The Contributions of Tectonics, Hydrochemistry and Stable Isotopes to the Water Resource Management of a Thermal–Mineral Aquifer: The Case Study of Kyllini, Northwest Peloponnese
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methodology
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hydrochemistry Characteristics
3.2. Isotopic Analysis
3.3. Index Saturation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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STSIP | SAGKYR | SKAK | SXAB | GA2 | S1 | GA3 | LAKE | GA1 | SBR | SKYL | G8 | SKOU | GKOU | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tw | 12.4 | 15.1 | 12.2 | 18.1 | 17.4 | 18.3 | 20.3 | 28.7 | 22.2 | 26.2 | 24.5 | 26.2 | 29 | 28.3 |
Eh | 69 | n.d. | 64 | 67 | 1 | −26 | −34 | n.d. | −42 | −48 | −26 | −37 | −9 | −11 |
pH | 7.69 | 7.38 | 7.84 | 7.32 | 7.04 | 7.42 | 7.58 | 8.18 | 7.78 | 7.57 | 7.38 | 7.58 | 6.88 | 6.93 |
EC | 347.1 | 460.0 | 264.1 | 717.0 | 796.0 | 1490.0 | 763.0 | 431.5 | 6720.0 | 2120.0 | 4175.0 | 4275.0 | 51,600 | 47,400 |
CO2 | n.d. | n.d. | 98 | n.d. | 105 | 93 | 91 | 165 | 263 | n.d. | 104 | 178 | 218 | 168 |
HCO3− | 185.4 | 225.7 | 189.1 | 212.3 | 211.6 | 324.5 | 340.4 | 206.2 | 559.9 | 311.1 | 612.4 | 568.5 | 381.9 | 263.5 |
K+ | 0.84 | 1.4 | 0.39 | 0.68 | 2.59 | 3.92 | 5.3 | 2.16 | 14.46 | 5.95 | 13.08 | 13.32 | 322 | 322 |
Na+ | 3.43 | 3.44 | 3.05 | 18.17 | 26.06 | 84.65 | 56.30 | 11.28 | 986.00 | 168.80 | 622.20 | 636.20 | 9570.0 | 9870.0 |
Mg2+ | 5.11 | 2.54 | 2.18 | 5.94 | 9.28 | 21.5 | 24.5 | 7.16 | 72.1 | 42.45 | 35.25 | 35.45 | 780.50 | 781.50 |
Ca2+ | 64.00 | 68.50 | 58.00 | 85.00 | 119.50 | 128.00 | 66.50 | 77.50 | 119.50 | 131.00 | 62.00 | 69.00 | 852.00 | 905.00 |
NH4+ | 0.093 | 0.008 | 0.014 | 0 | 0.008 | 0.042 | 1.866 | 0.059 | 13.215 | 0.685 | 2.373 | 2.606 | 3.415 | 3.35 |
NO3− | 3.00 | 4.00 | 8.00 | 4.00 | 127.00 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 4.00 | 4.40 | 2.40 | 13.00 | 18.00 | 5.20 | 12.20 |
NO2− | 0.019 | 0.047 | 0.01 | 0.009 | 0.058 | 0.003 | 0.047 | 0.055 | 0.0106 | 0.00 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.059 | 0.172 |
SO42− | 12.10 | 11.70 | 4.20 | 34.70 | 121.00 | 77.30 | 70.2 | 34.10 | 790.00 | 345.00 | 277.00 | 282.00 | 2560.0 | 2490.0 |
PO4− | 0.034 | 0.084 | 0.094 | 0.289 | 0.08 | 0.061 | 0.077 | 0.027 | 0.743 | 0.072 | 0.215 | 0.077 | 0.095 | 0.06 |
SiO2 | 7.50 | 5.90 | 4.70 | 18.20 | 20.50 | 15.40 | 16.40 | 2.00 | 13.20 | 16.80 | 17.10 | 15.70 | 13.10 | 13.10 |
F− | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.35 | 1.25 | 0.74 | 1.37 | 1.32 | 2.36 | 1.73 | |
