Social Licence to Operate: What Can Equestrian Sports Learn from Other Industries?
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. How Is the Social Licence Concept Relevant to Equestrianism?
3. What Underlies the Threat to Equestrianism’s SLO?
4. What Have the Sports’ Regulatory Bodies done to Date to Maintain Equestrianism’s Social Licence?
5. Positive Actions to Maintain Social Licence: What Can Equestrianism Learn from Other Industries?
6. Positive Actions to Maintain Social Licence: Suggested Specific Actions for Equestrianism
6.1. Engaging and Communicating with Stakeholders
6.2. The Value of an Evidence-Based and Holistic Approach to Equine Welfare
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Gehman, J.; Lefsrud, L.M.; Fast, S. Social license to operate: Legitimacy by another name? Cdn. Public Adm. J. 2017, 60, 293–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hampton, J.O.; Jones, B.; McGreevy, P.D. Social License and Animal Welfare: Developments from the Past Decade in Australia. Animals 2020, 10, 2237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Campbell, M.L.H. Animals, Ethics and Us; 5m Publishing: Sheffield, UK, 2019; pp. 69–97. [Google Scholar]
- Duncan, E.; Graham, R.; McManus, P. ‘No one has even seen… smelt… or sensed a social licence’: Animal geographies and social licence to operate. Geoforum 2018, 96, 318–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heleski, C.; Stowe, J.; Fiedler, J.; Peterson, M.L.; Brady, C.; Wickens, C.; MacLeod, J.N. Thoroughbred Racehorse Welfare through the Lens of ‘Social License to Operate with an Emphasis on a U.S. Perspective. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jones, E. Major Change Needed to Prevent Future Pentathlon Issues. Horse & Hound. 2021. Available online: https://www.horseandhound.co.uk/news/major-change-needed-to-prevent-future-pentathlon-issues-758542?fbclid=IwAR3Zm7ubGEL1iWwetmy-6R7mCXW265v-GX1CjXm3m6QiASaGRFBbn0cdvoU (accessed on 8 February 2022).
- Fiedler, J.; Thomas, M.; Ames, K. Informing a social license to operate communication framework: Attitudes to sport horse welfare. In Proceedings of the 15th International Society of Equitation Science Conference, Guelph, ON, Canada, 19–21 August 2019; p. 52. [Google Scholar]
- Prno, J.; Slocombe, D.S. Exploring the origins of ‘social license to operate’ in the mining sector: Perspectives from governance and sustainability theories. Resour Policy 2012, 37, 346–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arnot, C. Lost in Translation: Learning to Speak “Consumer” in a Way That Builds Trust. 2011. Available online: https://vimeo.com/32552398 (accessed on 9 March 2022).
- Raufflet, E.; Baba, S.; Perras, C.; Delannon, N. Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2013; p. 82. [Google Scholar]
- Merriam-Webster. Available online: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/equestrianism (accessed on 7 April 2022).
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Welfare of working equids. In Terrestrial Animal Health Code—19/07/2021; Available online: https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_working_equids.pdf (accessed on 7 April 2022).
- Thomson, I.; Boutilier, R.G. Social license to operate. In SME Mining Engineering Handbook; Darling, P., Ed.; Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration: Littleton, CO, USA, 2011; pp. 1779–1796. [Google Scholar]
- Laurence, D. The devolution of the social licence to operate in the Australian mining industry. Extr. Ind. Soc. 2021, 8, 100742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McHugh, M. Special Commission of Inquiry into the Greyhound Racing Industry in New South Wales: Volume 1. Report, State of NSW, 16 June. Available online: https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2016-07/apo-nid65365_5.pdf (accessed on 10 August 2021).
- Darimont, C.T.; Hall, H.; Eckert, L.; Mihalik, I.; Artelle, K.; Treves, A.; Paquet, P.C. Large carnivore hunting and the social license to hunt. Conserv. Biol. 2021, 35, 1111–1119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hughes, M.; Townend, M. Jockey Club Execs Are Still Hunting for a Cheltenham Gold Cup Sponsor, with the Festival’s Reputation in Tatters over Claims It Was a 2020 COVID Super-Spreader after 250,000 Were Allowed in as the Virus Gripped the UK. Available online: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/racing/article-10395831/COVID-hangover-hits-Cheltenhams-Gold-Cup-sponsor-hunt-just-two-months-Festival.html (accessed on 8 February 2022).
