Occurrence of Cervical Spine Pain and Its Intensity in Young People with Temporomandibular Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement and Information about Project
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Methods
- Do you feel pain when you open your mouth wide or chew (at least once a week or more)?
- Do you have pain in your temple, face, temporomandibular joint or jaw (at least once a week or more)?
- Do you feel like your jaw is blocked or that you have problem with open it wide?
- Do you get headaches more than once a week?
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Osiewicz, M.A.; Lobbezoo, F.; Loster, B.W.; Wilkosz, M.; Naeije, M.; Ohrbach, R. Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD)—The Polish version of a dual-axis system for the diagnosis of TMD.* RDC/TMD. J. Stoma. 2013, 66, 576–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- David, C.M.; Elavarasi, P. Functional anatomy and biomechanics of temporomandibular joint and the far-reaching effects of its disorders. J. Adv. Clin. Res. Insights 2016, 3, 101–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liem, T. Cranial Osteopathy. Principles and Practice; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2005; pp. 36–60+213–242+334–342. [Google Scholar]
- Lei, J.; Liu, M.-Q.; Jin Yap, A.U.; Fu, K.-Y. Sleep disturbance and psychologic distress: Prevalence and risk indicators for temporomandibular disorders in a Chinese population. J. Oral Facial Pain Headache 2015, 29, 24–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Velly, A.M.; Anderson, G.C.; Look, J.O.; Riley, J.L.; Rindal, D.B.; Johnson, K.J.; Wang, Q.; Fricton, J.; Huff, K.; Ohrbach, R.; et al. Management of painful temporomandibular disorders: Methods and overview of The National Dental Practice-Based Research Network prospective cohort study. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2022, 153, 144–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zieliński, G.; Pająk-Zielińska, B.; Ginszt, M. A Meta-Analysis of the Global Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 1365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crăciun, M.D.; Geman, O.; Leuciuc, F.V.; Holubiac, I.S.; Gheorghiţă, D.; Florin, F. Effectiveness of Physiotherapy in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction and the Relationship with Cervical Spine. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 2962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Leeuw, R.; Bertoli, E.; Schmidt, J.E.; Carlson, C.R. Prevalence of traumatic stressors in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2005, 63, 42–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Manfredini, D.; Landi, L.; Bandettini Di Poggio, A.; Dell’Osso, L.; Bosco, M. A critical review on the importance of psychological factors in temporomandibular disorders. Minerva Stomatol. 2003, 52, 321–330. [Google Scholar]
- Jussila, P.; Knuutila, J.; Salmela, S.; Näpänkangas, R.; Päkkilä, J.; Pirttinirmi, P.; Raustia, A. Association of risk factors with temporomandibular disorders in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Acta Odontol. Scand. 2018, 76, 525–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brancher, J.A.; Spada, P.P.; Meger, M.N.; Fatturi, A.L.; Dalledone, M.; de Paiva Bertoli, F.M.; Deeley, K.; Scariot, R.; Rezende Viera, A.; Calvano Küchler, E.; et al. The association of genetic polymorphisms in serotonin transporter and catechol-O-methyltransferase on temporomandibular disorders and anxiety in adolescents. J. Oral Rehabil. 2019, 46, 597–604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berger, M.; Szalewski, L.; Bakalczuk, M.; Bakalczuk, G.; Bakalczuk, S.; Szkutnik, J. Association between estrogen levels and temporomandibular disorders: A systematic literature review. Menopause Rev. 2015, 14, 260–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kapos, F.P.; Exposto, F.G.; Oyarzo, J.F.; Durham, J. Temporomandibular disorders: A review of current concepts in aetiology, diagnosis and management. Oral Surg. 2020, 13, 321–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kazeminasab, S.; Nejadghaderi, S.A.; Amiri, P.; Pourfathi, H.; Araj-Khodaei, M.; Sullman, M.M.S.; Kolahi, A.