Author Contributions
Conceptualization, N.V.S., C.B.P., D.K. and B.G.D.; methodology software, N.V.S. and M.J.L.; validation R.L., V.C., A.A.M., P.G.P., F.J.S., V.L., C.B.P., D.K. and B.G.D.; formal analysis, N.V.S., M.J.L., S.G., M.O., R.J.V., A.J.W., G.A.B., H.W., R.S.N. and D.A.H.; investigation, N.V.S., M.J.L., S.G. and M.O.; resources, N.V.S. and B.G.D.; data curation R.J.V., A.J.W., G.A.B., H.W. and R.S.N.; writing—original draft preparation, N.V.S., M.J.L., M.O. and R.J.V.; writing—review and editing, N.V.S., S.G., A.J.W., G.A.B., H.W., R.S.N., D.A.H., R.L., V.C., A.A.M., P.G.P., F.J.S., V.L., C.B.P., D.K. and B.G.D.; visualization, N.V.S., M.J.L., S.G., M.O., R.J.V. and A.J.W.; supervision, R.L., V.C., A.A.M., P.G.P., F.J.S., V.L., C.B.P., D.K. and B.G.D.; project administration, N.V.S., C.B.P. and B.G.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
Vincent Challier—Paid presenter or speaker—AOSPINE, SMAIO SA; research support—CLARIANCE SA; stock or stock options—FOLLOW SA. Andrew A. Merola—editorial or governing board—current opinion in orthopedics, stock or stock options—GE Healthcare. Peter G. Passias has received grant funding from CSRS, speaker and consultant honoraria from Globus Medical, Medicrea, SpineWave, and Zimmer, and other financial support from Allosource. Frank J. Schwab—research support—DePuy. A Johnson & Johnson Company; IP royalties—K2M, Medtronic Sofamor, Danek, Zimmer; paid consultant—Mainstay Medical, Medtronic, Zimmer; research support—NuVasive, Stryker; board or committee member—Scoliosis Research Society; VP of International Spine Society Group (ISSG); stock or stock options—See Spine LLC, VFT Solutions; editorial or governing board—spine deformity. Virginie Lafage—paid consultant—Alphatec Spine DePuy, Stryker; paid presenter or speaker—Johnson & Johnson Company; editorial or governing board—European Spine Journal; paid consultant—Globus Medical; board or committee member—International Spine Study Group; IP royalties –NuVasive; board or committee member—Scoliosis Research Society. Carl B. Paulino—paid presenter or speaker—DePuy, a Johnson & Johnson Company, Ethicon. The remaining authors have no disclosures to report.
Table 1.
Patient demographic data for asymptomatic HIV (AHIV) and non-HIV patients undergoing 2–3-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy.
Table 1.
Patient demographic data for asymptomatic HIV (AHIV) and non-HIV patients undergoing 2–3-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy.
| AHIV | Non-HIV | p-Value |
---|
n | 297 | 297 | - |
Age (years) | 49.2 | 49.9 | 0.373 |
Sex | | | |
Males | 75.8% | 75.8% | 1.000 |
Females | 24.2% | 24.2% |
Race | | | |
White | 59.9% | 76.1% | 0.671 |
Black | 30.3% | 7.4% |
Hispanic | 5.7% | 5.7% |
Asian | 0% | 2.7% |
Native American | 0.3% | 1.3% |
Other | 3.7% | 6.7% |
Insurance Status | | | |
Medicare | 36.0% | 33.3% | 0.865 |
Medicaid | 17.5% | 10.8% |
Private Insurance | 38.0% | 52.5% |
Self-Pay | 2.4% | 0.3% |
No Charge | 0.7% | 0% |
Other | 5.4% | 3.0% |
Total Charges | USD 54,275.91 | USD 48,286.99 | 0.093 |
Hospital Length of Stay | 2.1 days | 1.8 days | 0.138 |
Table 2.
Medical and surgical complications in asymptomatic HIV (AHIV) and non-HIV patients undergoing 2–3-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy.
Table 2.
Medical and surgical complications in asymptomatic HIV (AHIV) and non-HIV patients undergoing 2–3-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy.
| AHIV | Non-HIV | p-Value |
---|
Medical Complications | 2.6% | 2.7% | 0.794 |
Acute renal failure | 1.0% | 0.3% | 0.316 |
Altered mental status | 0% | 0.3% | 0.317 |
Anemia | 0.7% | 0.3% | 0.563 |
Deep vein thrombosis | 0.3% | 0% | 0.317 |
Hematoma | 0.3% | 1.0% | 0.316 |
Pneumonia | 0% | 0.7% | 0.157 |
Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 0% | 0.3% | 0.317 |
Vascular injury | 0% | 0.3% | 0.317 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 0.3% | 0% | 0.317 |
Surgical Complications | 0.7% | 0.3% | 0.563 |
Wound infection | 0.3% | 0% | 0.317 |
Implant-related complications | 0.3% | 0.3% | 1.000 |
Overall Complications | 3.1% | 3.0% | 0.912 |
Table 3.
Patient demographic data for asymptomatic HIV (AHIV) and non-HIV patients undergoing ≥ 4-level thoracolumbar fusion for adult spinal deformity.
Table 3.