- Giles, T. Sponsors Drop World Number One Townend after Badminton Whipping Scandal. Inside the Games. Available online: https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1065083/sponsors-drop-world-number-one-townend-after-badminton-whipping-scandal (accessed on 8 February 2022).
- Godfrey, M. NSW Greyhound Racing Industry to Be Shut Down from 2017. Available online: https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/nsw-greyhound-racing-industry-to-be-shut-down-from-2017/news-story/3d45e451862a9873d3ae506afdcd8458 (accessed on 5 August 2021).
- Markwell, K.; Firth, T.; Hing, N. Blood on the race track: An analysis of ethical concerns regarding animal-based gambling. Ann. Leis. Res. 2017, 20, 594–609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- RSPCA South Australia. Jumps Racing. Available online: https://www.rspcasa.org.au/the-issues/jumps-racing/ (accessed on 8 February 2022).
- Davey, L. New South Wales to Ban Greyhound Racing from Next Year after Live-Baiting Scandal. Available online: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/jul/07/new-south-wales-to-ban-greyhound-racing-from-next-year-after-cruelty-investigation (accessed on 10 March 2022).
- Phillips, C. New South Wales Overturns Greyhound Ban: A Win for the Industry, but a Massive Loss for the Dogs. Available online: https://theconversation.com/new-south-wales-overturns-greyhound-ban-a-win-for-the-industry-but-a-massive-loss-for-the-dogs-66822 (accessed on 13 April 2022).
- Pittman, C. The Era of Greyhound Racing in the U.S. Is Coming to an End. Available online: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/greyhound-racing-decline-united-states (accessed on 13 April 2022).
- Michigan State University. Overview of Dog Racing Laws. Available online: https://www.animallaw.info/article/overview-dog-racing-laws (accessed on 13 April 2022).
- Benyon, R.H.R. The Defra View. In Proceedings of the 30th National Equine Forum, London, England, 3 March 2022; Parliamentary Under Secretary of State: Defra, UK, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Taylor, J. I Can’t Watch Anymore; Epona Media: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2022; pp. 20–102. [Google Scholar]
- DW. Tokyo 2020: German Coach Suspended for Punching Horse at Olympics. 2020. Available online: https://www.dw.com/en/tokyo-2020-german-coach-suspended-for-punching-horse-at-olympics/a-58790897 (accessed on 9 February 2022).
- Coalition for the Protection of Racehorses. Available online: https://horseracingkills.com/ (accessed on 9 February 2022).
- Peta Asia. Horse ‘Jet Set’ Is Euthanized after Competing at the Tokyo Olympics. Available online: https://www.petaasia.com/news/horse-jet-set-euthanized-tokyo-olympics/ (accessed on 9 February 2022).
- May, J. Medina Spirit Death: Why Have so Many Horses Died at Santa Anita. Available online: https://en.as.com/en/2021/12/07/other_sports/1638855620_335149.html (accessed on 9 February 2022).
- Animal Aid. About Animal Aid. Available online: https://www.animalaid.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/About-Animal-Aid-factsheet.pdf (accessed on 9 February 2022).
- Animal Aid. Achievements. Available online: https://www.animalaid.org.uk/about-us/animal-aid-achievements/ (accessed on 9 February 2022).
- RSPCA. Animal Welfare in Horse Racing. Available online: https://www.rspca.org.au/take-action/animal-welfare-in-horse-racing (accessed on 9 February 2022).
- RSPCA Australia. Charity Details. Available online: https://www.acnc.gov.au/charity/charities/0be192df-38af-e811-a963-000d3ad244fd/profile (accessed on 9 February 2022).
- Horseracing Integrity and Safety Authority. Horseracing Integrity and Safety Authority. Available online: https://www.hisaus.org/ (accessed on 8 March 2022).