-A.; Safiri, S. Neck pain: Global epidemiology, trends and risk factors. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2022, 23, 26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oleksy, Ł.; Kielnar, R.; Mika, A.; Jankowicz-Szymańska, A.; Bylina, D.; Sołtan, J.; Pruszczyński, B.; Stolarczyk, A.; Królikowska, A. Impact of Cervical Spine Rehabilitation on Temporomandibular Joint Functioning in Patients with Idiopathic Neck Pain. Biomed Res. Int. 2021, 2021, 6886373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nunes, A.M.; Rosario Lopes, P.R.; Viera Bittencourt, M.A.; de Araujo, R.P.C. Association between severity of the temporomandibular disorder, neck pain, and mandibular function impairment. Rev. CEFAC 2020, 22, e17418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, D.; Ko, S.-G.; Lee, E.-K.; Jung, B. The relationship between spinal pain and temporomandibular joint disorders in Korea: A nationwide propensity score-matched study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2019, 20, 631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Boever, J.A.; Nilner, M.; Orthlieb, J.-D.; Steenks, M.H. Recommendations by the EACD for examination, diagnosis, and management of patients with temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain by the general dental practitioner. J. Orofac. Pain 2008, 22, 268–278. [Google Scholar]
- Reed, M.D.; Nostran, W.V. Assessing pain intensity with the visual analog scale: A plea for uniformity. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2014, 54, 241–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jordan, K. Assessment of published reliability studies for cervical spine range-of-motion measurement tools. J. Manip. Physiol. Ther. 2000, 23, 180–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manfredini, D.; Arveda, N.; Guarda-Nardini, L.; Segù, M.; Collesano, V. Distribution of diagnoses in a population of patients with temporomandibular disorders. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. 2012, 114, e35–e41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rodrigues Conti, P.C.; Pinto-Fiamengui, L.M.S.; Ortigosa Cunha, C.; de Castro Ferreira Conti, A.C. Orofacial pain and temporomandibular disorders: The impact on oral health and quality of life. Braz. Oral Res. 2012, 26 (Suppl. S1), 120–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zakrzewska, J.M. Temporomandibular disorders, headaches and chronic pain. J. Pain Palliat. Care Pharmacother. 2015, 29, 61–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Jundi, M.A.; John, M.T.; Setz, J.M.; Szentpétery, A.; Kuss, O. Meta-analysis of treatment need for temporomandibular disorders in adult nonpatients. J. Orofac. Pain. 2008, 22, 97–107. [Google Scholar]
- Li, D.T.S.; Leung, Y.Y. Temporomandibular Disorders: Current Concepts and Controversies in Diagnosis and Management. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loster, J.E.; Osiewicz, M.A.; Groch, M.; Ryniewicz, W.; Wieczorek, A. The Prevalence of TMD in Polish Young Adults. J. Prosthodont. 2017, 26, 284–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manfredini, D.; Guarda-Nardini, L.; Winocur, E.; Piccotti, F.; Ahlberh, J.; Lobbezzo, F. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review of axis I epidemiologic findings. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 2011, 112, 453–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manfredini, D.; Piccotti, F.; Ferronato, G.; Guarda-Nardini, L. Age peaks of different RDC/TMD diagnoses in a patient population. J. Dent. 2010, 38, 392–399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, F.; Steinkeler, A. