Impact of Idiopathic Scoliosis on the Cardiopulmonary Capacity of Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Test Protocols
2.3. Anthropometric Measurements
2.4. CPET
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Study Group (n = 92) | Control Group (n = 94) | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, mean ± SD (range) | 13.30 ± 2.46 (10–17) | 13.26 ± 2.42 (10–17) | 0.68 | 0.74 |
Height, cm, mean ± SD (range) | 156 ± 15.55 (131–182) | 159.05 ± 12.16 (135–185) | 0.87 | 0.31 |
Weight, kg, mean ± SD (range) | 45.61 ± 17.00 (32.7–95.0) | 47.49 ± 15.12 (33.7–95) | 0.62 | 0.77 |
Z BMI | 0.7 ± 1.3 (−1.8–2.0) | 1.2 ± 0.8 (−2.0–2.0) | −6.25 | <0.001 |
Girls N (%) | 63 (68.5%) | 64 (68.0%) | ||
Boys N (%) | 29 (31.5%) | 30 (32.0%) | ||
Cobb (p), mean ± SD (range) | 20.90 ± 11 (11–40) | |||
Cobb (s), mean ± SD (range) | 15.83 ± 8.87 (3–33) | |||
King–Moe classification | ||||
3 | 63 (68.5%) | |||
4 | 29 (31.5%) |
Parameter | Abbreviation | Definition |
---|---|---|
Peak workload [W] | Wpeak | Maximal work rate achieved |
Total test duration [min] | T | Total duration of the cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Longer duration of the cardiopulmonary exercise testing is associated with higher levels of exercise tolerance/aerobic capacity |
Time to reach VO2 max [min] | VO2max Time | Time to reach VO2 max |
Heartrate peak (beats/min) | HR | Maximal heart rate at peak exercise |
Metabolic and gas exchange parameters | ||
Absolute peak oxygen uptake [L/min] | VO2peak | VO2peak is the highest oxygen intake that was sustained for at least 30 s during cycling |
Normative values of peak oxygen uptake [%] | VO2 NORM | Normative reference values of absolute peak oxygen uptake |
Peak oxygen uptake per body mass [mL/min/kg] | VO2peak/kg | VO2peak/kg is a peak oxygen uptake per body weight calculated by dividing VO2peak by total body mass for at least 30 s during cycling |
Peak oxygen pulse (mL/beat−1) | Peak O2pulse | VO2 ÷ heart rate, highest recorded value averaged over 30 s during exercise |
Respiratory exchange ratio | RER | A ratio of the volume of CO2 being produced by the body to the amount of O2 being consumed |
Ventilation equivalent for oxygen [L/min] | VE/VO2 | The ventilation volume required for the consumption of 1 L of oxygen |
Ventilation equivalent for carbon dioxide VE/VO2 | VE/VCO2 | The ventilation volume required to remove 1 L of carbon dioxide |
Ventilation parameters | ||
Minute ventilation volume [L/min] | VE | The ventilation in liters per minute |
Tidal volume [L] | VT | The volume of gas inspired and expired during one respiratory cycle |
Breathing frequency [bpm] | BF | The number of breaths per minute when working at a maximum intensity. Anaerobic threshold and peak exercise in breaths per minute |
