Review of Experimental Research on Supercritical and Transcritical Thermodynamic Cycles Designed for Heat Recovery Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Characteristics and Benefits of Supercritical Energy Conversion
2. Heat-to-Power Applications
2.1. Supercritical Steam Rankine Cycles
Various Layouts
2.2. Supercritical Organic Rankine Cycles
2.2.1. Various Layouts
2.2.2. Experimental Results
2.3. Supercritical CO2 Power Cycles
2.3.1. Transcritical CO2 Rankine Cycle
2.3.2. Various Layouts
2.3.3. Experimental Results
2.4. Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycles
2.4.1. Various Layouts
2.4.2. Experimental Results
3. Heat-to-Heat Applications
3.1. Transcritical CO2 Heat Pump Cycles
3.1.1. Various Layouts
Expansion Machine at the Gas Cooler Exit:
Ejector for Assisting the Compression Process:
3.1.2. Experimental Results
3.2. Supercritical Heat Pumps with Various Working Fluids
4. Development and Market Status of Supercritical Energy Conversion
4.1. Operational Pilot-Plants and Commercial Systems
4.2. Pathways in Future Development
- Supercritical carbon dioxide as a refrigerant in air conditioning, refrigerating systems and power systems.
- Supercritical refrigerants in thermodynamic cycles for heat and power conversion.
- Supercritical carbon dioxide, near-critical helium and liquid hydrocarbon used as cooling media.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fluids | Mol. Wt. | NBP (°C) | pc (bar) | tc (°C) | GWP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R744 | 44.01 | −56.6 | 73.8 | 31.1 | 1 |
R170 | 30.07 | −88.6 | 48.7 | 32.2 | 3 |
R744a | 44.01 | −88.5 | 72.4 | 36.4 | 298 |
R41 | 34.03 | −78.1 | 59.0 | 44.1 | 97 |
R32 | 52.02 | −51.6 | 57.8 | 78.1 | 550 |
R1270 | 42.08 | −47.7 | 46.6 | 92.4 | 2 |
R290 | 44.09 | −42.1 | 42.5 | 96.7 | 3 |
R152a | 66.05 | −24.0 | 54.20 | 113.3 | 120 |
C3H4 | 40.06 | −23.2 | 56.3 | 129.2 | 150 |
R717 | 17.07 | −33.3 | 113.3 | 132.2 | 0 |
R600a | 58.12 | −11.8 | 36.30 | 134.6 | 3 |
Small Scale Systems | |||
---|---|---|---|
Application | T Range [°C] | Power Production [kWel] | Refrigerant |
CPV-T ORC with scroll expander and heat exchanger development, Kosmadakis et al. [35] | 65–100 | 3 | R-404a |
Transcritical ORC with scoll expander and four heat exchangers, Landelle et al. [37] | 55–120 | 1.5 | R-134a |
Transcritical ORC with two multistage centrifugal pumps and a twin-screw expander with induction generator, Hsieh et al. [38] | 90–100 | 20 | R-218 |
Supercritical ORC with oil-free compressor-turbine unit for a thermally driven heat-pump, Demierre et al. [39] | 95–123 | 2 | R-134a |
Large Scale Systems | |||
Supercritical ORC for geothermal applications, variable operation according to heat available, Astolfi et al. [41] | 120–180 | 500 | R-134a |
Supercritical ORC with radial outflow turbine and PP1 working fluid, Spadacini et al. [42] | 130–170 | 1000 | PP1 |
Supercritical ORC with two-stage turbocharger for waste-heat recovery from a gas turbine in a natural gas pipeline, Atlas Copco and Mistral Power. [13] | 250 | 7500 | Butane |
M (g/mol) | BP (°C) | CP (°C/MPa) | ASHRAE | ODP | GWP 100 Year | Atm. Life (Year) | LFL % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
44 | −78.4 | 31/7.38 | A1 | 0 | 1 | >50 | none |
Author | Heat Transfer | Evaporator/Gas Heater | Turbine/Expansion Device | Fluids | Fluid Pump | Cooling System | Application |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li et al. [49] | Flue gas from a 80 kWe CHP unit/thermal oil | Plate heat exchanger | Single stage axial (Reaction), 5 kWe and 5 kWe | R245fa, CO2 | Diaphragm pump (R245fa), and triplex plunger pump (CO2) | Air cooled | Heat recovery |
Ge et al. [48] | Flue gas from a 80 kWe CHP unit/thermal oil (124–144 °C) | Plate heat exchanger | Single stage axial (Reaction), 5 kWe | CO2 | Triplex plunger pump | Air cooled | Heat recovery |
Pan et al. [47] | Oil heater/thermal oil/ | Shell and tube HX | 2 kW Rolling Piston expander | CO2 | Plunger pump (2/20 MPa) | Shell and tube HX/cold water/ refrigeration unit | Waste heat recovery |
Shi et al. [50] | Flue gas from diesel engine | Gas heater/double pipe | Expansion valve | CO2 | plunger pump | Cold water (7–13 °C) from a refrigeration unit | Heat recovery |
Li et al. [51] | Flue gas from four-stroke six cylinders heavy duty diesel engine (water cooled) | Tube in tube HX | Expansion valve | CO2 | Reciprocating plunger pump | Brazed plate HX, Cold water (7–13 °C) from a refrigeration unit | Heat recovery |
Shi et al. [52] | Engine coolant water and flue gas from diesel engine | Preheater and gas heater/double pipe | Expansion valve | CO2 | plunger pump | Cold water (7–13 °C) from a refrigeration unit | Heat recovery |
Zhang et al. [43], Zhang and Yamaguchi [44] | Direct evaporation/Evacuated tube solar collectors | Evacuated tube solar collectors | Pressure relief valve | CO2 | Piston pump | Shell and tube HX/Cold water from a cooling tower | Solar energy harvesting |
Plant/Company Name | Country | Type | Working Fluid | Output (kW) | Year of Commissioning |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Granite Power | Australia | Solar | GRANEX R | 30 | 2014 |
TAS | USA | Geothermal | R134a | 22,000 | 2012 |
Atlas Copco | Canada | Waste Heat | Butane | 7500 | 2012 |
Turboden | Italy | Geothermal | - | 500 | 2012 |
San Emidio | USA | Geothermal | R134a | 8000 | 2013 |
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Lecompte, S.; Ntavou, E.; Tchanche, B.; Kosmadakis, G.; Pillai, A.; Manolakos, D.; De Paepe, M. Review of Experimental Research on Supercritical and Transcritical Thermodynamic Cycles Designed for Heat Recovery Application. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 2571. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9122571
Lecompte S, Ntavou E, Tchanche B, Kosmadakis G, Pillai A, Manolakos D, De Paepe M. Review of Experimental Research on Supercritical and Transcritical Thermodynamic Cycles Designed for Heat Recovery Application. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(12):2571. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9122571
Chicago/Turabian StyleLecompte, Steven, Erika Ntavou, Bertrand Tchanche, George Kosmadakis, Aditya Pillai, Dimitris Manolakos, and Michel De Paepe. 2019. "Review of Experimental Research on Supercritical and Transcritical Thermodynamic Cycles Designed for Heat Recovery Application" Applied Sciences 9, no. 12: 2571. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9122571