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Dent. Clin. N. Am. 2013, 57, 465–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walczyńska-Dragon, K.; Baron, S.; Nitecka-Buchta, A.; Tkacz, E. Correlation between TMD and cervical spine pain and mobility: Is the whole body balance TMJ related? Biomed. Res. Int. 2014, 2014, 582414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Torres, F.; Campos, L.G.; Fillipini, H.F.; Weigert, K.L.; Vecchia, G.F.D. Efeitos dos tratamentos fisioterapêutico e odontológico em pacientes com disfunção temporomandibular. Fisioter. Mov. 2012, 25, 117–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wolan-Nieroda, A.; Maciejczak, A.; Mańko, G.; Juszczyk, K.; Rutkowski, S.; Guzik, A. Comparative Analysis of Mandibular and Cervical Mobility in Young Adults with Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Case-Control Study. Med. Sci. Monit. 2023, 29, e940653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonjardim, L.R.; Gavião, M.B.D.; Pereira, L.J.; Castelo, P.M.; Garcia, R.C.M.R. Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in adolescents. Braz. Oral Res. 2005, 19, 93–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yap, A.U.; Chen, C.; Wong, H.C.; Yow, M.; Tan, E. Temporomandibular disorders in prospective orthodontic patients. Angle Orthod. 2021, 91, 377–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colonna, A.; Guarda-Nardini, L.; Ferrari, M.; Manfredini, D. COVID-19 pandemic and the psyche, bruxism, temporomandibular disorders triangle. Cranio 2021, 15, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gonçalves, D.; Bigal, M.E.; Jales, L.C.F.; Camparis, C.M.; Speciali, J.G. Headache and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder: An epidemiological study. Headache 2010, 50, 231–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Troeltzsch, M.; Troeltzsch, M.; Cronin, R.J.; Brodine, A.H.; Frankenberger, R.; Messlinger, K. Prevalence and association of headaches, temporomandibular joint disorders, and occlusal interferences. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2011, 105, 410–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krzyżanowski, M.; Hansdorfer-Korzon, R.; Rajkowska-Labon, E. The physiotherapeutic estimation of the act of temporal-mandibular joints among students of Medical University of Gdańsk. Fizjoterapia Pol. 2014, 14, 14–22. [Google Scholar]
- Exposto, F.G.; Renner, N.; Bendixen, K.H.; Svensson, P. Pain in the temple? Headache, muscle pain or both: A retrospective analysis. Cephalalgia 2021, 41, 1486–1491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yeler, D.Y.; Yılmaz, N.; Koraltan, M.; Aydın, E. A survey on the potential relationships between TMD, possible sleep bruxism, unilateral chewing, and occlusal factors in Turkish university students. Cranio 2017, 35, 308–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johansson, A.; Unell, L.; Carlsson, G.E.; Söderfeldt, B.; Halling, A. Gender difference in symptoms related to temporomandibular disorders in a population of 50-year-old subjects. J. Orofac. Pain 2003, 17, 29–35. [Google Scholar]
- Çebi, A.T. Presence of tinnitus and tinnitus-related hearing loss in temporomandibular disorders. Cranio 2023, 41, 173–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mottaghi, A.; Menéndez-Díaz, I.; Cobo, J.L.; González-Serrano, J.; Cobom, T. Is there a higher prevalence of tinnitus in patients with temporomandibular disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Oral Rehabil. 2019, 46, 76–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Skog, C.; Fjellner, J.; Ekberg, E.C.; Häggman-Henriksonm, B. Tinnitus as a comorbidity to temporomandibular disorders—A systematic review. J. Oral Rehabil. 2019, 46, 87–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hassel, A.J.; Rammelsberg, P.; Schmitter, M. Inter-examiner reliability in the clinical examination of temporomandibular disorders: Influence of age. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 2006, 34, 41–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kitsoulis, P.; Marini, A.; Iliou, K.; Galani, V.; Zimpis, A.; Kanavaros, P.; Paraskevas, G. Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorders related to the degree of mouth opening and hearing loss. BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2011, 11, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ferreira, M.P.; Waisberg, C.B.; Conti, P.C.R.; Bevilaqua-Grossi, D. Mobility of the upper cervical spine and muscle performance of the deep flexors in women with temporomandibular disorders. J. Oral Rehabil. 