Novel Immune Features of the Systemic Inflammation Associated with Primary Hypercholesterolemia: Changes in Cytokine/Chemokine Profile, Increased Platelet and Leukocyte Activation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell culture
2.2. Human Study Populations
2.3. Flow Cytometry
2.4. Quantification of Soluble Metabolic and Inflammatory Markers
2.5. Leukocyte-Endothelial Cell Interactions under Flow Conditions
2.6. Immunofluorescence Studies
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Platelet Activation Is Enhanced in Patients with PH
3.2. The Percentage of Platelet-Neutrophil Aggregates, Activated Neutrophils, and Circulating Levels of IL-8, Are Elevated in Patients with PH
3.3. Circulating Mon 3 Monocytes, Platelet-Mon 1 and 3 Aggregates, Activated Mon 1 and 2 Monocytes, and Plasma Levels of CCL2 and CX3CL1, Are All Elevated in Patients with PH
3.4. Circulating CD4+ Lymphocytes, Platelet-Lymphocyte (CD4+ and CD8+) Aggregates and Lymphocyte (CD4+ and CD8+) Activation Are Significantly increased in Patients with PH
3.5. Circulating Levels of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines but not Adipokines Are Increased in PH Patients
3.6. Circulating Platelet-Leukocytes and Leukocytes from PH Patients Have Increased Adhesiveness to TNFα-Stimulated HUAEC
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control Volunteers (n = 21) | PH Subjects (n = 22) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 48.8 ± 2.7 | 49 ± 3.1 | 0.95 |
Gender M/F (%) | 5/16 (23.8/76.2) | 4/18 (18.2/81.8) | 0.72 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.4 ± 0.7 | 25.7 ± 0.9 | 0.83 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 85.3 ± 1.9 | 85.7 ± 2.2 | 0.90 |
SBP (mmHg) | 115.9 ± 2.0 | 124.7 ± 3.6 * | <0.05 |
DBP (mmHg) | 71.6 ± 1.8 | 78.5 ± 2.6 * | <0.05 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 86.7 ± 1.5 | 88.1 ± 1.9 | 0.57 |
TC levels (mg/dL) | 206.1 ± 6.8 | 264.6 ± 8.9 ** | <0.01 |
LDL levels (mg/dL) | 130.6 ± 5.4 | 182.8 ± 6.2 ** | <0.01 |
TG (mg/dL) | 80.9 ± 7.3 | 109.7 ± 8.5 ** | <0.01 |
HDL levels (mg/dL) | 65.9 ± 2.5 | 63.4 ± 2.9 | 0.51 |
ApoB (mg/dL) | 92.5 ± 4.1 | 127.4 ± 5.0 ** | <0.01 |
GOT (U/L) | 21.7 ± 0.9 | 22.8 ± 1.1 | 0.42 |
GPT (U/L) | 18.3 ± 1.8 | 18.5 ± 1.1 | 0.90 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.48 |
IgG (mg/dL) | 966.7 ± 41.1 | 968.5 ± 34.4 | 0.97 |
Igm (mg/dL) | 100.4 ± 7.6 | 125.8 ± 14.1 | 0.14 |
IgE total (IU/L) | 42.6 ± 12.0 | 50.4 ± 16.9 | 0.71 |
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Collado, A.; Marques, P.; Domingo, E.; Perello, E.; González-Navarro, H.; Martinez-Hervás, S.; Real, J.T.; Piqueras, L.; Ascaso, J.F.; Sanz, M.-J. Novel Immune Features of the Systemic Inflammation Associated with Primary Hypercholesterolemia: Changes in Cytokine/Chemokine Profile, Increased Platelet and Leukocyte Activation. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010018
Collado A, Marques P, Domingo E, Perello E, González-Navarro H, Martinez-Hervás S, Real JT, Piqueras L, Ascaso JF, Sanz M-J. Novel Immune Features of the Systemic Inflammation Associated with Primary Hypercholesterolemia: Changes in Cytokine/Chemokine Profile, Increased Platelet and Leukocyte Activation. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(1):18. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010018
Chicago/Turabian StyleCollado, Aida, Patrice Marques, Elena Domingo, Eva Perello, Herminia González-Navarro, Sergio Martinez-Hervás, José T. Real, Laura Piqueras, Juan F. Ascaso, and Maria-Jesus Sanz. 2019. "Novel Immune Features of the Systemic Inflammation Associated with Primary Hypercholesterolemia: Changes in Cytokine/Chemokine Profile, Increased Platelet and Leukocyte Activation" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 1: 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010018