- Fédération Equestre Internationale. FEI Suspends UAE National Federation for Rules Violations. Available online: https://inside.fei.org/media-updates/fei-suspends-uae-national-federation-rules-violations. (accessed on 11 May 2022).
- Dombreval, L. Bien-être équin. Recommandations pour lez Jeux Olympiques de Paris 2024. Available online: https://loicdombreval.fr/pour-les-animaux1/rapport-sur-le-bien-etre-des-chevaux/ (accessed on 25 May 2022).
- Carpenter, S.C.; Konisky, D.M. The killing of Cecil the Lion as an impetus for policy change. Oryx 2017, 53, 698–706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cuckson, P. Modern Pentathlon: Nothing, Yet Everything, to Do with Us. 2021. Available online: https://horsesport.com/cuckson-report-1/modern-pentathlon-nothing-yet-everything/ (accessed on 23 February 2022).
- Dane, K. Institutionalized horse abuse: The soring of Tennessee Walking Horses. Ky. J. Equine Agric. Nat. Resour. Law 2011, 3, 201–219. [Google Scholar]
- Cuckson, P. Endurance: No Gain Without Pain, but Who Will Make the Sacrifice? Available online:https://horsesport.com/cuckson-report-1/endurance-no-gain-without-pain-but-who-will-make-the-sacrifice/ (accessed on 23 February 2022).
- Lesté-Lasserre, C. Researcher: Horse Sports Risk Losing ‘Social License. Available online: https://thehorse.com/181926/researcher-horse-sports-risk-losing-social-license/ (accessed on 23 February 2022).
- Reuters. American Showjumper Given 10-Year Ban for Using Electric Spurs on His Horses. Available online: https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/apr/22/american-showjumper-given-10-year-ban-for-using-electric-spurs-on-his-horses (accessed on 23 February 2022).
- MacIntyre, D. Horse Racing: Thousands of Racehorses Killed in Slaughterhouses. Available online: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-57881979 (accessed on 23 February 2022).
- ABC News. The Dark Side of Australia’s Horse RACING industry. Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zp-ALoBRW20 (accessed on 23 February 2022).
- Horsetalk.co.nz. Strongest Sanctions in FEI History Imposed in Fatal Endurance Case. Available online: https://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2020/06/09/strongest-sanctions-fei-history-fatal-endurance/ (accessed on 23 February 2022).
- Hampton, J.O.; Teh-White, K. Animal welfare, social license, and wildlife use industries. J. Wildl. Manag. 2018, 83, 12–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mkono, M.; Holder, A. The future of animals in tourism recreation: Social media as spaces of collective moral reflexivity. Tour. Manag. Perspect. 2019, 29, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mellor, D.J.; Beausoleil, N.J.; Littlewood, K.E.; McLean, A.N.; McGreevy, P.D.; Jones, B.; Wilkins, C. The 2020 Five Domains Model: Including Human-Animal Interactions in Assessments of Animal Welfare. Animals 2020, 10, 1870. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scanes, C.G. Animals and Human Society; Elsevier: London, UK, 2018; pp. 240–243. [Google Scholar]
- Bryant, C.J. We Can’t Keep Meating Like This: Attitudes Towards Vegetarian and Vegan Diets in the United Kingdom. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cuckson, P. Dressage Olympian Banned Three Years for Abusing Daughter’s Pony. 2021b. Available online: https://horsesport.com/horse-news/dressage-olympian-banned-three-years-abusing-daughters-pony/ (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- Wood, G. Gordon Elliott’s Horrific Dead Horse Photo Has Left the Racing World Numb with Shock. Available online: https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/mar/01/gordon-elliott-horrific-dead-horse-photo-racing-comment (accessed on 9 February 2022).