2019, 46, 1177–1184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Laat, A.; Meuleman, H.; Stevens, A.; Verbeke, G. Correlation between cervical spine and temporomandibular disorders. Clin. Oral Investig. 1998, 2, 54–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lendraitiene, E.; Smilgiene, L.; Petruseviciene, D.; Savickas, R. Changes and Associations between Cervical Range of Motion, Pain, Temporomandibular Joint Range of Motion and Quality of Life in Individuals with Migraine Applying Physiotherapy: A Pilot Study. Medicina 2021, 57, 630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Minervini, G.; Franco, R.; Marrapodi, M.M.; Crimi, S.; Badnjević, A.; Cervino, G.; Bianchi, A.; Ciciu, M. Correlation between Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) and Posture Evaluated trough the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD): A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 2652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Greenbaum, T.; Dvir, Z.; Emodi-Perlman, A.; Reiter, S.; Rubin, P.; Winocur, E. The association between specific temporomandibular disorders and cervicogenic headache. Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract. 2021, 52, 102321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cortese, S.; Mondello, A.; Galarza, R.; Biondi, A. Postural alterations as a risk factor for temporomandibular disorders. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2017, 30, 57–61. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Kielnar, R.; Mika, A.; Bylina, D.; Sołtan, J.; Stolarczyk, A.; Pruszczyński, B.; Recheniuk, H.; Szczegielniak, J.; Królikowska, A.; Oleksy, Ł. The influence of cervical spine rehabilitation on bioelectrical activity (sEMG) of cervical and masticatory system muscles. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0250746. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cuccia, A.; Caradonna, C. The relationship between the stomatognathic system and body posture. Clinics 2009, 64, 61–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weber, P.; Rodrigues Corrêa, E.C.; dos Santos Ferreira, F.; Corrêa Soares, J.; de Paula Bolzan, G.; da Silva, A.M.T. Cervical spine dysfunction signs and symptoms in individuals with temporomandibular disorder. J. Soc. Bras. Fonoaudiol. 2012, 24, 134–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raya, C.R.; Plaza-Manzano, G.; Pecos-Martin, D.; Ferragut-Garcias, A.; Martin-Casas, P.; Gallego-Izquierdo, T.; Romero-Franco, N. Role of upper cervical spine in temporomandibular disorders. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 2017, 30, 1245–1250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Munhoz, W.C.; Marques, A.P.; Tesseroli de Siqueira, T.T. Evaluation of body posture in individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio 2005, 23, 269–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pedroni, C.R.; de Oliveira, A.S.; Berzin, F. Pain characteristics of temporomandibular disorder—A pilot study in patients with cervical spine dysfunction. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 2006, 14, 388–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manfredini, D.; Castroflorio, T.; Perinetti, G.; Guarda-Nardini, L. Dental occlusion, body posture and temporomandibular disorders: Where we are now and where we are heading for. J. Oral Rehabil. 2012, 39, 463–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zieliński, G.; Matysik-Woźniak, A.; Baszczowski, M.; Rapa, M.; Ginszt, M.; Pająk, B.; Szkutnik, J.; Rejdak, R.; Gawda, P. Myopia & painful muscle form of temporomandibular disorders: Connections between vision, masticatory and cervical muscles activity and sensitivity and sleep quality. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 20231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kang, J.-H. Effects on migraine, neck pain, and head and neck posture, of temporomandibular disorder treatment: Study of a retrospective cohort. Arch. Oral Biol. 2020, 114, 104718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Examination | Description |
