The Importance of Animal Models in Biomedical Research: Current Insights and Applications
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Search Methodology
3. A Review of Animal Experimentation
4. Animal Models and Their Application in Distinct Fields of Current Biomedical Science
4.1. Emerging Infectious Diseases
4.2. Endocrinology and Metabolic Pathologies
4.3. Cancer in Biomedicine
4.4. Pharmacology and Therapeutics
4.5. Experimental Surgical Tecniques
4.6. Neurosciences
4.7. Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation
5. New Models and Strategies Applied in Animal Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Year | Specie | Percentage (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
European Union | 2019 | Rodents | 61.9 | [25] |
Fish | 24.6 | |||
Birds | 6.2 | |||
Amphibians | 0.5 | |||
Cephalopods | 0.2 | |||
Dogs | 0.1 | |||
Non-human primates | 0.07 | |||
Other mammals | 6.5 | |||
Canada | 2020 | Birds | 50.0 | [26] |
Rodents | 24.5 | |||
Fish | 11.7 | |||
Cattle | 11.3 | |||
Amphibians | 1.1 | |||
Pigs | 0.4 | |||
Dogs | 0.2 | |||
Non-human primates | 0.1 | |||
Reptiles | 0.1 | |||
Other animals | 0.5 | |||
United Kingdom 1 | 2021 | Mice | 68.2 | [27] |
Fish | 12.9 | |||
Rats | 6.5 | |||
Birds | 8 | |||
Dogs | 0.14 | |||
Non-human primates | 0.09 | |||
Cats | 0.01 | |||
Other animals | 3.3 | |||
United States 2 | 2019 | Guinea pigs | 23 | [28] |
Rabbits | 18 | |||
Hamsters | 12 | |||
Non-human primates | 9 | |||
Dogs | 7 | |||
Pigs | 6 | |||
Cats | 2 | |||
Sheep | 2 | |||
Other species | 21 | |||
South Korea | 2017 | Rodents | 91.8 | [29] |
Fish | 3.3 | |||
Birds | 2.3 | |||
Rabbits | 1 | |||
Non-human primates | 0.08 | |||
Amphibians | 0.07 | |||
Other species | 1.21 | |||
Total | 3,085,259 |
Country | Number of Animals | References |
---|---|---|
United States | 20,000,000–24,000,000 | [30,31,32] |
China | 16,000,000 | |
Japan | 11,000,000 | |
European Union | 9,400,000 | |
Australia | 6,700,000 | |
Canada | 5,067,778 | |
South Korea | 4,141,433 | |
United Kingdom | 3,300,000 | |
Norway | 2,282,710 | |
Germany | 2,151,805 | |
France | 1,865,403 | |
Spain | 761,012 | |
Mexico | 685,315 | |
Switzerland | 556,107 | |
Belgium | 437,275 | |
New Zealand | 240,000 |
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Domínguez-Oliva, A.; Hernández-Ávalos, I.; Martínez-Burnes, J.; Olmos-Hernández, A.; Verduzco-Mendoza, A.; Mota-Rojas, D. The Importance of Animal Models in Biomedical Research: Current Insights and Applications. Animals 2023, 13, 1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13071223
Domínguez-Oliva A, Hernández-Ávalos I, Martínez-Burnes J, Olmos-Hernández A, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Mota-Rojas D. The Importance of Animal Models in Biomedical Research: Current Insights and Applications. Animals. 2023; 13(7):1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13071223
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomínguez-Oliva, Adriana, Ismael Hernández-Ávalos, Julio Martínez-Burnes, Adriana Olmos-Hernández, Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza, and Daniel Mota-Rojas. 2023. "The Importance of Animal Models in Biomedical Research: Current Insights and Applications" Animals 13, no. 7: 1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13071223