- Bhati, A.; McDonnell, D. Success in an online giving day: The role of social media in fundraising. Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q. 2020, 49, 74–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and the Rt Hon Lord Goldsmith. Animals to be formally recognised as sentient beings in domestic law. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/animals-to-be-formally-recognised-as-sentient-beings-in-domestic-law (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- European Commission. Animal Welfare. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/food/animals/animal-welfare_en (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- Walker, M.; Diez-Leon, M.; Mason, G. Animal Welfare Science: Recent Publication Trends and Future Research Priorities. Int. J. Comp. Psychol. 2014, 27, 80–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doherty, O. ISES Council Officer Reports (2020–2021). Available online: https://equitationscience.com/ (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- Marlin, D. Dr. David Marlin. Available online: https://drdavidmarlin.com/ (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- Duffy, M. The Internet as a Research and Dissemination Resource. Health Promot. Intl. 2000, 15, 349–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anonymous. Early Days. In The Daily Telegraph Chronicle of Horse Racing; Barrett, N., Ed.; Guinness Publishing: Enfield, Middlesex, UK, 1995; p. 8. [Google Scholar]
- British Horseracing Authority. “A Life Well-Lived”—British Racing’s Horse Welfare Board Publishes Five-Year Welfare Strategy. Available online: https://www.britishhorseracing.com/press_releases/a-life-well-lived-british-racings-horse-welfare-board-publishes-five-year-welfare-strategy/ (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- British Horseracing Authority. ‘The Horse Comes First’ Campaign. Available online: https://www.britishhorseracing.com/press_releases/british-racing-comes-together-to-promote-the-sports-commitment-to-welfare-through-the-horse-comes-first-campaign/ (accessed on 26 August 2021).
- New Zealand Thoroughbred Racing. Thoroughbred Welfare Assessment Guidelines. Available online: https://loveracing.nz/OnHorseFiles/NZTR%20Thoroughbred%20Welfare%20Guidelines%202020%20Final.pdf (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- International Federation of Horseracing Authorities. IFHA Minimum Horse Welfare Standards. Available online: https://www.ifhaonline.org/resources/IFHA_Minimum_Welfare_Standards.PDF (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- Fédération Equestre Internationale. FEI Code of Conduct for the Welfare of the Horse. Available online: https://inside.fei.org/sites/default/files/Code_of_Conduct_Welfare_Horse_1Jan2013.pdf (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- Louisiana State Legislature. HB384. Available online: http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/BillInfo.aspx?i=236200 (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- Thoroughbred Aftercare Welfare Working Group. A Framework for Thoroughbred Welfare. Available online: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e3788c2c2cd171e7c97ba5b/t/619eae9486659c7cf2342ff9/1637789384277/TWI_The+Most+Important+Participant (accessed on 16 March 2022).
- Poncet, P.-A.; Bachmann, I.; Burkhardt, R.; Ehrbar, B.; Herrmann, R.; Friedli, K.; Leuenberger, H.; Lüth, A.; Montavon, S.; Pfammatter, M.; et al. Ethical Reflections on the Dignity and Welfare of Horses and Other Equids—Pathways to Enhanced Protection. Summary Report. Available online: https://www.cofichev.ch/fr/Publications.html (accessed on 15 May 2022).
- Horseracing Integrity and Safety Authority. 2000 Safety Racetrack Program. Available online: https://www.hisausregs.org/promulgated-regulations (accessed on 16 May 2022).
- The Racing Foundation and Horse Welfare Board. Aftercare Funding Review. Available online: http://media.britishhorseracing.com/bha/welfare/HWB/Aftercare_Funding_Review_March_2021.pdf (accessed on 25 May 2022).
- The Horse Trust. Our Healthiest Body Condition Rosettes Are Rolled out UK Wide. Available online: https://horsetrust.org.uk/best-body-condition-rosettes-are-uk-wide/ (accessed on 11 February 2022).
- Fédération Equestre Internationale. FEI Endurance Rules. Available online: https://inside.fei.org/sites/default/files/FEI%20Endurance%20Rules%20-%201%20July%202020%20-%2016.12.2019%20-%20Clean.pdf (accessed on 11 February 2022).
- The Jockey Club. Winners of the 2019 Randox Health Grand National Best-Shod Horse Award. Available online: https://www.thejockeyclub.co.uk/aintree/media/news/2019/04/winners-of-the-2019-randox-health-grand-national--best-shod-horse-award/ (accessed on 11 February 2022).
- Retraining of Racehorses. Retraining of Racehorses. Available online: https://www.ror.org.uk/ (accessed on 11 February 2022).