---|---|
Palpation [1,3] Standardized starting position: lying/standing position, upper and salt limbs straight, head in neutral position. | |
Masseter muscle | Palpation between the zygomatic angle and the angle of the lower jaw. |
Temporal muscle | Palpation in 3 parts:
|
Medial pterygoid muscle | Palpation on the medial side of the angle of the lower jaw with pressure towards the skull. |
Digastric muscle | Palpation in 2 parts during cervical spine extension:
|
Zygomaticus minor and major muscles | Palpation inside the mouth between the upper lip and the teeth, the other hand performs palpation from the outside. |
Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles | Gentle palpation during the movement of cervical extension of the spine and maintenance of dental contact. |
Sternocleidomastoid muscles | Palpation on the lateral part of the neck, during the movement of lateral flexion of the neck to the opposite side and rotation to the same side. |
Anterior/medium/posterior inclined muscles | Palpation on the lateral side of the neck, behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle. |
Examination of the range of motion of temporomandibular joints [1,3] Standardized starting position: sitting position, back straight, head in neutral position. | |
Abduction—opening the mouth | Active movement measurement: distance between upper and lower incisors. |
Protrusion | Active movement measurement: the distance between the upper and lower incisors |
Lateral movement (right/left) | Active movement measurement: mandibular protrusion to the left and right, measurement of the distance between the midline of the jaw and the midline of the mandible shifted to the right or left. |
Examination of the range of motion of the cervical spine [20] Standardized starting position: sitting position, back straight, head in a horizontal position. | |
Flexion and extension | Inclinometer placed on top of the head in position 0°. Movement: flexion and extension (movement in the sagittal plane). |
Rotation (Right/Left) | Inclinometer placed on the front of the forehead in position 0°. Movement: rotation to the right and left (movement in the transverse plane). |
Lateral flexion (right/left) | Inclinometer placed on top of the head in position 0°. Movement: Right and Left Lateral Flexion (movement in the frontal plane) |
Characteristics | Control Group n = 51 | Study Group n = 44 | Total n = 95 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, n (%) | ||||
Male | 13 (25.5) | 7 (15.9) | 20 (21.1) | 0.117 |
Female | 38 (74.5) | 37 (84.1) | 75 (78.9) | <0.001 |
Age (years), n (%) | 0.085 | |||
18–20 | 16 (31.4) | 16 (36.4) | 32 (33.7) | |
21–25 | 26 (51.0) | 25 (56.8) | 51 (53.7) | |
26–30 | 9 (17.6) | 3 (6.8) | 12 (12.6) | |
Age (mean ± SD) | 22.5 (2.2) | 22.2 (3.1) | 22.4 (2.7) | 0.52 |
Health, n (%) | 0.076 | |||
weak | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
sufficient | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
good | 22 (43.1) | 27 (61.4) | 49 (51.6) | |
very good | 20 (39.2) | 14 (31.8) | 34 (35.8) | |
excellent | 9 (17.7) | 3 (6.8) | 12 (12.6) |
Temporomandibular Disorders—RDC/TMD and a Survey Questionnaire | Control Group n = 51 | Study Group n = 44 | Total n = 95 | ES Cohen’s d | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pain and/or discomfort in the TMJ area, n (%) | 3 (5.9) | 38 (86.4) | 41 (43.2) | 0.86 | <0.001 |
pain in the chewing muscles and/or in the neck muscles, n (%) | 7 (13.7) | 37 (84.1) | 44 (46.3) | 0.68 | <0.001 |
clicking or snapping sound in the TMJ, n (%) | 7 (13.7) | 20 (45.5) | 27 (28.4) | 0.94 | <0.001 |
increased or decreased mobility of the TMJ, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 17 (38.6) | 18 (18.9) | 0.86 | <0.001 |
rubbing and/or clenching of teeth, n (%) | 13 (25.5) | 25 (56.8) | 38 (40.0) | 0.94 | <0.001 |
numbness in the jaw area, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 5 (11.4) | 6 (6.3) | 0.45 | 0.4328 |
tinnitus, n (%) | 12 (23.5) | 19 (43.2) | 31 (32.6) | 0.42 | 0.099 |
headaches, n (%) | 12 (23.5) | 42 (95.5) | 54 (56.8) | 0.94 | <0.001 |
