Nanomaterials

5 pages, 3437 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Rosales et al. Non-Absorbing Dielectric Materials for Surface-Enhanced Spectroscopies and Chiral Sensing in the UV. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 2078

by Saúl A. Rosales, Francisco González, Fernando Moreno and Yael Gutierrez

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020236 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 948

Abstract

In the published study [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)

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12 pages, 9781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Layer-Dependent Sensing Performance of WS₂-Based Gas Sensors

by You Zhou, Sheng Wang, Sichen Xin, Sezin Sayin, Zhiqiang Yi, Zhenyu Li and Mona Zaghloul

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020235 - 22 Jan 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1908

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as tungsten disulfide (WS₂), have attracted considerable attention for their potential in gas sensing applications, primarily due to their distinctive electrical properties and layer-dependent characteristics. This research explores the impact of the number of WS₂ layers [...] Read more.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as tungsten disulfide (WS₂), have attracted considerable attention for their potential in gas sensing applications, primarily due to their distinctive electrical properties and layer-dependent characteristics. This research explores the impact of the number of WS₂ layers on the ability to detect gases by examining the layer-dependent sensing performance of WS₂-based gas sensors. We fabricated gas sensors based on WS₂ in both monolayer and multilayer configurations and methodically evaluated their response to various gases, including NO₂, CO, NH₃, and CH₄ at room temperature and 50 degrees Celsius. In contrast to the monolayer counterpart, the multilayer WS₂ sensor exhibits enhanced gas sensing performance at higher temperatures. Furthermore, a comprehensive gas monitoring system was constructed employing these WS₂-based sensors, integrated with additional electronic components. To facilitate user access to data and receive alerts, sensor data were transmitted to a cloud-based platform for processing and storage. This investigation not only advances our understanding of 2D WS₂-based gas sensors but also underscores the importance of layer engineering in tailoring their sensing capabilities for diverse applications. Additionally, the development of a gas monitoring system employing 2D WS₂ within this study holds significant promise for future implementation in intelligent, efficient, and cost-effective sensor technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Gas and Humidity Sensors)

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12 pages, 2529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First-Principles Investigation of Simultaneous Thermoelectric Power Generation and Active Cooling in a Bifunctional Semimetal ZrSeTe Janus Structure

by Brahim Marfoua and Jisang Hong

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020234 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1167

Abstract

Traditional thermoelectric materials often face a trade-off between efficient power generation (high ZT) and cooling performance. Here, we explore the potential of achieving simultaneous thermoelectric power generation and cooling capability in the recently fabricated bulk ZrSeTe Janus structure using first-principles density functional theory [...] Read more.

Traditional thermoelectric materials often face a trade-off between efficient power generation (high ZT) and cooling performance. Here, we explore the potential of achieving simultaneous thermoelectric power generation and cooling capability in the recently fabricated bulk ZrSeTe Janus structure using first-principles density functional theory (DFT). The layered ZrSeTe Janus structure exhibits a semimetal character with anisotropic transport properties along the in-plane and out-of-plane directions. Our DFT calculations, including the explicit calculation of relaxation time, reveal a maximum ZT of ~0.065 in the out-of-plane direction at 300 K which is one order of magnitude larger than that in the in-plane direction (ZT~0.006). Furthermore, the thermoelectric cooling performance is also investigated. The in-plane direction shows a cooling performance of 13 W/m·K and a coefficient of performance (COP_max) of ~90 with a temperature difference (ΔT) of 30 K, while the out-of-plane direction has a cooling performance of 2.5 W/m·K and COP_max of ~2.5. Thus, the out-of-plane current from the thermoelectric power generation can be utilized as an in-plane current source for active heat pumping. Consequently, we propose that the semimetal ZrSeTe Janus structure can display bifunctional thermoelectric properties for simultaneous thermoelectric power generation and active cooling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue First-Principle Calculation Study of Nanomaterials)

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8 pages, 2759 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Laboratory X-ray Microscopy of 3D Nanostructures in the Hard X-ray Regime Enabled by a Combination of Multilayer X-ray Optics

by Bartlomiej Lechowski, Kristina Kutukova, Joerg Grenzer, Iuliana Panchenko, Peter Krueger, Andre Clausner and Ehrenfried Zschech

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020233 - 21 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1995

Abstract

High-resolution imaging of buried metal interconnect structures in advanced microelectronic products with full-field X-ray microscopy is demonstrated in the hard X-ray regime, i.e., at photon energies > 10 keV. The combination of two multilayer optics—a side-by-side Montel (or nested Kirkpatrick–Baez) condenser optic and [...] Read more.

High-resolution imaging of buried metal interconnect structures in advanced microelectronic products with full-field X-ray microscopy is demonstrated in the hard X-ray regime, i.e., at photon energies > 10 keV. The combination of two multilayer optics—a side-by-side Montel (or nested Kirkpatrick–Baez) condenser optic and a high aspect-ratio multilayer Laue lens—results in an asymmetric optical path in the transmission X-ray microscope. This optics arrangement allows the imaging of 3D nanostructures in opaque objects at a photon energy of 24.2 keV (In-Kα X-ray line). Using a Siemens star test pattern with a minimal feature size of 150 nm, it was proven that features < 150 nm can be resolved. In-Kα radiation is generated from a Ga-In alloy target using a laboratory X-ray source that employs the liquid-metal-jet technology. Since the penetration depth of X-rays into the samples is significantly larger compared to 8 keV photons used in state-of-the-art laboratory X-ray microscopes (Cu-Kα radiation), 3D-nanopattered materials and structures can be imaged nondestructively in mm to cm thick samples. This means that destructive de-processing, thinning or cross-sectioning of the samples are not needed for the visualization of interconnect structures in microelectronic products manufactured using advanced packaging technologies. The application of laboratory transmission X-ray microscopy in the hard X-ray regime is demonstrated for Cu/Cu₆Sn₅/Cu microbump interconnects fabricated using solid–liquid interdiffusion (SLID) bonding. Full article

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14 pages, 4938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alginate Microbeads Containing Halloysite and Layered Double Hydroxide as Efficient Carriers of Natural Antimicrobials

by Gianluca Viscusi, Elisa Boccalon, Elena Lamberti, Morena Nocchetti and Giuliana Gorrasi

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020232 - 21 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1632

Abstract

The present paper describes the preparation and characterization of novel microbeads from alginate filled with nanoclay such as halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). HNTs were used as support for the growth of layered double hydroxide (LDH) crystals producing a flower-like structure (HNT@LDH). Such nanofiller was [...] Read more.

