Flowers of Allium cepa L. as Nutraceuticals: Phenolic Composition and Anti-Obesity and Antioxidant Effects in Caenorhabditis elegans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Standards and Reagents
2.2. Plant Material and Soxhlet Extraction
2.3. Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
2.4. In Vitro Determination of Enzyme Inhibitory Effects
2.4.1. Inhibition of Pancreatic Lipase Assay
2.4.2. Inhibition of α-Glucosidase Assay
2.5. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Assays
2.5.1. Determination of Folin–Ciocalteu Reducing Capacity
2.5.2. DPPH Scavenging Activity
2.5.3. Superoxide Radical Scavenging Activity Assay
2.5.4. Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay
2.5.5. Oxygen Radical Antioxidant Capacity (ORAC) Assay
2.6. C. elegans Assays
2.6.1. Strains and Maintenance Conditions
2.6.2. Assessment of Acute Toxicity
2.6.3. Analysis of Body Fat Accumulation in C. elegans Obesity Model
2.6.4. Evaluation of Resistance to Oxidative Stress
2.6.5. Endogenous Antioxidant Enzymes
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Polyphenolic Composition of A. cepa Flowers
3.2. In Vitro Inhibition of α-Glucosidase and Pancreatic Lipase
3.3. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity
3.4. C. elegans Assays
3.4.1. Assessment of Acute Toxicity of Fresh Flowers
3.4.2. A. cepa Flower Extract Decreased Fat Accumulation
3.4.3. Onion Flower Extract Attenuates the Oxidative Stress Toxicity Induced by Juglone
3.4.4. Impact of the Extract on Endogenous Antioxidant Enzyme Activities
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Peak | Rt (min) | λmax (nm) | Molecular Ion [M-H]− (m/z) | MS2 (m/z) | Tentative Identification | Qauntification (mg/g of Extract) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 14.46 | 350 | 609 | 447 (72), 285 (100) | Kaempferol-O-dihexoside | 0.887 ± 0.001 |
2 | 16.44 | 346 | 609 | 429 (100), 285 (73) | Kaempferol-O-dihexoside | 0.52 ± 0.01 |
3 | 18.38 | 341 | 593 | 285 (100) | Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside | 0.276 ± 0.001 |
4 | 21.27 | 343 | 609 | 285 (100) | Kaempferol-O-dihexoside | 0.447 ± 0.001 |
5 | 22.39 | 347 | 447 | 285 (100) | Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside | 1.12 ± 0.01 |
6 | 23.34 | 353 | 477 | 315 (100) | Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside | 0.93 ± 0.01 |
7 | 24.23 | 317 | 623 | 477 (10), 315 (100) | Isorhamnetin-O-coumaroylhexoside | 0.333 ± 0.004 |
Total phenolic compounds | 4.50 ± 0.01 |
Sample | α-Glucosidase IC50 (μg/mL) | Lipase IC50 (μg/mL) |
---|---|---|
A. cepa flower extract | 412.1 ± 0.4 | 677.1 ± 68.4 |
Acarbose | 297.2 ± 15.8 | - |
Orlistat | - | 27.7 ± 13.3 |
Assay | DPPH IC50 (μg/mL) | O2− IC50 (μg/mL) | Folin-Ciocalteau mg PE/g Extract | FRAP mmol Fe2+/g Extract | ORAC μmol TE/mg Extract |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. cepa flower extract | 471 ± 46 | 229 ± 39 | 17 ± 2 | 6 ± 2 | 1 ± 0.1 |
Ascorbic acid | 1.5 ± 0.1 | - | - | - | - |
Trolox | - | 28 ± 1 | - | - | - |
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Moliner, C.; Núñez, S.; Cásedas, G.; Valero, M.S.; Dias, M.I.; Barros, L.; López, V.; Gómez-Rincón, C. Flowers of Allium cepa L. as Nutraceuticals: Phenolic Composition and Anti-Obesity and Antioxidant Effects in Caenorhabditis elegans. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 720. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030720
Moliner C, Núñez S, Cásedas G, Valero MS, Dias MI, Barros L, López V, Gómez-Rincón C. Flowers of Allium cepa L. as Nutraceuticals: Phenolic Composition and Anti-Obesity and Antioxidant Effects in Caenorhabditis elegans. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(3):720. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030720
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoliner, Cristina, Sonia Núñez, Guillermo Cásedas, Marta Sofía Valero, Maria Inês Dias, Lillian Barros, Víctor López, and Carlota Gómez-Rincón. 2023. "Flowers of Allium cepa L. as Nutraceuticals: Phenolic Composition and Anti-Obesity and Antioxidant Effects in Caenorhabditis elegans" Antioxidants 12, no. 3: 720. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030720