The Unseen Side of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility of Electrocardiography and Holter Monitoring
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Overview of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Cats
1.2. Importance of Holter Monitoring in HCM Evaluation
2. Ventricular and Supraventricular Arrythmias on Holter Monitoring
3. Holter Monitoring Technique
4. Electrocardiography and Its Diagnostic Utility in HCM
5. Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability
6. Arrythmias and Their Prognostic Significance in Feline HCM
7. The Use of Anti-Arrhythmic Therapy
8. Discussion
9. Conclusions
10. Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | No. of Study Patients | Mean Age (Years) | Ventricular Ectopy | Supraventricular Ectopy | Additional Events | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Cats | Median | Range | Bigeminy | Couplets | Vtach | No. of Cats | Range | SVT | ||||
Walker | 16 cats with HCM | 3.43 ± 1.22 | 16/16 | 10 | 1–202 | NM | 1 a | 4/16 a | 9/16 | 1.5 (0–200) b | 1 a | |
7 control cats | 4.13 ± 1.51 | 6/7 | 6 | 0–151 | NM | 0 a | 2/7 a | 6/7 | 2 (0–23) b | 0 a | ||
Bartoszuk | 16 cats with cHCM | 9.5 (1.5–16.5) | 15/16 | 431 | 0–18,919 | NM | NM | 8/16 a 11.5 (1–91) b | 2/16 | 357; 1603 c | 2/16 a (1; 1) c | Complete AVB (n = 1) a |
15 cats with dHCM | 6 (1–14.5) | 15/15 | 867 | 1–35,160 | NM | NM | 6/15 a 2 (1–1497) b | 2/15 | 12,498; 28,568 c | 2/15 a (135; 1075) c | AF (n = 2) a | |
10 control cats | 4.25 (1–7.5) | 8/10 | 2 | 0–13 | NM | NM | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | ||
Jackson | 17 cats with HCM | 7.8 ± 3.5 | 17/17 | 124 d | NM | NM | NM | 15/17 | 9 d | NM | ||
15 control cats | 6.0 ± 2.8 | 14/15 | 4 d | NM | NM | NM | 9/15 | 1 d | NM | |||
Hanås | 15 cats with HCM | 4.5 (1.4–11.2) | 12/15 | 3 | 0–1745 | 5 a | 4 a | NM | 3/15 | 2; 2; 4 c | NM | |
Ferasin | 7 RCM, 3 ARVC, 3 UCM | 6.9 ± 4.7 | 13/13 | 2031 | 338–8305 | 6/13 a | 11/13 a | 4/13 a | 7/13 | 1–74 | NM | Complete AVB, PAS, AF |
Yamaki | 20 healthy cats | NM | 6/20 | NM | 1–18 | NM | NM | NM | 2/20 | 3; 4 c | NM | |
Hanås | 23 healthy cats | 5.5 (1–15) | 18/23 | 3 | 0–146 | 4 a | 3 a | 0 | 1/23 | 1 c | 0 | |
Ware | 10 healthy cats | 1–4 | 8/10 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | NM | 2 a | 0 a | 2/10 | 1; 1 c | NM | ||
10 healthy cats | 8–14 | 10/10 | 96 ± 77.6 | NM | 4 a | 1 a | 6/10 | 1–21 | NM |
Author | Year | No. of Electrodes | Channels | Placement | Environment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Walker | 2022 | 5 | 3 | 3 on the right, 2 on the left | Research laboratory |
Ferasin | 2020 | 5 | NM | 2 on the right, 3 on the left | Hospital |
Bartoszuk | 2019 | 3 | NM | 2 on the left, 1 on the right | Hospital |
Hanås | 2015 | NM | NM | NM | Home |
Jackson | 2014 | 5 | 2 | NM | Home |
Yamaki | 2014 | NM | 3 | NM | Home |
Hanås | 2009 | 7 | 3 | NM | Home |
Ware | 1999 | 5 | 2 | 3 on the right, 2 on the left | Home |
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Cofaru, A.; Murariu, R.; Popa, T.; Peștean, C.P.; Scurtu, I.C. The Unseen Side of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility of Electrocardiography and Holter Monitoring. Animals 2024, 14, 2165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152165
Cofaru A, Murariu R, Popa T, Peștean CP, Scurtu IC. The Unseen Side of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility of Electrocardiography and Holter Monitoring. Animals. 2024; 14(15):2165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152165
Chicago/Turabian StyleCofaru, Alexandra, Raluca Murariu, Teodora Popa, Cosmin Petru Peștean, and Iuliu Călin Scurtu. 2024. "The Unseen Side of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility of Electrocardiography and Holter Monitoring" Animals 14, no. 15: 2165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152165