The present paper describes the preparation and characterization of novel microbeads from alginate filled with nanoclay such as halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). HNTs were used as support for the growth of layered double hydroxide (LDH) crystals producing a flower-like structure (HNT@LDH). Such nanofiller was loaded with grapefruit seed oil (GO), an active compound with antimicrobial activity, up to 50% wt. For comparison, the beads were also loaded with HNT and LDH separately, and filled with the same amount of GO. The characterization of the filler was performed using XRD and ATR spectroscopy. The beads were analyzed through XRD, TGA, ATR and SEM. The functional properties of the beads, as nanocarriers of the active compound, were investigated using UV-vis spectroscopy. The release kinetics were recorded and modelled as a function of the structural characteristics of the nanofiller. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Green Nanomaterials: Design and Applications)

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11 pages, 2796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A High-Performance Strain Sensor for the Detection of Human Motion and Subtle Strain Based on Liquid Metal Microwire

by He Zhu, Zheng Sun, Xin Wang and Hong Xia

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020231 - 21 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1802

Abstract

Flexible strain sensors have a wide range of applications, such as human motion monitoring, wearable electronic devices, and human–computer interactions, due to their good conformability and sensitive deformation detection. To overcome the internal stress problem of solid sensing materials during deformation and prepare [...] Read more.

Flexible strain sensors have a wide range of applications, such as human motion monitoring, wearable electronic devices, and human–computer interactions, due to their good conformability and sensitive deformation detection. To overcome the internal stress problem of solid sensing materials during deformation and prepare small-sized flexible strain sensors, it is necessary to choose a more suitable sensing material and preparation technology. We report a simple and high-performance flexible strain sensor based on liquid metal nanoparticles (LMNPs) on a polyimide substrate. The LMNPs were assembled using the femtosecond laser direct writing technology to form liquid metal microwires. A wearable strain sensor from the liquid metal microwire was fabricated with an excellent gauge factor of up to 76.18, a good linearity in a wide sensing range, and a fast response/recovery time of 159 ms/120 ms. Due to these extraordinary strain sensing performances, the strain sensor can monitor facial expressions in real time and detect vocal cord vibrations for speech recognition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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13 pages, 11012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Manipulating the Generation of Photonic Moiré Lattices Using Plasmonic Metasurfaces

by Zhanliang Mu, Yuqin Zhang, Jianshan An, Xuehui Zhang, Haoran Zhou, Hongsheng Song, Changwei He, Guiyuan Liu and Chuanfu Cheng

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020230 - 20 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1877

Abstract

The generation of moiré lattices by superimposing two identical sublattices at a specific twist angle has garnered significant attention owing to its potential applications, ranging from two-dimensional materials to manipulating light propagation. While macroscale moiré lattices have been widely studied, further developments in [...] Read more.

The generation of moiré lattices by superimposing two identical sublattices at a specific twist angle has garnered significant attention owing to its potential applications, ranging from two-dimensional materials to manipulating light propagation. While macroscale moiré lattices have been widely studied, further developments in manipulating moiré lattices at the subwavelength scale would be crucial for miniaturizing and integrating platforms. Here, we propose a plasmonic metasurface design consisting of rotated nanoslits arranged within N + N′ round apertures for generating focused moiré lattices. By introducing a spin-dependent geometric phase through the rotated nanoslits, an overall lens and spiral phase can be achieved, allowing each individual set of round apertures to generate a periodic lattice in the focal plane. Superimposing two sets of N and N′ apertures at specific twist angles and varying phase differences allows for the superposition of two sublattices with different periods, leading to the formation of diverse moiré patterns. Our simulations and theoretical results demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed metasurface design. Due to their compactness and tunability, the utilization of metasurfaces in creating nanoscale photonic moiré lattices is anticipated to find extensive applications in integrated and on-chip optical systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Photonics: Subwavelength Optical Elements, Metasurfaces, Plasmonics and Quantum Photonics)

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13 pages, 3024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Powered Dual-Band Electrochromic Supercapacitor Devices for Smart Window Based on Ternary Dielectric Triboelectric Nanogenerator

by Tianxiang Zheng, Haonan Zhang, Chen Chen, Xinbo Tu, Lin Fang, Mingjie Zhang, Wen He and Peihong Wang

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020229 - 20 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1677

Abstract

A dual-band electrochromic supercapacitor device (DESCD) can be driven by an external power supply to modulate solar radiation, which is a promising energy-saving strategy and has broad application prospects in smart windows. However, traditional power supplies, such as batteries, supercapacitors, etc., usually face [...] Read more.

A dual-band electrochromic supercapacitor device (DESCD) can be driven by an external power supply to modulate solar radiation, which is a promising energy-saving strategy and has broad application prospects in smart windows. However, traditional power supplies, such as batteries, supercapacitors, etc., usually face limited lifetimes and potential environmental issues. Hence, we propose a self-powered DESCD based on TiO₂/WO₃ dual-band electrochromic material and a ternary dielectric rotating triboelectric nanogenerator (TDR-TENG). The TDR-TENG can convert mechanical energy from the environment into electrical energy to obtain a high output of 840 V, 23.9 µA, and 327 nC. The as-prepared TDR-TENG can drive the TiO₂/WO₃ film to store energy with a high dual-band modulation amplitude of 41.6% in the visible (VIS) region and 84% in the near-infrared (NIR) region, decreasing the indoor–outdoor light–heat interaction and thereby reducing the building energy consumption. The self-powered DESCD demonstrated in this study has multiple functions of energy harvesting, energy storage, and energy saving, providing a promising strategy for the development of self-powered smart windows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices and Applications)

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14 pages, 2376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Synergy between Nano-Formulated Linezolid and Polymyxin B as a Gram-Negative Effective Antibiotic Delivery System Based on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

by Ismael Otri, Serena Medaglia, Ramón Martínez-Máñez, Elena Aznar and Félix Sancenón

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020228 - 20 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1552