Breathing reserve [%] | BR | The difference between the maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) and the maximum exercise ventilation (VE) in absolute terms, or this difference as a fraction of the MVV |
Parameters | Group | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Study | Control | Study | |||
Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | S–W; p | S–W; p | |
Wpeak [W] | 156.64 ± 93.03 | 91–198 | 178.23 ± 47.82 | 94–193 | 0.61; <0.001 | 0.72; <0.001 |
T [min] | 10.05 ± 4.44 | 7.27–14.58 | 10.93 ± 4.06 | 9.51–15.00 | 0.64; <0.001 | 0.82; <0.001 |
VO2 TIME [min] | 8.36 ± 5.99 | 8.24–14.57 | 8.53 ± 5.95 | 9.45–14.00 | 0.66;<0001 | 0.82; <0.001 |
HRpeak (beats/min) | 181.68 ± 18.04 | 112–210 | 178.41 ± 15.58 | 113–206 | 0.89; <0.001 | 0.91; <0.001 |
VO2peak [L/min]; | 1.51 ± 0.59 | 0.53–3.58 | 1.46 ± 0.43 | 0.74–3.40 | 0.87; <0.001 | 0.88; <0.001 |
VO2 %NOR | 66.99 ± 17.25 | 50.61–76 | 62.06 ± 21.04 | 40.53–99.00 | 0.93; <0.001 | 0.86; <0.001 |
VO2peak/kg [mL/kg/min] | 43.04 ± 8.34 | 21–52 | 33.59 ± 7.45 | 19–51 | 0.99; 0.671 | 0.97; 0.043 |
VO2/HR | 8.28 ± 2.93 | 4–19 | 8.13 ± 2.26 | 5–19 | 0.85; <0.001 | 0.85; <0.001 |
RER | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.83–1.10 | 0.97 ± 0.10 | 0.85–1.02 | 0.92; <0.001 | 0.83; <0.001 |
VE/VO2 [L/min] | 30.28 ± 4.49 | 20.60–42.30 | 30.61 ± 5.26 | 21–43 | 0.98; 0.252 | 0.97; 0.071 |
(VE/VCO2) [L/min] | 29.58 ± 3.50 | 21.80–35.10 | 29.20 ± 3.95 | 15.80–38.50 | 0.98; 0.157 | 0.97; 0.017 |
VE [L/min] | 53.12 ± 21.01 | 15.30–132.10 | 51.32 ± 16.10 | 21.90–103.00 | 0.89; <0.001 | 0.96; 0.005 |
VT [mL] | 1.14 ± 0.42 | 0.64–2.67 | 1.27 ± 0.33 | 0.67–2.60 | 0.87; <0.001 | 0.93; <0.001 |
BF [bpm] | 37.27 ± 10.86 | 19–55 | 40.92 ± 10.38 | 23–69 | 0.99; 0.567 | 0.96; 0.007 |
BR% | 43.63 ± 22.37 | 21–78 | 54.46 ± 17.74 | 50.50–82.00 | 0.86; <0.001 | 0.83; <0.001 |
Auth−Dependent Variables | Predictors | Unstandardized Coefficient | Standardized Coefficient | t−Value | p−Value | 95% CI for B | R2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | β | LL | UL | |||||
Wpeak | (Constant) | 72.67 | 68.89 | 1.05 | 0.293 | −63.25 | 208.59 | 0.23 ** | |
Age | 17.63 | 3.39 | 0.40 | 5.20 | <0.001 | 10.94 | 24.32 | ||
Sex | −63.64 | 17.32 | −0.24 | −3.67 | <0.001 | −97.81 | −29.47 | ||
Group | −19.74 | 19.65 | −0.08 | −1.00 | 0.316 | −58.52 | 19.04 | ||
T | (Constant) | 9.02 | 5.19 | 1.74 | 0.084 | −1.23 | 19.26 | 0.11 ** | |
Age | 0.67 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 2.62 | 0.010 | 0.17 | 1.17 | ||
Sex | −2.71 | 1.31 | −0.15 | −2.08 | 0.039 | −5.29 | −0.14 | ||
Group | 3.34 | 1.48 | 0.19 | 2.25 | 0.025 | 6.26 | 0.42 | ||
VO2 TIME | (Constant) | 7.77 | 4.55 | 1.71 | 0.090 | −1.22 | 16.75 | 0.12 ** | |
