of stems |
10 or 30 µg/mL >EC50 (µg/mL):
|
|
| [54] |
Methanol extract of stems | 10 or 30 µg/mL |
|
| [54] |
Aqueous crude extract |
100 and 1000 µg/mL IC50 (µg/mL):
|
|
| [60] |
CHCl3 fraction of the MeOH/CHCl3 crude extract |
100 and 1000 µg/mL IC50 (µg/mL):
|
|
| [60] |
Unsaponifiable matter (from the CHCl3 fraction of the MeOH/CHCl3 crude extract) |
100 and 1000 µg/mL IC50 (µg/mL):
|
|
| [60] |
Phenolic fraction of the methanolic crude extract | 100 and 1000 µg/mL |
| [60] | |
Ethyl acetate fraction of the methanolic crude extract |
5, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/well IC50 (μg/mL):
|
|
| [55] |
20 μg/mL |
|
| ||
10 μg/mL |
|
| ||
20 μg/mL |
|
| ||
Aqueous fraction of the methanolic crude extract | 5, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/well |
| [55] | |
20 μg/mL |
|
| ||
10 μg/mL |
|
| ||
20 μg/mL |
|
| ||
Diethyl ether fraction of the acetone crude extract |
5, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/well IC50 (μg/mL):
|
|
| [55] |
20 μg/mL |
|
| ||
10 μg/mL |
|
| ||
20 μg/mL |
|
| ||
Butanol fraction of the acetone crude extract |
5, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/well IC50 (μg/mL):
|
|
| [55] |
20 μg/mL |
|
| ||
10 μg/mL |
|
| ||
20 μg/mL |
|
| ||
Ethanolic extract of roots and shoots | 156.25, 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500, 5000, and 10,000 µg/mL |
|
| [57] |
Extract | Dose | Methods | Observations | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanolic extract |
|
|
| [56] |
Ethanolic extract |
|
|
| [56] |
Ethanolic extract |
|
|
| [56] |
Ethanolic extract | 100 and 200 mg/kg |
|
| [56] |
Hexane extract of leaves | 10 and 30 µg/mL |
|
| [54] |
Ethyl acetate extract of leaves | 10 and 30 µg/mL |
|
| [54] |
Methanol extract of leaves | 10 and 30 µg/mL |
|
| [54] |
Hexane extract of stems | 10 and 30 µg/mL |
|
| [54] |
Ethyl acetate extract of stems | 10 and 30 µg/mL |
|
| [54] |
Methanol extract of stems | 10 and 30 µg/mL |
|
| [54] |
Hexane extract of leaves | 2 and 6 µg/mL |
|
| [54] |
Ethyl acetate extract of leaves |
|
|
| [54] |
Methanol extract of leaves |
|
|
| [54] |
Hexane extract of stems | 2 and 6 µg/mL |
|
| [54] |
Ethyl acetate extract of stems | 2 and 6 µg/mL |
|
| [54] |
Methanol extract of stems | 2 and 6 µg/mL |
|
| [54] |
Extract | Dose | Methods | Observations | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ethyl acetate fraction of the methanolic crude extract | 100 μg/mL |
|
| [55] |
Aqueous fraction of the methanolic crude extract | 100 μg/mL |
|
| [55] |
Diethyl ether fraction of the acetone crude extract | 100 μg/mL |
|
| [55] |
Butanol fraction of the acetone crude extract | 100 μg/mL |
|
| [55] |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Chebaro, Z.; Mesmar, J.E.; Badran, A.; Al-Sawalmih, A.; Maresca, M.; Baydoun, E. Halophila stipulacea: A Comprehensive Review of Its Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Activities. Biomolecules 2024, 14, 991. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14080991
Chebaro Z, Mesmar JE, Badran A, Al-Sawalmih A, Maresca M, Baydoun E. Halophila stipulacea: A Comprehensive Review of Its Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Activities. Biomolecules. 2024; 14(8):991. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14080991
Chicago/Turabian StyleChebaro, Ziad, Joelle Edward Mesmar, Adnan Badran, Ali Al-Sawalmih, Marc Maresca, and Elias Baydoun. 2024. "Halophila stipulacea: A Comprehensive Review of Its Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Activities" Biomolecules 14, no. 8: 991. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14080991