Physiotherapy Examination | Control Group n = 51 | Study Group n = 44 | Total n = 95 | ES Cohen’s d | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
without facial pain, n (%) | 40 (78.4) | 17 (38.6) | 57 (60.0) | 0.76 | <0.05 |
muscle pain on the left side, n (%) | 7 (13.7) | 19 (43.2) | 26 (27.4) | 0.68 | <0.05 |
pain in the joint on the left side, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 6 (13.6) | 7 (7.4) | 0.44 | 0.081 |
muscle and joint pain on the left side, n (%) | 2 (3.9) | 10 (22.7) | 12 (12.6) | 0.57 | 0.056 |
muscle pain on the right side, n (%) | 2 (3.9) | 12 (27.3) | 14 (14.7) | 0.74 | <0.05 |
pain in the joint on the right side, n (%) | 2 (3.9) | 5 (11.4) | 7 (7.4) | 0.28 | 0.074 |
muscle and joint pain on the right side, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 10 (22.7) | 11 (11.6) | 0.98 | <0.001 |
Mobility of the Temporomandibular Joint | Control Group n = 51 | Study Group n = 44 | Total n = 95 | ES Cohen’s d | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abduction (mean ± SD) | 42.3 mm (14.8) | 30.9 mm (8.2) | - | 0.95 | <0.001 |
Pain, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 19 (43.2) | 20 (21.1) | ||
Protrusion (mean ± SD) | 8.2 mm (2.1) | 4.6 mm (1.9) | - | 0.79 | <0.001 |
Pain, n (%) | 2 (3.9) | 27 (61.4) | 29 (30.5) | ||
Lateral movement to the left (mean ± SD) | 9.2 mm (1.7) | 8.3 mm (1.3) | - | 0.59 | <0.001 |
Pain, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (27.3) | 12 (12.6) | ||
Lateral movement to the right (mean ± SD) | 9.8 mm (1.1) | 7.8 mm (1.8) | - | 0.64 | <0.001 |
Pain, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 10 (22.7) | 11 (11.6) |
Mobility of the Cervical Spine | Control Group n = 51 | Study Group n = 44 | Total n = 95 | ES Cohen’s d | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flexion (mean ± SD) | 45.6° (12.1) | 40.1° (9.9) | - | 0.49 | <0.05 |
Pain, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 10 (22.7) | 11 (11.6) | ||
Extension (mean ± SD) | 74.1° (5.6) | 65.2° (6.3) | - | 0.31 | 0.139 |
Pain, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 9 (20.5) | 10 (10.5) | ||
Rotation to the right (mean ± SD) | 67.5° (12.7) | 59.1° (11.2) | - | 0.70 | <0.05 |
Pain, n (%) | 2 (3.9) | 8 (18.2) | 10 (10.5) | ||
Rotation to the left (mean ± SD) | 68.9° (8.2) | 61.7° (10.9) | - | 0.75 | <0.05 |
Pain, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (18.2) | 8 (8.4) | ||
Side bend to the right (mean ± SD) | 50.7° (8.7) | 45.3° (7.9) | - | 0.64 | <0.05 |
Pain, n (%) | 3 (5.9) | 5 (11.4) | 8 (8.4) | ||
Side bend to the left (mean ± SD) | 52.5° (8.5) | 45.3° (7.4) | - | 0.90 | <0.05 |
Pain, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 6 (13.6) | 7 (7.4) |
Variable | Control Group n = 51 | Study Group n = 44 | Total n (%) | ES Cohen’s d | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
The cervical spine pain, | |||||
n (%) | |||||
Yes | 38 (74.5) | 43 (97.7) | 81 (85.3) | 0.85 | <0.05 * |
No | 13 (25.5) | 1 (2.3) | 14 (14.7) | ||
Intensity of pain in the cervical spine | |||||
(the VAS Scale), n (%) | |||||
0 | 13 (25.5) | 1 (2.3) | 14 (14.7) | 0.98 | <0.001 ** |
1–3 | 34 (66.7) | 10 (22.7) | 44 (46.3) | ||
4–6 | 4 (7.8) | 20 (45.5) | 24 (25.3) | ||
7–9 | 0 (0.0) | 13 (29.5) | 13 (13.7) | ||
10 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Odzimek, M.; Brola, W. Occurrence of Cervical Spine Pain and Its Intensity in Young People with Temporomandibular Disorders. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 1941. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071941
Odzimek M, Brola W. Occurrence of Cervical Spine Pain and Its Intensity in Young People with Temporomandibular Disorders. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(7):1941. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071941
Chicago/Turabian StyleOdzimek, Martyna, and Waldemar Brola. 2024. "Occurrence of Cervical Spine Pain and Its Intensity in Young People with Temporomandibular Disorders" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 7: 1941. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071941