Age | 0.58 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 2.59 | 0.010 | 0.14 | 1.02 | ||
Sex | −2.39 | 1.15 | −0.15 | −2.09 | 0.038 | −4.65 | −0.13 | ||
Group | 2.85 | 1.30 | 0.18 | 2.20 | 0.029 | 5.41 | 0.29 | ||
HR | (Constant) | 181.90 | 10.38 | 17.52 | <0.001 | 161.41 | 202.38 | ||
Age | −0.15 | 0.51 | −0.03 | −0.29 | 0.769 | −1.16 | 0.86 | ||
Sex | −2.26 | 2.61 | −0.07 | −0.87 | 0.388 | −7.41 | 2.89 | ||
Group | 2.39 | 2.96 | 0.07 | 0.81 | 0.420 | −3.45 | 8.24 | ||
Metabolic and gas exchange parameters | |||||||||
VO2 Peak | (Constant) | 0.92 | 0.25 | 2.46 | 0.015 | 0.12 | 1.12 | 0.36 ** | |
Age | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.55 | 7.94 | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.12 | ||
Sex | −0.44 | 0.06 | −0.41 | −6.87 | <0.001 | −0.56 | −0.31 | ||
Group | −0.27 | 0.07 | −0.26 | −3.75 | <0.001 | 0.13 | 0.41 | ||
VO2 NOR | (Constant) | 39.04 | 11.76 | 3.32 | 0.001 | 15.85 | 62.24 | 0.02 | |
Age | 0.99 | 0.58 | 0.15 | 1.71 | 0.089 | −0.15 | 2.13 | ||
Sex | 1.00 | 2.96 | 0.03 | 0.34 | 0.736 | −4.83 | 6.83 | ||
Group | −8.13 | 3.35 | −0.21 | −2.42 | 0.016 | 1.51 | 14.75 | ||
VO2 Peak/kg | (Constant) | 42.11 | 4.73 | 8.91 | <0.001 | 32.77 | 51.43 | 0.07 ** | |
Age | −0.48 | 0.23 | −0.17 | −2.07 | 0.040 | −0.94 | −0.02 | ||
Sex | −3.21 | 1.19 | −0.20 | −2.70 | 0.008 | −5.55 | −0.87 | ||
Group | −0.39 | 1.35 | −0.03 | −0.29 | 0.771 | −2.27 | 3.05 | ||
VO2 HR | (Constant) | 3.96 | 1.24 | 3.18 | 0.002 | 1.51 | 6.41 | 0.40 ** | |
Age | 0.52 | 0.06 | 0.57 | 8.50 | <0.001 | 0.40 | 0.64 | ||
Sex | −2.35 | 0.31 | −0.44 | −7.52 | <0.001 | −2.97 | −1.74 | ||
Group | 1.29 | 0.36 | 0.25 | 3.65 | <0.001 | 0.59 | 1.99 | ||
RER | (Constant) | 1.00 | 0.06 | 17.72 | <0.001 | 0.89 | 1.12 | 0.06 * | |
Age | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.18 | 2.15 | 0.033 | <0.001 | 0.01 | ||
Sex | 0.004 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.782 | −0.02 | 0.03 | ||
Group | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.13 | 1.50 | 0.136 | −0.06 | 0.01 | ||
VE/VO2 | (Constant) | 21.32 | 2.91 | 7.34 | <0.001 | 15.59 | 27.06 | 0.06 * | |
Age | 0.36 | 0.14 | 0.21 | 2.50 | 0.013 | 0.08 | 0.64 | ||
Sex | 1.98 | 0.73 | 0.20 | 2.71 | 0.007 | 0.54 | 3.42 | ||
Group | 1.13 | 0.83 | 0.12 | 1.36 | 0.174 | −0.51 | 2.77 | ||
VE/VCO2 | (Constant) | 22.84 | 2.20 | 10.36 | <0.001 | 18.49 | 27.18 | 0.08 ** | |
Age | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 1.09 | 0.278 | −0.10 | 0.33 | ||
Sex | 2.13 | 0.55 | 0.28 | 3.85 | <0.001 | 1.04 | 3.22 | ||
Group | 1.13 | 0.63 | 0.15 | 1.80 | 0.073 | −0.11 | 2.37 | ||
Ventilatory system responses | |||||||||
VE | (Constant) | 23.94 | 10.04 | 1.39 | 0.167 | −5.87 | 33.74 | 0.24 ** | |
Age | 3.33 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 6.74 | <0.001 | 2.36 | 4.30 | ||
