Water Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenol Compounds from Brewer’s Spent Grain: Kinetic Study, Extract Characterization, and Concentration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Material
2.2. Biomass Characterization
2.3. Mechanical Stirring and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction
2.4. Hydrolysis Treatments
2.5. Total Polyphenol Content (TPC) and Antioxidant Capacity
2.6. Identification and Quantification of Extracts Components
2.7. Solvent Extraction Kinetics
2.7.1. Power Law Model
2.7.2. Weibull’s Model
2.8. Centrifuge Ultrafiltration
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Biomass Characterization
3.2. Kinetics of Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from BSG
3.2.1. Comparison of UAE and Mechanical Stirring Extraction
3.2.2. Effect of Solvent to Mass Ratio by UAE
3.2.3. Effect of Temperature on Polyphenol Extraction Kinetics by UAE
3.2.4. Effect of Ethanol Concentration on Polyphenol Extraction Kinetics by UAE
3.2.5. Kinetic Modelling
3.3. Determination of Extract Components
3.4. Partial Concentration by Centrifuge Ultrafiltration
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Original BSG | Ground BSG | ||
---|---|---|---|
Size, mm | Mass Percentage, % | Size, mm | Mass Percentage, % |
>4 | 4.4 | >1 | 2.9 |
2–4 | 84.5 | 0.5–1 | 31.3 |
1–2 | 10.3 | 0.25–0.50 | 34.8 |
0.5–1 | 0.71 | 0.125–0.25 | 24.6 |
0.25–0.50 | 0.06 | <0.125 | 6.5 |
Component | g/100 gBSG,dry |
---|---|
Extractives in water | 24.3 ± 0.6 |
Extractives in ethanol | 1.8 ± 0.2 |
Starch | 7.9 ± 0.2 |
Cellulose | 18.2 ± 1.6 |
Hemicellulose | 26.1 ± 1.8 |
Insoluble Lignin | 13.5 ± 0.5 |
Soluble lignin | 4.3 ± 0.1 |
Proteins | 17.8 ± 0.1 |
Lipids | 5.90 ± 0.01 |
Ash | 2.92 ± 0.02 |
Extraction Mode | Pretreatment | T, °C | Solvent | mL: gBSG,dry | Power Law Model | Weibull Model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | n | RMS | A | k | n | RMS | |||||
MS | - | 47 | Water | 21.7:1 | 0.208 | 0.264 | 5.74 | 5.2450 | 0.027 | 0.341 | 4.88 |
UAE | - | 47 | Water | 21.7:1 | 0.431 | 0.241 | 7.32 | 4.1643 | 0.088 | 0.319 | 6.56 |
MS | ground | 47 | Water | 21.7:1 | 1.197 | 0.097 | 5.23 | 6.133 | 0.197 | 0.127 | 6.37 |
UAE | ground | 47 | Water | 21.7:1 | 2.066 | 0.057 | 6.47 | 5.895 | 0.415 | 0.084 | 6.80 |
UAE | ground | 47 | Water | 35.3:1 | 2.027 | 0.057 | 8.89 | 5.699 | 0.429 | 0.080 | 10.10 |
UAE | ground | 47 | Water | 18.1:1 | 1.744 | 0.065 | 5.97 | 5.120 | 0.4070 | 0.090 | 6.52 |
UAE | ground | 47 | Water | 13.6:1 | 1.297 | 0.097 | 8.94 | 5.796 | 0.244 | 0.125 | 9.40 |
UAE | ground | 47 | Water | 10.9:1 | 1.438 | 0.084 | 9.22 | 4.643 | 0.391 | 0.096 | 5.92 |
UAE | ground | 39 | Water | 21.7:1 | 1.837 | 0.057 | 20.68 | 6.664 | 0.316 | 0.075 | 21.82 |
UAE | ground | 58 | Water | 21.7:1 | 2.159 | 0.058 | 9.66 | 6.418 | 0.403 | 0.079 | 9.93 |
UAE | ground | 47 | 20% EtOH | 21.7:1 | 2.229 | 0.062 | 4.92 | 8.144 | 0.314 | 0.080 | 4.97 |
UAE | ground | 47 | 50% EtOH | 21.7:1 | 2.110 | 0.046 | 4.37 | 4.830 | 0.559 | 0.072 | 4.59 |
UAE | ground | 47 | 80% EtOH | 21.7:1 | 1.130 | 0.074 | 1.59 | 3.458 | 0.376 | 0.107 | 1.52 |
UAE | ground | 47 | 100% EtOH | 21.7:1 | 0.073 | 0.342 | 5.35 | 3.491 | 0.019 | 0.372 | 5.68 |
Compounds | Formula | UAE-W | UAE-20EtOH | Acid-Hydrolysis | Alkaline-Hydrolysis | Xylanase 1% | Xylanase 3% | Xylanase 6% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p-hydroxybenzoic acid | | 10.0 ± 0.5 a | 10.0 ± 0.7 a | n.d. | 59.3 ± 2.2 b | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Vanillic acid | | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 48.8 ± 1.5 c | 17.9 ± 1.1 a | 42.6 ± 2.3 b | 61.2 ± 3.3 d |
Syringic acid | | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 106.1 ± 5.7 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
p-Coumaric acid | | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 538.2 ± 4.4 b | 5.9 ± 1.4 a | 5.3 ± 1.7 a | 5.3 ± 0.4 a |
Vanillin | | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 217.2 ± 1.4 c | 110.5 ± 2.6 a | 191.2 ± 0.1 b | 203.5 ± 10 b,c |
Ferulic acid | | 10.7 ± 0.3 a | 9.5 ± 0.3 a | 54.4 ± 0.3 b | 1305.7 ± 0.5 e | 52.4 ± 0.9 b | 185.8 ± 4.5 c | 292.4 ± 2.6 d |
Sinapic acid | | 2.8 ± 0.2 a | 13.5 ± 0.3 c,d | 31.1 ± 0.5 f | 27.2 ± 1.2 e | 7.5 ± 0.2 b | 12.9 ± 0.6 c | 14.9 ± 1.2 d |
TPC (Folin-Cioculteau) mg GAE/gBSG,dry·min | 3.28 ± 0.12 a0.5h | 3.55 ± 0.07 a0.5h | 30 ± 5 e24h | 16.2 ± 0.2 c4h | 7.2 ± 0.2 b24h | 25.2 ± 0.1 d24h | 42.0 ± 0.4 f24h | |
Productivity, mg GAE/gBSG,dry·min* | 0.109 ± 0.002 a,b | 0.118 ± 0.004 b | non-determined | 0.55 ± 0.04c | 0.050 ± 0.004 a | 0.065 ± 0.002 a,b | 0.087 ± 0.001 a,b |
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Alonso-Riaño, P.; Sanz Diez, M.T.; Blanco, B.; Beltrán, S.; Trigueros, E.; Benito-Román, O. Water Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenol Compounds from Brewer’s Spent Grain: Kinetic Study, Extract Characterization, and Concentration. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030265
Alonso-Riaño P, Sanz Diez MT, Blanco B, Beltrán S, Trigueros E, Benito-Román O. Water Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenol Compounds from Brewer’s Spent Grain: Kinetic Study, Extract Characterization, and Concentration. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(3):265. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030265
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlonso-Riaño, Patricia, María Teresa Sanz Diez, Beatriz Blanco, Sagrario Beltrán, Ester Trigueros, and Oscar Benito-Román. 2020. "Water Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenol Compounds from Brewer’s Spent Grain: Kinetic Study, Extract Characterization, and Concentration" Antioxidants 9, no. 3: 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030265