Iron and Advanced Glycation End Products: Emerging Role of Iron in Androgen Deficiency in Obesity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Human Study
2.2. Animal Study
2.3. Serum and Tissue Lysate Biochemical Measurements
2.4. Immunohistochemical (IHC) Staining
2.5. Western Blot Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Ferric Citrate Supplementation Decreases Testicular Total T Levels and Increases Serum MDA in Obese Male Rats
3.2. Impacts of Ferric Citrate Supplementation on the Hepatic AGE-RAGE Axis
3.3. Impacts of Ferric Citrate Supplementation on the Testicular AGE-RAGE Axis
3.4. Impacts of Ferric Citrate Supplementation on Testicular Iron, TNF-α, NO, and MDA Levels
3.5. Correlations among Testicular Total T, AGEs, and Iron
3.6. Human Study: Correlations among Serum Total T, Iron and AGEs Biomarkers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Body Weight Status | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Normal Weight (n = 44) | OW/Obese (n = 67) | ||
Basic characteristic | |||
Age (years) | 39.40 ± 12.35 | 42.20 ± 10.84 | 0.164 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.86 ± 1.48 | 28.26 ± 3.65 | <0.001 |
Hypogonadism (n,%) | 5 (11.3) | 13 (19.0) | <0.001 |
Iron overload (n,%) | 7(15.9) | 23 (29.8) | <0.001 |
AGE biomakers | |||
CML (μg/mL) | 270.98 ± 109.28 | 363.18 ± 129.87 | 0.032 |
sRAGE (pg/mL) | 361.58 ± 255.41 | 372.10 ± 190.03 | 0.293 |
CTSD (ng/mL) | 2147.21 ± 1547.46 | 1720.48 ± 1485.99 | 0.200 |
MDA (μM) | 43.11 ± 20.96 | 46.68 ± 27.79 | 0.626 |
Iron biomarkers | |||
Free Hb (μg/mL) | 139.08 ± 42.42 | 165.70 ± 53.71 | 0.003 |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | 205.53 ± 151.63 | 242.66 ± 156.18 | 0.080 |
Transferrin saturation (%) | 34.34 ± 11.19 | 32.87 ± 12.60 | 0.300 |
Serum iron (μg/mL) | 107.5 ±32.5 | 108.3 ± 37.1 | 0.954 |
RBC Aggregation CSS (mPa) | 262.78 ± 63.50 | 286.60 ± 62.85 | 0.044 |
Sex hormone biomarkers | |||
Total T (ng/mL) | 4.77 ± 1.30 | 3.62 ± 1.09 | <0.001 |
Free T (pg/mL) | 90.58 ± 26.86 | 79.51 ± 24.15 | 0.042 |
SHBG (nmol/L) | 36.21 ± 13.55 | 29.79 ± 14.69 | 0.003 |
Variables | Total T (ng/mL) | Serum CML (μg/mL) | sRAGE (pg/mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p-Value | r | p-Value | r | p-Value | |
Iron biomarkers | ||||||
Transferrin saturation (%) | 0.242 | 0.007 | −0.132 | 0.207 | 0.0214 | 0.832 |
RBC Aggregation CSS (mPa) | −0.419 | <0.0001 | 0.0957 | 0.359 | 0.0026 | 0.98 |
Serum iron(μg/mL) | 0.039 | 0.665 | −0.0423 | 0.697 | 0.0114 | 0.912 |
Serum ferritin (ng/mL) | −0.117 | 0.194 | 0.1343 | 0.204 | 0.0559 | 0.578 |
Free Hb (μg/mL) | −0.1308 | 0.192 | −0.3653 | 0.0004 | −0.2809 | 0.004 |
AGE biomakers | ||||||
CML(μg/mL) | −0.209 | 0.030 | ||||
Cathepsin D (ng/mL) | 0.3302 | 0.001 | −0.071 | 0.526 | 0.0583 | 0.581 |
Malondialdehyde (μM) | 0.026 | 0.818 | 0.1537 | 0.168 | 0.0185 | 0.863 |
sRAGE (pg/mL) | −0.1309 | 0.192 | 0.2132 | 0.042 |
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Chen, S.-H.; Yuan, K.-C.; Lee, Y.-C.; Shih, C.-K.; Tseng, S.-H.; Tinkov, A.A.; Skalny, A.V.; Chang, J.-S. Iron and Advanced Glycation End Products: Emerging Role of Iron in Androgen Deficiency in Obesity. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030261
Chen S-H, Yuan K-C, Lee Y-C, Shih C-K, Tseng S-H, Tinkov AA, Skalny AV, Chang J-S. Iron and Advanced Glycation End Products: Emerging Role of Iron in Androgen Deficiency in Obesity. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(3):261. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030261
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Seu-Hwa, Kuo-Ching Yuan, Yu-Chieh Lee, Chun-Kuang Shih, Sung-Hui Tseng, Alexey A. Tinkov, Anatoly V. Skalny, and Jung-Su Chang. 2020. "Iron and Advanced Glycation End Products: Emerging Role of Iron in Androgen Deficiency in Obesity" Antioxidants 9, no. 3: 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030261