Sex | 9.92 | 2.52 | 0.26 | 3.93 | <0.001 | −14.90 | −4.93 | ||
Group | −10.10 | 2.86 | −0.27 | 3.53 | <0.001 | 4.45 | 15.75 | ||
VT | (Constant) | 1.30 | 0.18 | 1.69 | 0.093 | −0.05 | 0.64 | 0.45 ** | |
Age | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.70 | 10.90 | <0.001 | 0.08 | 0.11 | ||
Sex | −0.23 | 0.04 | −0.29 | −5.12 | <0.001 | −0.31 | −0.14 | ||
Group | −0.11 | 0.05 | −0.15 | 2.26 | 0.025 | 0.02 | 0.21 | ||
BF | (Constant) | 49.40 | 6.44 | 7.67 | <0.001 | 36.69 | 62.11 | 0.10 ** | |
Age | −0.77 | 0.32 | −0.20 | −2.44 | 0.016 | −1.40 | −0.15 | ||
Sex | −1.14 | 1.62 | −0.50 | −0.71 | 0.482 | −4.34 | 2.05 | ||
Group | −3.78 | 1.84 | −0.17 | 2.06 | 0.041 | 0.15 | 7.41 | ||
BR | (Constant) | 51.73 | 12.89 | 6.65 | <0.001 | 57.48 | 105.97 | 0.18 ** | |
Age | −1.31 | 0.61 | −0.18 | −2.17 | 0.031 | −2.51 | −0.12 | ||
Sex | 2.65 | 3.09 | 0.06 | 0.86 | 0.393 | −3.45 | 8.74 | ||
Group | −14.34 | 3.51 | −0.34 | −4.09 | <0.001 | −21.25 | −7.42 |
CRF Parameters | Cobb | Risser | Raimondi |
---|---|---|---|
r Pearson; p-Value | |||
WR | −0.16; 0.121 | 0.09; 0.378 | −0.11; 0.278 |
VO2 Peak | −0.03; 0.774 | 0.388 *; 0.047 | −0.02; 0.828 |
VO2% NOR | 0.17; 0.110 | 0.06; 0.571 | −0.10; 0.335 |
VO2/kg | 0.11; 0.276 | 0.373 *; <0.001 | −0.14; 0.182 |
VO2/HR | 0.02; 0.871 | 0.208 *; 0.047 | −0.16; 0.120 |
VE | 0.08; 0.471 | 0.220 *; 0.035 | −0.07; 0.493 |
VT | −0.08; 0.462 | 0.451 *; <0.001 | 0.00; 0.971 |
BF | 0.06; 0.555 | −0.255 *; 0.014 | −0.03; 0.767 |
BR% | −0.05; 0.643 | −0.09; 0.374 | −0.02; 0.865 |
VE/VEO2 | 0.16; 0.139 | 0.289*; 0.005 | −0.09; 0.401 |
VE/CO2 | 0.19; 0.063 | 0.281*; 0.007 | −0.13; 0.218 |
TIME | −0.314 *; 0.006 | 0.13; 0.208 | −0.01; 0.961 |
VO2 TIME VE/CO2 | −0.306 *; 0.030 | 0.13; 0.215 | 0.14; 0.182 |
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Siwiec, A.; Domagalska-Szopa, M.; Kwiecień-Czerwieniec, I.; Dobrowolska, A.; Szopa, A. Impact of Idiopathic Scoliosis on the Cardiopulmonary Capacity of Adolescents. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4414. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154414
Siwiec A, Domagalska-Szopa M, Kwiecień-Czerwieniec I, Dobrowolska A, Szopa A. Impact of Idiopathic Scoliosis on the Cardiopulmonary Capacity of Adolescents. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(15):4414. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154414
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiwiec, Andrzej, Małgorzata Domagalska-Szopa, Ilona Kwiecień-Czerwieniec, Agata Dobrowolska, and Andrzej Szopa. 2024. "Impact of Idiopathic Scoliosis on the Cardiopulmonary Capacity of Adolescents" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 15: 4414. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154414