Molecular Detection of Viral and Bacterial Pathogens in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Italy
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sampling
2.2. Detection of Protoparvovirus carnivoran 1, Canine mastadenovirus, Circovirus canine, Canine Distemper Virus, and Leptospira spp. Nucleic Acids
2.3. Sequencing and Analysis of the Viruses Identified
2.4. Genotyping by Multi-Locus Sequence Typing of the Leptospira spp. Identified
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population and Sampling
3.2. Detection of Viral and Bacterial Infectious Agents
3.3. Genetic Analysis of the Pathogens Identified
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | PPVC-1 | CAdV | CanineCV | CDV | Leptospira spp. | Total of Positive Red Foxes | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of foxes | 126 | 20/126 (15.9; 10.5–23.3) | 3/126 (2.4; 0.8–6.7) | 20/126 (15.9; 10.5–23.3) | 0/126 (0) | 2/126 (1.6; 0.4–5.6) | 39/126 (30.9; 23.5–39.5) | |
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 62/126 (49.3) | 9/62 (14.5; 7.8–25.3) | 1/62 (1.6; 0.3–8.6) | 8/62 (12.9; 6.7–23.5) | 0/62 (0) | 2/62 (3.2; 0.9–11) | 18/62 (29; 19.2–41.3) | 0.56 |
Female | 56/126 (44.4) | 10/56 (17.9; 10–29.8) | 2/56 (3.6; 0.9–12.1) | 12/56 (21.4; 12.7–33.8) | 0/56 (0) | 0/56 (0) | 20/56 (35.7; 24.5–48.8) | |
NA | 8/126 (6.3) | 1/8 (12.5; 2.2–47.1) | 0/8 (0) | 0/8 (0) | 0/8 (0) | 0/8 (0) | 1/8 (12.5; 2.2–47.1) | |
Age | ||||||||
Young (<1 year old) | 28/126 (22.2) | 7/28 (25; 12.7–43.4) | 0/28 (0) | 4/28 (14.3; 5.7–31.5) | 0/28 (0) | 0/28 (0) | 10/28 (35.7; 20.7–54.2) | 0.89 |
Adult (≥1 year old) | 57/126 (45.2) | 11/57 (19.3; 11.1–31.3) | 2/57 (3.5; 0.9–11.9) | 13/57 (22.8; 13.8–35.2) | 0/57 (0) | 0/57 (0) | 21/57 (36.8; 25.5–49.8) | |
NA | 41/126 (32.6) | 2/41 (4.9; 1.4–16.1) | 1/41 (2.4; 0.4–12.6) | 3/41 (7.3; 2.5–19.4) | 0/41 (0) | 2/41 (4.9; 1.4–16.1) | 8/41 (19.5; 10.2–34) | |
Geographical origin | ||||||||
Bologna | 55/126 (43.6) | 12/55 (21.8; 12.9–34.4) | 0/55 (0) | 3/55 (5.5; 1.9–14.9) | 0/55 (0) | 0/55 (0) | 15/55 (27.3; 17.3–40.2) | 0.17 |
Modena | 66/126 (52.4) | 8/66 (12.1; 6.3–22.1) | 3/66 (4.5; 1.6–12.5) | 17/66 (25.8; 16.8–37.4) | 0/66 (0) | 2/66 (3; 1.4–16.1) | 24/66 (36.4; 25.8–48.4) | |
Ferrara | 5/126 (4) | 0/5 (0) | 0/5 (0) | 0/5 (0) | 0/5 (0) | 0/5 (0) | 0/5 (0) |
Red Fox | ST | glmU | pntA | pfkB | caiB | mreA | sucA | tpiA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1805/2022 | 198 | 1 | 66 | 5 | 4 | ND | 2 | 1 |
1806/2022 | 198 | 1 | 66 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
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Magliocca, M.; Taddei, R.; Urbani, L.; Bertasio, C.; Facile, V.; Gallina, L.; Sampieri, M.; Rugna, G.; Rubini, S.; Maioli, G.; et al. Molecular Detection of Viral and Bacterial Pathogens in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Italy. Animals 2024, 14, 1969. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131969
Magliocca M, Taddei R, Urbani L, Bertasio C, Facile V, Gallina L, Sampieri M, Rugna G, Rubini S, Maioli G, et al. Molecular Detection of Viral and Bacterial Pathogens in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Italy. Animals. 2024; 14(13):1969. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131969
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagliocca, Martina, Roberta Taddei, Lorenza Urbani, Cristina Bertasio, Veronica Facile, Laura Gallina, Maria Sampieri, Gianluca Rugna, Silva Rubini, Giulia Maioli, and et al. 2024. "Molecular Detection of Viral and Bacterial Pathogens in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Italy" Animals 14, no. 13: 1969. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131969