A Multi-Pathogen Retrospective Study in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Gastroenteritis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | All Patients (n = 103) | Group 1 (<5 Years) (n = 59) | Group 2 (≥5 Years) (n = 44) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, median years (IQR) | 3 (1–8) | 1 (1–2) | 9 (6–12.25) | 0.0001 ^ |
Male, n. (%) | 60 (58.25) | 33 (55.9) | 27 (61.36) | 0.5803 ** |
Hospital admission year, n. (%) | ||||
- 2021, n. (%) | 20 (18.69) | 12 (20.34) | 8 (18.18) | |
- 2022, n. (%) | 61 (57.01) | 39 (66.10) | 22 (40.00) | |
- 2023, n. (%) | 26 (24.30) | 8 (13.56) | 14 (31.82) | 0.0782 ** |
Hospital admission season (2021–2023), n. (%) | ||||
- Summer, n. (%) | 37 (35.92) | 20 (33.90) | 17 (38.64) | |
- Autumn, n. (%) | 39 (37.86) | 26 (44.07) | 13 (29.55) | |
- Winter, n. (%) | 19 (18.45) | 10 (16.95) | 9 (20.45) | |
- Spring, n. (%) | 8 (7.77) | 3 (5.08) | 5 (11.36) | 0.3903 ** |
Hospital length of stay in days, median (IQR) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–7) | 0.2762 ^ |
Diagnosis | Group 1 (<5 Years) (n = 59) | Group 2 (≥5 Years) (n = 44) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Method | |||
Coproculture, n. (%) | 4 (6.78) | 1 (4.54) | |
Multiplex PCR, n. (%) | 55 (93.22) | 43 (97.72) | 0.3898 * |
Microbiological pathogen detected | |||
Bacterial infection, n. (%) | 40 (67.80) | 42 (95.45) | 0.0004 * |
C. jejuni, n. (%) | 8 (13.56) | 15 (34.09) | 0.1332 ** |
S. typhi/Paratyphi, n. (%) | 5 (8.47) | 6 (13.64) | 0.4014 ** |
E. coli, n. (%) | 25 (42.37) | 15 (34.09) | 0.3936 ** |
Y. enterocolitica, n. (%) | 1 (1.69) | 1 (2.27) | 1.0000 * |
C. perfringens, n. (%) | 1 (1.69) | 1 (2.27) | 1.0000 * |
Viral infection, n. (%) | 26 (44.07) | 9 (20.45) | 0.0123 ** |
Norovirus, n. (%) | 23 (38.98) | 6 (13.63) | 0.0047 ** |
Rotavirus, n. (%) | 3 (5.08) | 3 (6.81) | 0.6989 * |
Parasitic infection, n. (%) | 3 (5.08) | 5 (11.36) | 0.2820 * |
Cryptosporidium, n. (%) | 3 (5.08) | 4 (9.09) | 0.4567 * |
Giardiasis, n. (%) | 0 (-) | 1 (2.27) | 0.4272 * |
Co-infections, n. (%) | 10 (16.95) | 7 (15.91) | 0.8881 ** |
Hematology and Serum Chemistry Value | Group 1 (<5 Years) (n = 59) | Group 2 (≥5 Years) (n = 44) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Decreased Hematocrit | 22 (37.29) | 17 (38.63) | 0.8890 ** |
Increased Lymphocytes | 22 (37.29) | 27 (61.36) | 0.0155 ** |
Increased Neutrophils | 40 (67.80) | 29 (65.90) | 0.9918 ** |
Increased CRP | 36 (61.02) | 29 (65.90) | 0.3605 ** |
Decreased Sodium | 23 (38.98) | 22 (50.00) | 0.3605 ** |
Decreased Potassium | 9 (15.25) | 3 (6.82) | 0.2274 * |
Increased Creatinine | 20 (33.90) | 4 (8.33) | 0.0000 * |
Increased AST | 3 (5.08) | 0 (-) | 0.2587 * |
Increased ALT | 1 (1.69) | 0 (-) | 1.0000 * |
Increased γ-GT | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | 1.0000 * |
Increased Total bilirubin | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | 1.0000 * |
Mixed Pathogens | All Patients (n = 103) | Group 1 (<5 Years) (n = 59) | Group 2 (≥5 Years) (n = 44) |
---|---|---|---|
Bacterial | |||
E. coli + S. typhi/Paratyphi, n. (%) | 2 (1.94) | 1 (1.69) | 1 (2.27) |
E. coli + C. jejuni, n. (%) | 3 (2.91) | (-) | 3 (6.81) |
Bacterial + viral | |||
E. coli + Norovirus, n. (%) | 6 (5.82) | 5 (0.72) | 1 (2.27) |
C. jejuni + Rotavirus, n. (%) | 1 (0.97) | 1 (1.69) | (-) |
C. jejuni + Norovirus, n. (%) | 1 (0.97) | (-) | 1 (2.27) |
Y. enterocolitica + Rotavirus, n. (%) | 1 (0.97) | 1 (1.69) | (-) |
Bacterial + parasitic | |||
E. coli + Cryptosporidium, n. (%) | 2 (1.94) | 2 (3.39) | (-) |
S. typhi/Paratyphi + Cryptosporidium, n. (%) | 1 (0.97) | (-) | 1 (2.27) |
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Zizza, A.; Guido, M.; Sedile, R.; Benelli, M.; Nuzzo, M.; Paladini, P.; Romano, A.; Grima, P. A Multi-Pathogen Retrospective Study in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Gastroenteritis. Diseases 2024, 12, 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12090213
Zizza A, Guido M, Sedile R, Benelli M, Nuzzo M, Paladini P, Romano A, Grima P. A Multi-Pathogen Retrospective Study in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Gastroenteritis. Diseases. 2024; 12(9):213. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12090213
Chicago/Turabian StyleZizza, Antonella, Marcello Guido, Raffaella Sedile, Marzia Benelli, Milva Nuzzo, Pasquale Paladini, Anacleto Romano, and Pierfrancesco Grima. 2024. "A Multi-Pathogen Retrospective Study in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Gastroenteritis" Diseases 12, no. 9: 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12090213