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is a current silent pandemic that needs new types of antimicrobial agents different from the classic antibiotics that are known to lose efficiency over time. Encapsulation of antibiotics inside nano-delivery systems could be a promising, effective strategy that is able to [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance is a current silent pandemic that needs new types of antimicrobial agents different from the classic antibiotics that are known to lose efficiency over time. Encapsulation of antibiotics inside nano-delivery systems could be a promising, effective strategy that is able to delay the capability of pathogens to develop resistance mechanisms against antimicrobials. These systems can be adapted to deliver already discovered antibiotics to specific infection sites in a more successful way. Herein, mesoporous silica nanomaterials are used for an efficient delivery of a linezolid gram-positive antibiotic that acts synergistically with gram-negative antimicrobial polymyxin B. For this purpose, linezolid is encapsulated in the pores of the mesoporous silica, whose outer surface is coated with a polymyxin B membrane disruptor. The nanomaterial showed a good controlled-release performance in the presence of lipopolysaccharide, found in bacteria cell membranes, and the complete bacteria E. coli DH5α. The performed studies demonstrate that when the novel formulation is near bacteria, polymyxin B interacts with the cell membrane, thereby promoting its permeation. After this step, linezolid can easily penetrate the bacteria and act with efficacy to kill the microorganism. The nano-delivery system presents a highly increased antimicrobial efficacy against gram-negative bacteria, where the use of free linezolid is not effective, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.0063 for E. coli. Moreover, enhanced toxicity against gram-positive bacteria was confirmed thanks to the combination of both antibiotics in the same nanoparticles. Although this new nanomaterial should be further studied to reach clinical practice, the obtained results pave the way to the development of new nanoformulations which could help in the fight against bacterial infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Sensing Applications)

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13 pages, 2508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Synthesis of MOF-74 Materials on Carbon Fiber Electrodes for Structural Supercapacitors

by David Martinez-Diaz, Pedro Leo, David Martín Crespo, María Sánchez and Alejandro Ureña

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020227 - 20 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1614

Abstract

The use of fossil fuels has contributed significantly to environmental pollution and climate change. For this reason, the development of alternative energy storage devices is key to solving some of these problems. The development of lightweight structures can significantly reduce the devices’ weight, [...] Read more.

The use of fossil fuels has contributed significantly to environmental pollution and climate change. For this reason, the development of alternative energy storage devices is key to solving some of these problems. The development of lightweight structures can significantly reduce the devices’ weight, thereby reducing energy consumption and emissions. Combining lightweight structures with alternative energy storage technologies can further improve efficiency and performance, leading to a cleaner and more sustainable system. In this work, for the first time, MOF-74 materials with different divalent metal ions have been synthesized directly on carbon fiber, one of the most widely used materials for the preparation of electrodes for supercapacitors with structural properties. Different techniques, such as nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, cyclic voltammetry or galvanostatic charge–discharge, among others, were used to evaluate the influence of the metal cation on the electrochemical capacitance behavior of the modified electrodes. The Co-MOF-74 material was selected as the best modification of the carbon fibers for their use as electrodes for the fabrication of structural supercapacitors. The good electrochemical performance shown after the incorporation of MOF materials on carbon fibers provides a viable method for the development of carbon fiber electrodes, opening a great variety of alternatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanostructures for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage)

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14 pages, 3152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Asymmetric Schottky Barrier-Generated MoS₂/WTe₂ FET Biosensor Based on a Rectified Signal

by Xinhao Zhang, Shuo Chen, Heqi Ma, Tianyu Sun, Xiangyong Cui, Panpan Huo, Baoyuan Man and Cheng Yang

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020226 - 20 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1808

Abstract

Field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors can be used to measure the charge information carried by biomolecules. However, insurmountable hysteresis in the long-term and large-range transfer characteristic curve exists and affects the measurements. Noise signal, caused by the interference coefficient of external factors, may destroy [...] Read more.

Field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors can be used to measure the charge information carried by biomolecules. However, insurmountable hysteresis in the long-term and large-range transfer characteristic curve exists and affects the measurements. Noise signal, caused by the interference coefficient of external factors, may destroy the quantitative analysis of trace targets in complex biological systems. In this report, a “rectified signal” in the output characteristic curve, instead of the “absolute value signal” in the transfer characteristic curve, is obtained and analyzed to solve these problems. The proposed asymmetric Schottky barrier-generated MoS₂/WTe₂ FET biosensor achieved a 10⁵ rectified signal, sufficient reliability and stability (maintained for 60 days), ultra-sensitive detection (10 aM) of the Down syndrome-related DYRK1A gene, and excellent specificity in base recognition. This biosensor with a response range of 10 aM–100 pM has significant application potential in the screening and rapid diagnosis of Down syndrome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Layered Nanomaterials and Heterostructures for Electronics, Optoelectronics and Sensing)

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15 pages, 6820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On-Chip Modification of Titanium Electrothermal Characteristics by Joule Heating: Application to Terahertz Microbolometer

by Durgadevi Elamaran, Ko Akiba, Hiroaki Satoh, Amit Banerjee, Norihisa Hiromoto and Hiroshi Inokawa

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020225 - 19 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1349

Abstract

This study demonstrates the conversion of metallic titanium (Ti) to titanium oxide just by conducting electrical current through Ti thin film in vacuum and increasing the temperature by Joule heating. This led to the improvement of electrical and thermal properties of a microbolometer. [...] Read more.

