Training Effects on the Stress Predictors for Young Lusitano Horses Used in Dressage
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Week | Training Goals |
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Cortisol, nmol/L | Experimental Period | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T1 | T3 | DST | M1 × M2 | |
M1 | 72.04 ± 14.09 b | 114.04 ± 31.88 a | 40.88 ± 21.65 c | <0.0010 | 0.0133 |
M2 | 56.79 ± 37.85 b | 76.99 ± 26.63 a | 47.51 ± 22.80 b | 0.0096 |
Parameters | Experimental Period | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | DST | M1 × M2 | |
HR, bpm | ||||||
M1 | 38.8 ± 17.2 b | 76.4 ± 12.4 a | 41.1 ± 4.8 b | 39.8 ± 4.4 b | <0.0001 | 0.0283 |
M2 | 28.9 ± 4.5 b | 71.0 ± 14.8 a | 34.4 ± 2.9 b | 38.1 ± 11.8 b | <0.0001 |
Parameters | Experimental Period | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | DST | M1 × M2 | |
WBC, ×103/μL | ||||||
M1 | 8.87 ± 0.76 b | 10.41 ± 0.69 a | 9.23 ± 0.90 b | 9.69 ± 0.92 ab | 0.0028 | <0.0001 |
M2 | 7.59 ± 1.57 | 8.35 ± 0.88 | 7.97 ± 1.29 | 8.72 ± 1.64 | 0.4077 | |
Neutrophils, ×103/μL | ||||||
M1 | 4.18 ± 0.30 b | 4.59 ± 0.43 a | 4.33 ± 0.48 ab | 4.75 ± 0.30 ab | 0.0182 | <0.0001 |
M2 | 3.41 ± 0.85 | 3.51 ± 0.56 | 3.36 ± 0.47 | 4.12 ± 1.58 | 0.3840 | |
Lymphocytes, ×103/μL | ||||||
M1 | 4.32 ± 0.66 b | 5.40 ± 0.76 a | 4.50 ± 0.66 ab | 4.38 ± 0.85 b | 0.0130 | 0.0341 |
M2 | 3.91 ± 0.96 | 4.54 ± 0.63 | 4.32 ± 1.10 | 4.13 ± 0.80 | 0.5424 |
Time-Domain Results | |||
---|---|---|---|
Variable | M1 | M2 | p |
Mean RR (ms) | 509.9 ± 1.54 b | 623.6 ± 1.20 a | 0.0010 |
SDNN (ms) | 185.5 ± 1.18 b | 295.8 ± 1.32 a | 0.0000 |
rMSSD (ms) | 233.7 ± 1.51 b | 378.4 ± 1.43 a | 0.0000 |
NN50 (beats) | 84.0 ± 0.68 b | 112.54 ± 0.63 a | 0.0030 |
pNN50 (%) | 13.89 ± 1.10 b | 23.77 ± 1.24 a | 0.0000 |
RR triangular index | 10.88 ± 2.70 b | 16.98 ± 1.15 a | 0.0030 |
Frequency-Domain Results | |||
M1 | M2 | p | |
LF (%) | 56.78 ± 1.17 | 53.26 ± 1.13 | 0.6600 |
HF (%) | 36.83 ± 1.20 | 39.13 ± 1.20 | 0.6260 |
LF/HF Ratio | 2.51 ± 0.20 | 3.39 ± 0.5 | 0.6730 |
Nonlinear Results | |||
M1 | M2 | p | |
Poincaré plot | |||
SD1 | 165.40 ± 1.07 b | 270.20 ± 1.30 a | 0.0000 |
SD2 | 202.80 ± 1.30 b | 291.30 ± 1.26 a | 0.0460 |
SD2/SD1 | 1.37 ± 0.55 | 1.71 ± 0.60 | 0.5790 |
Approximate entropy (ApEn) | 0.45 ± 0.15 | 0.58 ± 0.19 | 0.1470 |
DFA | |||
α1 | 0.71 ± 0.28 | 0.82 ± 0.19 | 0.5530 |
α2 | 0.75 ± 0.18 | 0.66 ± 0.18 | 0.3950 |
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Coelho, C.S.; Silva, A.S.B.A.; Santos, C.M.R.; Santos, A.M.R.; Vintem, C.M.B.L.; Leite, A.G.; Fonseca, J.M.C.; Prazeres, J.M.C.S.; Souza, V.R.C.; Siqueira, R.F.; et al. Training Effects on the Stress Predictors for Young Lusitano Horses Used in Dressage. Animals 2022, 12, 3436. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233436
Coelho CS, Silva ASBA, Santos CMR, Santos AMR, Vintem CMBL, Leite AG, Fonseca JMC, Prazeres JMCS, Souza VRC, Siqueira RF, et al. Training Effects on the Stress Predictors for Young Lusitano Horses Used in Dressage. Animals. 2022; 12(23):3436. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233436
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoelho, Clarisse S., Ana Sofia B. A. Silva, Catarina M. R. Santos, Ana Margarida R. Santos, Carolina M. B. L. Vintem, Anderson G. Leite, Joana M. C. Fonseca, José M. C. S. Prazeres, Vinicius R. C. Souza, Renata F. Siqueira, and et al. 2022. "Training Effects on the Stress Predictors for Young Lusitano Horses Used in Dressage" Animals 12, no. 23: 3436. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233436