Exercise Training Promotes Cardiac Hydrogen Sulfide Biosynthesis and Mitigates Pyroptosis to Prevent High-Fat Diet-Induced Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Animal Models and Treatment
2.2. Exercise Training (EX) Regimen
2.3. Dual Energy X-ray Absorbance (DEXA)
2.4. Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Tests (GTT, ITT)
2.5. Left Ventricle Hemodynamics
2.6. Western Blotting
2.7. Gene Expression Assays
2.8. Electron Microscopy and Histology
2.9. Hydrogen Sulfide Measurement
2.10. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. High-Fat Diet Induces Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) Phenotype in Mice
3.2. Exercise Prevents High-Fat Diet (HFD)-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Mice
3.3. Obesity-Induced Structural and Metabolic Cardiac Remodeling
3.4. Exercise Prevents HFD-Induced Cardiac Pyroptosis
3.5. Exercise Training Induces Biosynthesis of Cardioprotective Hydrogen Sulfide
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | ND (n = 8) | HFD (n = 8) | HFDEX (n = 8) | NDEX (n = 8) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Body Weight (g) | 26.7 ± 0.57 | 35.6 ± 2.13 * | 35.2 ± 1.04 * | 27.2 ± 0.43 |
Heart Weight (mg) | 124 ± 5.92 | 137 ± 6.82 | 146 ± 7.01 | 125 ± 3.43 |
HW/TL (mg/mm) | 6.87 ± 0.35 | 7.81 ± 0.31 | 8.23 ± 0.38 | 7.08 ± 0.18 |
Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 162 ± 9.13 | 213 ± 13.5 * | 182 ± 13.5 # | 136 ± 10.4 |
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Kar, S.; Shahshahan, H.R.; Hackfort, B.T.; Yadav, S.K.; Yadav, R.; Kambis, T.N.; Lefer, D.J.; Mishra, P.K. Exercise Training Promotes Cardiac Hydrogen Sulfide Biosynthesis and Mitigates Pyroptosis to Prevent High-Fat Diet-Induced Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 638. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120638
Kar S, Shahshahan HR, Hackfort BT, Yadav SK, Yadav R, Kambis TN, Lefer DJ, Mishra PK. Exercise Training Promotes Cardiac Hydrogen Sulfide Biosynthesis and Mitigates Pyroptosis to Prevent High-Fat Diet-Induced Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Antioxidants. 2019; 8(12):638. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120638
Chicago/Turabian StyleKar, Sumit, Hamid R. Shahshahan, Bryan T. Hackfort, Santosh K. Yadav, Roopali Yadav, Tyler N. Kambis, David J. Lefer, and Paras K. Mishra. 2019. "Exercise Training Promotes Cardiac Hydrogen Sulfide Biosynthesis and Mitigates Pyroptosis to Prevent High-Fat Diet-Induced Diabetic Cardiomyopathy" Antioxidants 8, no. 12: 638. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120638