Cl− | 3.3 | 1.8 | 3.2 | 36.0 | 24.4 | 182.0 | 29.2 | 16.0 | 1260.0 | 244.0 | 710.0 | 790.0 | 18,200 | 18,460 |
B (*) | 18.0 | 14.4 | 16.3 | 17.9 | 28.3 | 175.4 | 152.2 | 33.4 | 2115.0 | 522.8 | 1805.9 | 1996.6 | 3143.0 | 3095.1 |
Ba (*) | 11.3 | 125.7 | 27.4 | 30.1 | 11.8 | 59.1 | 40.7 | 33.6 | 105.0 | 78.7 | 69.0 | 56.3 | 57.7 | 65.1 |
Fe (*) | 74.0 | 84.0 | 72.6 | 110.1 | 99.3 | 168.5 | 99.3 | 93.1 | 486.1 | 176.2 | 237.3 | 244.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Mn (*) | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 551.9 | 0.2 | 69.2 | 182.7 | 36.2 | 14.4 | 220.3 | 13.1 | 10.5 | 378.4 | 363.2 |
Li (*) | 1.9 | 2.3 | 1.4 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 8.5 | 9.1 | 4.1 | 88.0 | 26.9 | 52.0 | 54.7 | 325.9 | 317.5 |
Sr (*) | 81.0 | 261.1 | 123.3 | 320.7 | 354.5 | 773.5 | 573.5 | 244.4 | 3610.9 | 1377.4 | 2002.5 | 2110.4 | 11,321 | 11,232 |
Min | Max | Average | StDev | |
---|---|---|---|---|
S2− * | 19,200 | 33,100 | 25,840 | 3813.19 |
Ph | 7.18 | 7.44 | 7.267 | 0.08 |
Tw | 24.1 | 28.7 | 26.19 | 1.38 |
EC | 3869 | 4495 | 4245.9 | 220.05 |
CO2 | 98.4 | 395 | 213.04 | 112.93 |
Alk | 480 | 680 | 558.3 | 70.19 |
HCO3− | 585.6 | 829.6 | 681.126 | 85.63 |
NH4+ | 7.825 | 9.85 | 8.485 | 0.62 |
NO3− | 1 | 5 | 2.6 | 1.51 |
NO2− | 0.008 | 0.087 | 0.0295 | 0.02 |
SO42− | 177 | 262 | 219.5 | 26.38 |
PO42− | 0.04 | 1.63 | 0.571 | 0.46 |
Cl− | 890 | 1100 | 968 | 78.29 |
K+ | 14.1 | 14.55 | 14.325 | 0.16 |
Na+ | 820 | 900 | 860 | 29.81 |
Mg2+ | 16.3 | 41.4 | 29.8 | 7.60 |
Ca2+ | 56 | 100.4 | 74.12 | 13.48 |
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Stavropoulou, V.; Pyrgaki, A.; Zagana, E.; Pouliaris, C.; Kazakis, N. The Contributions of Tectonics, Hydrochemistry and Stable Isotopes to the Water Resource Management of a Thermal–Mineral Aquifer: The Case Study of Kyllini, Northwest Peloponnese. Geosciences 2024, 14, 205. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080205
Stavropoulou V, Pyrgaki A, Zagana E, Pouliaris C, Kazakis N. The Contributions of Tectonics, Hydrochemistry and Stable Isotopes to the Water Resource Management of a Thermal–Mineral Aquifer: The Case Study of Kyllini, Northwest Peloponnese. Geosciences. 2024; 14(8):205. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080205
Chicago/Turabian StyleStavropoulou, Vasiliki, Anastasia Pyrgaki, Eleni Zagana, Christos Pouliaris, and Nerantzis Kazakis. 2024. "The Contributions of Tectonics, Hydrochemistry and Stable Isotopes to the Water Resource Management of a Thermal–Mineral Aquifer: The Case Study of Kyllini, Northwest Peloponnese" Geosciences 14, no. 8: 205. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14080205