This study demonstrates the conversion of metallic titanium (Ti) to titanium oxide just by conducting electrical current through Ti thin film in vacuum and increasing the temperature by Joule heating. This led to the improvement of electrical and thermal properties of a microbolometer. A microbolometer with an integrated Ti thermistor and heater width of 2.7 µm and a length of 50 µm was fabricated for the current study. Constant-voltage stresses were applied to the thermistor wire to observe the effect of the Joule heating on its properties. Thermistor resistance ~14 times the initial resistance was observed owing to the heating. A negative large temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of −0.32%/K was also observed owing to the treatment, leading to an improved responsivity of ~4.5 times from devices with untreated Ti thermistors. However, this does not improve the noise equivalent power (NEP), due to the increased flicker noise. Microstructural analyses with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), transmission electron diffraction (TED) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) confirm the formation of a titanium oxide (TiO_x) semiconducting phase on the Ti phase (~85% purity) deposited initially, further to the heating. Formation of TiO_x during annealing could minimize the narrow width effect, which we reported previously in thin metal wires, leading to enhancement of responsivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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13 pages, 5944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Production of Graphene Membranes from Rice Husk Biomass Waste for Improved Desalination

by Makpal Seitzhanova, Seitkhan Azat, Mukhtar Yeleuov, Azamat Taurbekov, Zulkhair Mansurov, Erlan Doszhanov and Ronny Berndtsson

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020224 - 19 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1677

Abstract

Inexpensive and efficient desalination is becoming increasingly important due to dwindling freshwater resources in view of climate change and population increase. Improving desalination techniques of brackish water using graphene-based materials has the possibility to revolutionize freshwater production and treatment. At the same time, [...] Read more.

Inexpensive and efficient desalination is becoming increasingly important due to dwindling freshwater resources in view of climate change and population increase. Improving desalination techniques of brackish water using graphene-based materials has the possibility to revolutionize freshwater production and treatment. At the same time, graphene matter can be cheaply mass-produced from biowaste materials. In view of this, graphene material was obtained from a four-step production approach starting from rice husk (RH), including pre-carbonation, desilication, chemical activation, and exfoliation. The results showed that the produced samples contained a mixture of graphene layers and amorphous carbon. The activation ratio of 1:5 for carbonized RH and potassium hydroxide (KOH), respectively, provided higher graphene content than the 1:4 ratio of the same components, while the number of active layers remained unaffected. Further treatment with H₂O₂ did not affect the graphene content and exfoliation of the amorphous carbon. Preparation of the graphene material by the NIPS technique and vacuum filtration displayed different physicochemical characteristics of the obtained membranes. However, the membranes’ main desalination function might be related more to adsorption rather than size exclusion. In any case, the desalination properties of the different graphene material types were tested on 35 g/L saltwater samples containing NaCl, KCl, MgCl₂, CaSO₄, and MgSO₄. The produced graphene materials efficiently reduced the salt content by up to 95%. Especially for the major constituent NaCl, the removal efficiency was high. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Water Treatment and Desalination)

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19 pages, 5562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Properties Optimization of Polypropylene/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Drawn Fibers

by Konstantinos Leontiadis, Katerina Theodoratou, Costas Tsioptsias and Ioannis Tsivintzelis

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020223 - 19 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1070

Abstract

In this study, the mechanical properties and thermal stability of composite polypropylene (PP) drawn fibers with two different organically modified montmorillonites were experimentally investigated and optimized using a response surface methodology. Specifically, the Box-Behnken Design of Experiments method was used in order to [...] Read more.

In this study, the mechanical properties and thermal stability of composite polypropylene (PP) drawn fibers with two different organically modified montmorillonites were experimentally investigated and optimized using a response surface methodology. Specifically, the Box-Behnken Design of Experiments method was used in order to investigate the effect of the filler content, the compatibilizer content, and the drawing temperature on the tensile strength and the onset decomposition temperature of the PP composite drawn fibers. The materials were characterized by tensile tests, thermogravimetry, and X-ray diffraction. Two types of composites were investigated with the only difference being the type of filler, namely, Cloisite^® 10A or Cloisite^® 15A. In both cases, statistically significant models were obtained regarding the effect of design variables on tensile strength, while poor significance was observed for the onset decomposition temperature. Nanocomposite fibers with tensile strength up to 540 MPa were obtained. Among the design variables, the drawing temperature exhibited the most notable effect on tensile strength, while the effect of both clays was not significant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Based Nanocomposites: Experiment, Theory and Simulations)

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30 pages, 2118 KiB

Open AccessReview

Magnetic Fluids: The Interaction between the Microstructure, Macroscopic Properties, and Dynamics under Different Combinations of External Influences

by Petr Ryapolov, Anastasia Vasilyeva, Dariya Kalyuzhnaya, Alexander Churaev, Evgeniy Sokolov and Elena Shel’deshova

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020222 - 19 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2387

Abstract

Magnetic fluids were historically the first active nano-dispersion material. Despite over half a century of research, interest in these nano-objects continues to grow every year. This is due to the impressive development of nanotechnology, the synthesis of nanoscale structures, and surface-active systems. The [...] Read more.

Magnetic fluids were historically the first active nano-dispersion material. Despite over half a century of research, interest in these nano-objects continues to grow every year. This is due to the impressive development of nanotechnology, the synthesis of nanoscale structures, and surface-active systems. The unique combination of fluidity and magnetic response allows magnetic fluids to be used in engineering devices and biomedical applications. In this review, experimental results and fundamental theoretical approaches are systematized to predict the micro- and macroscopic behavior of magnetic fluid systems under different external influences. The article serves as working material for both experienced scientists in the field of magnetic fluids and novice specialists who are just beginning to investigate this topic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Magnetite Nanomaterials — Synthesis, Properties, and Applications)

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10 pages, 4067 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Intensity-Demodulated Fiber-Optic Magnetometer Based on Nanostructured Magnetic Fluid-Filled Fluidic Photonic Crystal Fibers

by Liangquan Zhu, Huan Wang, Qijing Lin, Kun Yao, Dan Xian, Ping Yang, Na Zhao, Bian Tian and Zhuangde Jiang

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020221 - 19 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1240

Abstract

An intensity-demodulated fiber-optic magnetometer is proposed and experimentally investigated, which is fabricated via fusion splicing a segment of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) between single-mode fibers (SMFs), with the cladding air holes of PCF filled with magnetic fluid. Using the magneto-optical properties of the [...] Read more.

