Biomembrane-Modified Biomimetic Nanodrug Delivery Systems: Frontier Platforms for Cardiovascular Disease Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of CVD Classification and Pathological Mechanisms
2.1. Coronary Artery Disease
2.2. Myocardial Infarction
2.3. Hypertension
2.4. Arrhythmia
2.5. Heart Failure
3. Construction Principles of BNDSs
3.1. Source of Biomembranes
3.2. Biomimetic Principles of Biomembranes
4. Extraction of Biomembranes and Construction of BNDSs
4.1. Extraction of Biomembranes
4.2. Integration of Biomembranes with Drugs
4.2.1. Drug Adsorption on Biomembranes
4.2.2. Drug Encapsulation in Biomembranes
4.3. Construction of BNDSs
5. Applications of BNDSs in the Treatment of CVDs
5.1. Drug Delivery, Release, and Targeted Therapy
5.1.1. Erythrocyte Membranes
5.1.2. Macrophage Membranes
5.1.3. Platelet Membranes
5.1.4. Stem Cell Membranes
5.1.5. Tumor Cell Membranes
5.1.6. Extracellular Vesicles
5.1.7. Composite Hybrid Membranes
5.2. Imaging and Diagnosis
6. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Advantages | Disadvantages | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Erythrocyte membranes | Easily obtainable, long circulation time, low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility | Considerations for blood type compatibility | [62] |
Macrophage membranes | High biocompatibility, low toxicity, inflammation targeting | Complex preparation, potential for immune reactions | [63] |
Platelet membranes | Inflammation targeting | Complex preparation, restricted storage conditions | [64] |
Stem cell membranes | Low immunogenicity, promotes tissue regeneration and functional recovery | Limited source, potential for heterogeneity | [65] |
Tumor cell membranes | Tumor targeting | Biological safety remains unclear | [66] |
Extracellular vesicles | High biocompatibility, low immunogenicity | Complex preparation | [67] |
Composite hybrid membranes | High biocompatibility, high targeting | Low stability | [68] |
Method | Principle | Advantages | Disadvantages | Applications | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ultrasonication | Using ultrasonic energy to disrupt cell membrane structure and release cytoplasm containing membranes | Efficient and straightforward | Excessive acoustic power may compromise membrane structure | Wang et al. found that ultrasonic extraction rapidly disrupts keratin biomembranes, demonstrating its efficiency and convenience | [79] |
Centrifugation | Cell membrane-containing supernatant was separated from other cellular components using varying centrifugation speeds and times | High purity and broad applicability | Significant loss | Qing et al. used centrifugation to extract red blood cell membranes for nanoparticle drug delivery. Hemoglobin was effectively removed through hypotonic centrifugation | [80] |
Freeze–thaw cycle | By repeatedly freezing and thawing cell samples, the freeze–thaw process induces volume changes in water, disrupting cell membranes and releasing membrane structures | Efficient and straightforward | Low purity | Ivan et al. found that slow freeze–thaw cycles can eliminate residuals in red blood cell membranes, and hemoglobin denatures at 49 °C | [81] |
Chemical approach | Disruption of lipid bilayer structure of cell membranes using surfactants or solvents to release membrane lipids and proteins | High purity and strong controllability | High cost and residual impurities | John et al. used chemical detergents to rapidly detach proteins and obtain pure cell membranes | [82] |
Type | Characteristics | Applications | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Nanoparticles | The drug and carrier form solid colloidal substances with particle sizes ranging from 10 to 1000 nm, characterized by high surface area and high drug loading efficiency | Insu Kim et al. prepared erythrocyte membrane-functionalized Au nanoparticles for rapid fibrinogen detection via receptor cross-linking, aimed at CVD diagnosis | [93] |
Nanoliposomes | Nanoscale vesicles formed by phospholipid bilayers, offering high biocompatibility, drug encapsulation, and targeted delivery advantages | Liu et al. developed a macrophage membrane-coated liposome co-loaded with Panax notoginseng saponins and ginsenoside Rg3 using Box–Behnken design for targeted therapy of ischemic stroke | [94] |
Nanomembranes | Nanostructures formed by self-assembly of surfactants, exhibiting high drug loading capacity and good biocompatibility | Shi et al. developed nanomicelles using quercetin and polyethylene glycol, finding they can alleviate atherosclerosis by modulating gut microbiota composition | [95] |
Nanoemulsion | Nano-emulsion composed of oil phase, water phase, and emulsifier, exhibiting high stability and bioavailability | Anghelache et al. developed a novel carrier, Bio-LN/SPMs, by coating macrophage membranes onto lipid emulsions containing lipolytic mediators. Their study demonstrated reduced lipid accumulation and inflammation levels in a mouse model of aortic disease. | [96] |
Nano-alcohol plasma | Nanodelivery structures composed of phospholipids and high concentrations of ethanol, exhibiting high permeability and drug loading capacity | Liao et al. formulated ellagic acid with 30% ethanol and 1% Tween-80 into nano-cochleates. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the nano-cochleates exhibited a compact and intact morphology. In vitro experiments also demonstrated their potential for transdermal drug delivery. | [97] |
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Gu, Y.; Du, L.; Wu, Y.; Qin, J.; Gu, X.; Guo, Z.; Li, Y. Biomembrane-Modified Biomimetic Nanodrug Delivery Systems: Frontier Platforms for Cardiovascular Disease Treatment. Biomolecules 2024, 14, 960. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14080960
Gu Y, Du L, Wu Y, Qin J, Gu X, Guo Z, Li Y. Biomembrane-Modified Biomimetic Nanodrug Delivery Systems: Frontier Platforms for Cardiovascular Disease Treatment. Biomolecules. 2024; 14(8):960. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14080960
Chicago/Turabian StyleGu, Yunan, Lixin Du, Yuxin Wu, Juan Qin, Xiang Gu, Zhihua Guo, and Ya Li. 2024. "Biomembrane-Modified Biomimetic Nanodrug Delivery Systems: Frontier Platforms for Cardiovascular Disease Treatment" Biomolecules 14, no. 8: 960. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14080960