Patient demographic data for asymptomatic HIV (AHIV) and non-HIV patients undergoing ≥ 4-level thoracolumbar fusion for adult spinal deformity.
| AHIV | Non-HIV | p-Value |
---|
n | 43 | 43 | - |
Age (years) | 53.3 | 51.1 | 0.430 |
Sex | | | |
Males | 86.0% | 90.7% | 0.507 |
Females | 14.0% | 9.3% |
Race | | | |
White | 62.8% | 72.1% | 0.880 |
Black | 25.2% | 9.3% |
Hispanic | 4.7% | 9.3% |
Asian | 0% | 0% |
Native American | 0% | 0% |
Other | 7.0% | 9.3% |
Insurance Status | | | |
Medicare | 39.5% | 39.5% | 0.886 |
Medicaid | 11.6% | 11.6% |
Private Insurance | 34.9% | 39.5% |
Self-Pay | 4.7% | 0% |
No Charge | 0% | 0% |
Other | 9.3% | 9.3% |
Total Charges | USD 152,376.44 | USD 137,630.10 | 0.434 |
Hospital Length of Stay | 7.0 days | 4.5 days | 0.082 |
Table 4.
Medical and surgical complications in asymptomatic HIV (AHIV) and non-HIV patients undergoing ≥ 4-level thoracolumbar fusion for adult spinal deformity.
Table 4.
Medical and surgical complications in asymptomatic HIV (AHIV) and non-HIV patients undergoing ≥ 4-level thoracolumbar fusion for adult spinal deformity.
| AHIV | Non-HIV | p-Value |
---|
Medical Complications | 34.9% | 20.9% | 0.149 |
Acute renal failure | 2.3% | 2.3% | - |
Anemia | 23.3% | 14.0% | 0.268 |
Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 2.3% | 0% | 0.314 |
Cardiac complications | 4.7% | 0% | 0.152 |
Digestive complications | 0% | 2.3% | 0.314 |
Deep vein thrombosis | 2.3% | 2.3% | - |
Hematoma | 0% | 0% | - |
Infection | 2.3% | 0% | 0.314 |
Nervous system complications | 0% | 2.3% | 0.314 |
Pulmonary embolism | 0% | 0% | - |
Pneumonia | 0% | 0% | - |
Surgical Complications | 7.0% | 9.3% | 0.485 |
Wound disruption | 2.3% | 0% | 0.314 |
Wound infection | 2.3% | 0% | 0.314 |
Implant infection | 2.3% | 0% | 0.314 |
Implant-related complications | 0% | 7.0% | 0.152 |
Dural tear | 0% | 2.3% | 0.314 |
Overall Complications | 41.9% | 30.2% | 0.189 |
Table 5.
Patient demographic data for asymptomatic HIV (AHIV) and non-HIV patients undergoing 2–3-level lumbar fusion for degenerative disc disease.
Table 5.
Patient demographic data for asymptomatic HIV (AHIV) and non-HIV patients undergoing 2–3-level lumbar fusion for degenerative disc disease.
| AHIV | Non-HIV | p-Value |
---|
n | 285 | 285 | - |
Age (years) | 49.8 | 49.7 | 0.903 |
Sex | | | |
Males | 72.3% | 71.6% | 0.852 |
Females | 27.7% | 28.4% |
Race | | | |
White | 57.5% | 76.8% | 0.395 |
Black | 29.8% | 7.0% |
Hispanic | 8.1% | 8.4% |
Asian | 0.7% | 1.1% |
Native American | 0.7% | 2.1% |
Other | 3.2% | 4.6% |
Insurance Status | | | |
Medicare | 31.9% | 33.7% | 0.875 |
Medicaid | 17.9% | 6.7% |
Private Insurance | 40.4% | 54.0% |
Self-Pay | 1.4% | 0.4% |
No Charge | 1.0% | 0% |
Other | 7.4% | 5.3% |
Total Charges | USD 97,194.67 | USD 89,877.74 | 0.155 |
Hospital Length of Stay | 3.96 days | 3.8 days | 0.585 |
Table 6.
Medical and surgical complications in asymptomatic HIV (AHIV) and non-HIV patients undergoing 2–3-level lumbar fusion for degenerative disc disease.
Table 6.
Medical and surgical complications in asymptomatic HIV (AHIV) and non-HIV patients undergoing 2–3-level lumbar fusion for degenerative disc disease.
| AHIV | Non-HIV | p-Value |
---|
Medical Complications | 15.8% | 13.7% | 0.478 |
Acute renal failure | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.704 |
Acute myocardial infarction | 0% | 0.4% | 0.317 |
Altered mental status | 0.4% | 0.4% | - |
Anemia | 8.4% | 7.7% | 0.758 |
Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 0.4% | 0.4% | - |
Cardiac complications | 0% | 0.4% | 0.317 |
Digestive complications | 1.4% | 0.4% | 0.178 |
Deep vein thrombosis | 0.7% | 1.4% | 0.412 |
Hematoma | 1.4% | 0.4% | 0.178 |
Infection | 0.4% | 0.4% | - |
Pulmonary embolism | 0% | 0.7% | 0.157 |
Pneumonia | 1.1% | 1.1% | - |
Overall respiratory complications | 4.3% | 0.4% | <0.033 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 0% | 0.4% | 0.317 |
Urinary | 1.1% | 1.1% | - |
Surgical Complications | 3.2% | 3.2% | - |
Wound disruption | 0.7% | 0% | 0.157 |
Implant infection | 0% | 0.4% | 0.317 |
Implant-related complications | 0.4% | 1.1% | 0.316 |
Overall Complications | 18.6% | 16.1% | 0.439 |