An intensity-demodulated fiber-optic magnetometer is proposed and experimentally investigated, which is fabricated via fusion splicing a segment of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) between single-mode fibers (SMFs), with the cladding air holes of PCF filled with magnetic fluid. Using the magneto-optical properties of the magnetic fluid, the transmission spectrum is changed with an external magnetic field. Based on the intensity variations in the transmission spectrum, the magnetic field is detected, and a sensitivity of 0.238 dB/mT is obtained at 1550.03 nm with the length of PCF 5.5 cm. By converting light signals into electrical signals, a sensitivity of 0.003 V/mT is achieved. The fiber-optic magnetometer possesses the advantages of simple fabrication, compact/robust structure, and low cost. Full article

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15 pages, 3668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrostatically Doped Junctionless Graphene Nanoribbon Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor for High-Performance Gas Sensing Applications: Leveraging Doping Gates for Multi-Gas Detection

by Khalil Tamersit, Abdellah Kouzou, José Rodriguez and Mohamed Abdelrahem

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020220 - 19 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1538

Abstract

In this paper, a new junctionless graphene nanoribbon tunnel field-effect transistor (JLGNR TFET) is proposed as a multi-gas nanosensor. The nanosensor has been computationally assessed using a quantum simulation based on the self-consistent solutions of the mode space non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) formalism [...] Read more.

In this paper, a new junctionless graphene nanoribbon tunnel field-effect transistor (JLGNR TFET) is proposed as a multi-gas nanosensor. The nanosensor has been computationally assessed using a quantum simulation based on the self-consistent solutions of the mode space non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) formalism coupled with the Poisson’s equation considering ballistic transport conditions. The proposed multi-gas nanosensor is endowed with two top gates ensuring both reservoirs’ doping and multi-gas sensing. The investigations have included the I_DS-V_GS transfer characteristics, the gas-induced electrostatic modulations, subthreshold swing, and sensitivity. The order of change in drain current has been considered as a sensitivity metric. The underlying physics of the proposed JLGNR TFET-based multi-gas nanosensor has also been studied through the analysis of the band diagrams behavior and the energy-position-resolved current spectrum. It has been found that the gas-induced work function modulation of the source (drain) gate affects the n-type (p-type) conduction branch by modulating the band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) while the p-type (n-type) conduction branch still unaffected forming a kind of high selectivity from operating regime point of view. The high sensitivity has been recorded in subthermionic subthreshold swing (SS < 60 mV/dec) regime considering small gas-induced gate work function modulation. In addition, advanced simulations have been performed for the detection of two different types of gases separately and simultaneously, where high-performance has been recorded in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and electrical behavior. The proposed detection approach, which is viable, innovative, simple, and efficient, can be applied using other types of junctionless tunneling field-effect transistors with emerging channel nanomaterials such as the transition metal dichalcogenides materials. The proposed JLGNRTFET-based multi-gas nanosensor is not limited to two specific gases but can also detect other gases by employing appropriate gate materials in terms of selectivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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19 pages, 2860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Zwitterionic Additives on Solvation and Transport of Sodium and Potassium Cations in (Ethylene Oxide)₁₀: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

by Manh Tien Nguyen, Yuhua Duan and Qing Shao

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020219 - 19 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1199

Abstract

Sodium- (Na⁺) and potassium- (K⁺) ion batteries are cost-effective alternatives to lithium-ion (Li⁺) batteries due to the abundant sodium and potassium resources. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are essential for safer and more efficient Na⁺ and K [...] Read more.

Sodium- (Na⁺) and potassium- (K⁺) ion batteries are cost-effective alternatives to lithium-ion (Li⁺) batteries due to the abundant sodium and potassium resources. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are essential for safer and more efficient Na⁺ and K⁺ batteries because they often exhibit low ionic conductivity at room temperature. While zwitterionic (ZW) materials enhance Li⁺ battery conductivity, their potential for Na⁺ and K⁺ transport in batteries remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated the effect of three ZW molecules (ChoPO4, i.e., 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, ImSO3, i.e., sulfobetaine ethylimidazole, and ImCO2, i.e., carboxybetaine ethylimidazole) on the dissociation of Na⁺ and K⁺ coordination with ethylene oxide (EO) chains in EO-based electrolytes through molecular dynamics simulations. Our results showed that ChoPO4 possessed the highest cation–EO₁₀ dissociation ability, while ImSO3 exhibited the lowest. Such dissociation ability correlated with the cation–ZW molecule coordination strength: ChoPO4 and ImSO3 showed the strongest and the weakest coordination with cations. However, the cation–ZW molecule coordination could slow the cationic diffusion. The competition of these effects resulted in accelerating or decelerating cationic diffusion. Our simulated results showed that ImCO2 enhanced Na⁺ diffusion by 20%, while ChoPO4 and ImSO3 led to a 10% reduction. For K⁺, ChoPO4 reduced its diffusion by 40%, while ImCO2 and ImSO3 caused a similar decrease of 15%. These findings suggest that the ZW structure and the cationic size play an important role in the ionic dissociation effect of ZW materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue First-Principle Calculation Study of Nanomaterials)

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15 pages, 6662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pesticide Efficiency of Environment-Friendly Transition Metal-Doped Magnetite Nanoparticles

by Shamaila Shahzadi, Jalees Ul Hassan, Muhammad Oneeb, Saira Riaz, Rehana Sharif and Dayan Ban

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020218 - 19 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1324

Abstract

This study explored the potential of Fe₃O₄, SnFe₂O₄, and CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles as larvicidal and adulticidal agents against Aedes aegypti (A. aegypti) larvae and adults, which are vectors for various diseases. [...] Read more.

This study explored the potential of Fe₃O₄, SnFe₂O₄, and CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles as larvicidal and adulticidal agents against Aedes aegypti (A. aegypti) larvae and adults, which are vectors for various diseases. This research involved the synthesis of these nanoparticles using the coprecipitate method. The results indicate that CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles are the most effective in both larvicidal and adulticidal activities, with complete mortality achieved after 96 h of exposure. SnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles also showed some larvicidal and adulticidal efficacy, although to a lesser extent than the CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles exhibited minimal larvicidal and adulticidal effects at low concentrations but showed increased efficacy at higher concentrations. The study also revealed the superparamagnetic nature of these nanoparticles, making them potentially suitable for applications in aquatic environments, where A. aegypti larvae often thrive. Additionally, the nanoparticles induced observable damage to the gut structure of the mosquitoes and larvae, which could contribute to their mortality. Overall, this research suggests that CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles, in particular, hold promise as environment-friendly and effective agents for controlling A. aegypti mosquitoes, which are responsible for the transmission of diseases such as dengue fever, Zika virus, and Chikungunya. Further studies and field trials are needed to validate their practical use in mosquito control programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Engineered Nanomaterials for Energy and Environmental Applications)

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19 pages, 5934 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Tissue Nanotransfection Silicon Chip and Related Electroporation-Based Technologies for In Vivo Tissue Reprogramming

by Yi Xuan, Cong Wang, Subhadip Ghatak and Chandan K. Sen

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020217 - 19 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3281

Abstract

Tissue nanotransfection (TNT), a cutting-edge technique of in vivo gene therapy, has gained substantial attention in various applications ranging from in vivo tissue reprogramming in regenerative medicine, and wound healing to cancer treatment. This technique harnesses the advancements in the semiconductor processes, facilitating [...] Read more.

Tissue nanotransfection (TNT), a cutting-edge technique of in vivo gene therapy, has gained substantial attention in various applications ranging from in vivo tissue reprogramming in regenerative medicine, and wound healing to cancer treatment. This technique harnesses the advancements in the semiconductor processes, facilitating the integration of conventional transdermal gene delivery methods—nanoelectroporation and microneedle technologies. TNT silicon chips have demonstrated considerable promise in reprogramming fibroblast cells of skin in vivo into vascular or neural cells in preclinical studies to assist in the recovery of injured limbs and damaged brain tissue. More recently, the application of TNT chips has been extended to the area of exosomes, which are vital for intracellular communication to track their functionality during the wound healing process. In this review, we provide an in-depth examination of the design, fabrication, and applications of TNT silicon chips, alongside a critical analysis of the electroporation-based gene transfer mechanisms. Additionally, the review discussed the existing limitations and challenges in the current technique, which may project future trajectories in the landscape of gene therapy. Through this exploration, the review aims to shed light on the prospects of TNT in the broader context of gene therapy and tissue regeneration. Full article

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12 pages, 2644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrophilic Biocompatible Fluorescent Organic Nanoparticles as Nanocarriers for Biosourced Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy

by Isabelle Sasaki, Frédérique Brégier, Guillaume Chemin, Jonathan Daniel, Justine Couvez, Rayan Chkair, Michel Vaultier, Vincent Sol and Mireille Blanchard-Desce

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020216 - 19 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1752

Abstract

Most photosensitizers of interest for photodynamic therapy—especially porphyrinoids and chlorins—are hydrophobic. To circumvent this difficulty, the use of nanocarriers is an attractive strategy. In this perspective, we have developed highly water-soluble and biocompatible fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONPs) made from citric acid and diethyltriamine [...] Read more.

Most photosensitizers of interest for photodynamic therapy—especially porphyrinoids and chlorins—are hydrophobic. To circumvent this difficulty, the use of nanocarriers is an attractive strategy. In this perspective, we have developed highly water-soluble and biocompatible fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONPs) made from citric acid and diethyltriamine which are then activated by ethlynene diamine as nanoplatforms for efficient photosensitizers (PSs). Purpurin 18 (Pp18) was selected as a biosourced chlorin photosensitizer combining the efficient single oxygen generation ability and suitable absorption in the biological spectral window. The simple reaction of activated FONPs with Pp18, which contains a reactive anhydride ring, yielded nanoparticles containing both Pp18 and Cp6 derivatives. These functionalized nanoparticles combine solubility in water, high singlet oxygen generation quantum yield in aqueous media (0.72) and absorption both in the near UV region (FONPS) and in the visible region (Soret band approximately 420 nm as well as Q bands at 500 nm, 560 nm, 660 nm and 710 nm). The functionalized nanoparticles retain the blue fluorescence of FONPs when excited in the near UV region but also show deep-red or NIR fluorescence when excited in the visible absorption bands of the PSs (typically at 520 nm, 660 nm or 710 nm). Moreover, these nanoparticles behave as efficient photosensitizers inducing colorectal cancer cell (HCT116 and HT-29 cell lines) death upon illumination at 650 nm. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values down to, respectively, 0.04 and 0.13 nmol/mL were observed showing the potential of FONPs[Cp6] for the PDT treatment of cancer. In conclusion, we have shown that these novel biocompatible nanoparticles, which can be elaborated from biosourced components, both show deep-red emission upon excitation in the red region and are able to produce singlet oxygen with high efficiency in aqueous environments. Moreover, they show high PDT efficiency on colorectal cancer cells upon excitation in the deep red region. As such, these functional organic nanoparticles hold promise both for PDT treatment and theranostics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology Applied in Modern Photodynamic Therapy)

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11 pages, 586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Properties and THz Emission from Co/CoO/Pt and Ni/NiO/Pt Trilayers

by Nikolaos Kanistras, Laura Scheuer, Dimitrios I. Anyfantis, Alexandros Barnasas, Garik Torosyan, René Beigang, Ovidiu Crisan, Panagiotis Poulopoulos and Evangelos Th. Papaioannou

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020215 - 19 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1470

Abstract

THz radiation emitted by ferromagnetic/non-magnetic bilayers is a new emergent field in ultra-fast spin physics phenomena with a lot of potential for technological applications in the terahertz (THz) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The role of antiferromagnetic layers in the THz emission process [...] Read more.

THz radiation emitted by ferromagnetic/non-magnetic bilayers is a new emergent field in ultra-fast spin physics phenomena with a lot of potential for technological applications in the terahertz (THz) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The role of antiferromagnetic layers in the THz emission process is being heavily investigated at the moment. In this work, we fabricate trilayers in the form of Co/CoO/Pt and Ni/NiO/Pt with the aim of studying the magnetic properties and probing the role of very thin antiferromagnetic interlayers like NiO and CoO in transporting ultrafast spin current. First, we reveal the static magnetic properties of the samples by using temperature-dependent Squid magnetometry and then we quantify the dynamic properties with the help of ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy. We show magnetization reversal that has large exchange bias values and we extract enhanced damping values for the trilayers. THz time-domain spectroscopy examines the influence of the antiferromagnetic interlayer in the THz emission, showing that the NiO interlayer in particular is able to transport spin current. Full article

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10 pages, 1813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Surface Modification and Carrier Extraction in Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells via Self-Assembled Monolayers

by Gisung Kim, Hyojung Kim, Mijoung Kim, Jaegwan Sin, Moonhoe Kim, Jaeho Kim, Haoran Zhou, Sung Ho Kang, Hye Min Oh and JungYup Yang

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020214 - 19 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1971

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been significantly improved by utilizing an inorganic hole-transporting layer (HTL), such as nickel oxide. Despite the promising properties, there are still limitations due to defects. Recently, research on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is being actively conducted, which shows promise [...] Read more.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been significantly improved by utilizing an inorganic hole-transporting layer (HTL), such as nickel oxide. Despite the promising properties, there are still limitations due to defects. Recently, research on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is being actively conducted, which shows promise in reducing defects and enhancing device performance. In this study, we successfully engineered a p-i-n perovskite solar cell structure utilizing HC-A1 and HC-A4 molecules. These SAM molecules were found to enhance the grain morphology and uniformity of the perovskite film, which are critical factors in determining optical properties and device performance. Notably, HC-A4 demonstrated superior performance due to its distinct hydrophilic properties with a contact angle of 50.3°, attributable to its unique functional groups. Overall, the HC-A4-applied film exhibited efficient carrier extraction properties, attaining a carrier lifetime of 117.33 ns. Furthermore, HC-A4 contributed to superior device performance, achieving the highest device efficiency of 20% and demonstrating outstanding thermal stability over 300 h. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perovskite Nanomaterials for Solar Cells and Optoelectronic Applications)

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14 pages, 3453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Balance of 13X Zeolite by Adsorption of Water, Methanol, and Cyclohexane as Pure Vapors or as Mixtures

by Meryem Saidi, François Bihl, Olinda Gimello, Benoit Louis, Anne-Cécile Roger, Philippe Trens and Fabrice Salles

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020213 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1606

Abstract

Adsorption isotherms of pure vapors and vapor mixtures of water, methanol, and cyclohexane were studied using a synthesized 13X zeolite (FAU topology), by means of a DVS gravimetric vapor analyzer. These results were validated by GCMC calculations. The surface chemistry of the adsorbent [...] Read more.

Adsorption isotherms of pure vapors and vapor mixtures of water, methanol, and cyclohexane were studied using a synthesized 13X zeolite (FAU topology), by means of a DVS gravimetric vapor analyzer. These results were validated by GCMC calculations. The surface chemistry of the adsorbent was characterized by the thermodesorption of ammonia, and its textural properties were studied using nitrogen physisorption. The 13X zeolite was found to be strongly acidic (BrØnsted acid sites, Si/Al = 1.3) and its specific surface area around 1100 m²·g⁻¹. Water was found to be able to diffuse within both the supercages and the sodalite cavities of the FAU structure, whereas methanol and cyclohexane were confined in the supercages only. The water/methanol sorption selectivity of the 13X zeolite was demonstrated by co-adsorption measurements. The composition of the water/methanol adsorbed phase could be calculated by assuming IAST hypotheses. This model failed in the case of the water/cyclohexane co-adsorption system, which is in line with the non-miscibility of the components in the adsorbed state. The sorption isotherms could be successfully simulated, confirming the robustness of the forcefields used. The 13X zeolite confirmed its a priori expected hydrophilic nature, which is useful for the selective adsorption of water in a methanol–water vapor mixture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Porous Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Application)

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12 pages, 5672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Quantum Dots/Cu₂O Photocatalyst for Room Temperature Selective Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol

by Zhuang Tong, Yunliang Liu, Xin Wu, Yuanyuan Cheng, Jingwen Yu, Xinyue Zhang, Naiyun Liu, Xiang Liu and Haitao Li

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020212 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1691

Abstract

The luminescence properties and excellent carrier transfer ability of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have attracted much attention in the field of photocatalysis. In this work, we loaded the CQDs on the surface of Cu₂O to enhance the visible-light property of Cu [...] Read more.

The luminescence properties and excellent carrier transfer ability of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have attracted much attention in the field of photocatalysis. In this work, we loaded the CQDs on the surface of Cu₂O to enhance the visible-light property of Cu₂O. Furthermore, the composite was used for selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. The composite catalyst achieved high selectivity (90%) for benzaldehyde at room temperature, leveraging its visible-light-induced electron transfer properties and its photocatalytic activity for hydrogen peroxide decomposition. ·OH was shown to be the main reactive oxygen species in the selective oxidation reaction of benzyl alcohol. The formation of heterostructures of CQDs/Cu₂O promoted charge carrier separation and provided a fast channel for photoinduced electron transfer. This novel material exhibited enhanced levels of activity and stability for selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Potential applications of carbon quantum dot composites in conventional alcohol oxidation reactions are shown. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectrochemical Applications of Quantum Dots and Photofunctional Nanomaterials)

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13 pages, 2946 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Synthesis of Sponge-like V₂O₅/CNT Hybrid Nanostructures Using Vertically Aligned CNTs as Templates

by Matías Picuntureo, José Antonio García-Merino, Roberto Villarroel and Samuel A. Hevia

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020211 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1519

Abstract

The fabrication of sponge-like vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) nanostructures using vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) as a template is presented. The VACNTs were grown on silicon substrates by chemical vapor deposition using the Fe/Al bilayer catalyst approach. The V₂ [...] Read more.

The fabrication of sponge-like vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) nanostructures using vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) as a template is presented. The VACNTs were grown on silicon substrates by chemical vapor deposition using the Fe/Al bilayer catalyst approach. The V₂O₅ nanostructures were obtained from the thermal oxidation of metallic vanadium deposited on the VACNTs. Different oxidation temperatures and vanadium thicknesses were used to study the influence of these parameters on the stability of the carbon template and the formation of the V₂O₅ nanostructures. The morphology of the samples was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, and the structural characterization was performed by Raman, energy-dispersive X-ray, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. Due to the catalytic properties of V₂O₅ in the decomposition of carbonaceous materials, it was possible to obtain supported sponge-like structures based on V₂O₅/CNT composites, in which the CNTs exhibit an increase in their graphitization. The VACNTs can be removed or preserved by modulating the thermal oxidation process and the vanadium thickness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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7 pages, 2055 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Read Operation Mechanism of Feedback Field-Effect Transistors with Quasi-Nonvolatile Memory States

by Juhee Jeon, Kyoungah Cho and Sangsig Kim

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020210 - 18 Jan 2024

Viewed by 973

Abstract

In this study, the read operation of feedback field-effect transistors (FBFETs) with quasi-nonvolatile memory states was analyzed using a device simulator. For FBFETs, write pulses of 40 ns formed potential barriers in their channels, and charge carriers were accumulated (depleted) in these channels, [...] Read more.

In this study, the read operation of feedback field-effect transistors (FBFETs) with quasi-nonvolatile memory states was analyzed using a device simulator. For FBFETs, write pulses of 40 ns formed potential barriers in their channels, and charge carriers were accumulated (depleted) in these channels, generating the memory state “State 1 (State 0)”. Read pulses of 40 ns read these states with a retention time of 3 s, and the potential barrier formation and carrier accumulation were influenced by these read pulses. The potential barriers were analyzed, using junction voltage and current density to explore the memory states. Moreover, FBFETs exhibited nondestructive readout characteristics during the read operation, which depended on the read voltage and pulse width. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Semiconductor Nanomaterials for Memory Devices)

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11 pages, 4327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Necking Reduction at Low Temperature in Aspect Ratio Etching of SiO₂ at CF₄/H₂/Ar Plasma

by Hee-Tae Kwon, In-Young Bang, Jae-Hyeon Kim, Hyeon-Jo Kim, Seong-Yong Lim, Seo-Yeon Kim, Seong-Hee Cho, Ji-Hwan Kim, Woo-Jae Kim, Gi-Won Shin and Gi-Chung Kwon

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020209 - 17 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2149

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of temperature on the aspect-ratio etching of SiO₂ in CF₄/H₂/Ar plasma using patterned samples of a 200 nm trench in a low-temperature reactive-ion etching system. Lower temperatures resulted in higher etch rates and [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effect of temperature on the aspect-ratio etching of SiO₂ in CF₄/H₂/Ar plasma using patterned samples of a 200 nm trench in a low-temperature reactive-ion etching system. Lower temperatures resulted in higher etch rates and aspect ratios for SiO₂. However, the plasma property was constant with the chuck temperature, indicated by the line intensity ratio from optical emission spectroscopy monitoring of the plasma. The variables obtained from the characterization of the etched profile for the 200 nm trench after etching were analyzed as a function of temperature. A reduction in the necking ratio affected the etch rate and aspect ratio of SiO₂. The etching mechanism of the aspect ratio etching of SiO₂ was discussed based on the results of the surface composition at necking via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy with temperature. The results suggested that the neutral species reaching the etch front of SiO₂ had a low sticking coefficient. The bowing ratio decreased with lowering temperature, indicating the presence of directional ions during etching. Therefore, a lower temperature for the aspect ratio etching of SiO₂ could achieve a faster etch rate and a higher aspect ratio of SiO₂ via the reduction of necking than higher temperatures. Full article

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12 pages, 2042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Al/SBA-15 Mesoporous Material: A Study of pH Influence over Aluminum Insertion into the Framework

by Francisco Gustavo Hayala Silveira Pinto, Vinícius Patrício da Silva Caldeira, Jhonny Villarroel-Rocha, Karim Sapag, Sibele Berenice Castellã Pergher and Anne Gabriella Dias Santos

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020208 - 17 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1359

Abstract

Herein, ordered mesoporous materials like SBA-15 and Al/SBA-15 were prepared using the pH adjustment method. Thus, these materials were developed in different pH of synthesis, from the pH adjustment method using a KCl/HCl solution and varying the Si/Al molar ratio (5, 25, and [...] Read more.

Herein, ordered mesoporous materials like SBA-15 and Al/SBA-15 were prepared using the pH adjustment method. Thus, these materials were developed in different pH of synthesis, from the pH adjustment method using a KCl/HCl solution and varying the Si/Al molar ratio (5, 25, and 75). All the ordered mesoporous materials were characterized by FRX, ²⁷Al NMR, SEM, XRD, N₂ adsorption/desorption, and CO₂ adsorption. From the applied method, it was possible to obtain SBA-15 and Al/SBA-15 with high mesoscopic ordering based on the XRD patterns, independent of the pH employed. From the chemical composition, the insertion of higher amounts of Al into the synthesis caused a progressive improvement in the structural and textural properties of the ordered mesoporous materials. Thus, the chosen synthesis conditions can lead to different aluminum coordination (tetrahedral and octahedral), which gives these materials a greater potential to be applied. The presence of Al in high amounts provides material with the ability to form micropores. Finally, the proposed method proved to be innovative; low-cost; less aggressive to the environment, with efficient insertion of aluminum in the framework of SBA-15 mesoporous material; and practical, based on only one step. Full article

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15 pages, 1914 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Circumventing the Uncertainties of the Liquid Phase in the Compositional Control of VLS III–V Ternary Nanowires Based on Group V Intermix

by Vladimir G. Dubrovskii

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020207 - 17 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1034

Abstract

Control over the composition of III–V ternary nanowires grown by the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) method is essential for bandgap engineering in such nanomaterials and for the fabrication of functional nanowire heterostructures for a variety of applications. From the fundamental viewpoint, III–V ternary nanowires based [...] Read more.

Control over the composition of III–V ternary nanowires grown by the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) method is essential for bandgap engineering in such nanomaterials and for the fabrication of functional nanowire heterostructures for a variety of applications. From the fundamental viewpoint, III–V ternary nanowires based on group V intermix (InSb_xAs_1−x, InP_xAs_1−x, GaP_xAs_1−x and many others) present the most difficult case, because the concentrations of highly volatile group V atoms in a catalyst droplet are beyond the detection limit of any characterization technique and therefore principally unknown. Here, we present a model for the vapor–solid distribution of such nanowires, which fully circumvents the uncertainties that remained in the theory so far, and we link the nanowire composition to the well-controlled parameters of vapor. The unknown concentrations of group V atoms in the droplet do not enter the distribution, despite the fact that a growing solid is surrounded by the liquid phase. The model fits satisfactorily the available data on the vapor–solid distributions of VLS InSb_xAs_1−x, InP_xAs_1−x and GaP_xAs_1−x nanowires grown using different catalysts. Even more importantly, it provides a basis for the compositional control of III–V ternary nanowires based on group V intermix, and it can be extended over other material systems where two highly volatile elements enter a ternary solid alloy through a liquid phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation and Application of Nanowires: 2nd Edition)

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