- British Horseracing Authority. Making Horseracing Safer. Available online: https://www.britishhorseracing.com/regulation/making-horseracing-safer/ (accessed on 25 May 2022).
- Fédération Equestre Internationale. Deformable & Frangible Devices. Available online: https://inside.fei.org/fei/disc/eventing/risk-management/devices (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- British Eventing. Rules and Safety. Available online: https://www.britisheventing.com/compete/rules-and-safety (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- GrandNational.org.uk. Grand National Fences and Course. Available online: https://www.grandnational.org.uk/fences.php (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- Eldridge, T.A.; Fadahunsi, L.; Goody, N.; Ioannilli, B.; Unwin, H.J.; Uthayakumar, P.; Wimshurst, A. Safer Horse Racing Hurdles, University of Southampton Group Design Project (Mechanical Engineering); University of Southampton: Southampton, Hampshire, UK, April 2014; unpublished work. [Google Scholar]
- University of Exeter. Racing Looks through Eyes of Horses to Help Deliver Improved Safety at All British Jump Courses. Available online: https://www.exeter.ac.uk/news/research/title_899819_en.html (accessed on 25 May 2022).
- The Jockey Club. Welfare at the Racecourse. Available online: https://www.thejockeyclub.co.uk/aintree/horse-welfare/horse-welfare-racing-and-facilities (accessed on 15 February 2022).
- Fédération Equestre Internationale. FEI Stewards Manual—Dressage. Available online: https://inside.fei.org/sites/default/files/Dressage%20Stewards%20Manual%202019_clean_update10.11.21.pdf (accessed on 11 February 2022).
- Dansk Ride Forbund. Fælles Bestemmelser. Available online: https://rideforbund.dk/Files/Files/PDF-filer/Reglement/F%C3%A6lles%20Bestemmelser%202022%20uden%20synlige%20rettelser.pdf (accessed on 12 May 2022).
- Fédération Equestre Internationale. FEI Stewards Manual—Eventing. Available online: https://inside.fei.org/sites/default/files/Stewards%20Manual%20%20Eventing_January%202019.pdf (accessed on 23 February 2022).
- Fédération Equestre Internationale. Horse Form Index (HFI). Available online: https://inside.fei.org/fei/disc/eventing/risk-management/hfi (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- Marlin, D.; Misheff, M.; Whitehead, P. Preparation for and Management of Horses and Athletes during Equestrian Events Held in Thermally Challenging Environments. Available online: https://inside.fei.org/system/files/PREPARATION%20FOR%20AND%20MANAGEMENT%20DURING%20EQUESTRIAN%20EVENTS%20HELD%20IN%20THERMALLY%20CHALLENGING%20ENVIRONMENTS%20Final.pdf (accessed on 15 February 2022).
- Fédération Equestre Internationale. 2022 Veterinary Regulations. Available online: https://inside.fei.org/sites/default/files/Veterinary%20Regulations%202022%20Clean%20version.pdf (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- Jones, E. Untouched Whiskers ‘Becoming the Norm’ as Major Show Bans Trimming. Available online: https://www.horseandhound.co.uk/news/untouched-whiskers-becoming-the-norm-as-major-show-bans-trimming-769954 (accessed on 11 February 2022).
- Great Yorkshire Show. Equine Schedule. 2022. Available online: https://greatyorkshireshow.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/equine-schedule-2022-v4.pdf (accessed on 16 May 2022).
- Equestrian Australia. Guide to Horse Capacity—Size of Athlete. Available online: https://www.equestrian.org.au/sites/default/files/Guide%20to%20Horse%20Capacity%20-%20Size%20of%20Athlete%20_20%20January%202022.pdf (accessed on 11 February 2022).
- Fédération Equestre Internationale. Blood during Competition. Available online: https://inside.fei.org/system/files/VET_BLOOD_DURING_COMPETITION.pdf (accessed on 11 February 2022).
- Scargill, P. Sweden Bans Use of Whip for Encouragement from New Season in April. Available online: https://www.racingpost.com/news/sweden-bans-use-of-whip-for-encouragement-from-new-season-in-april/534662 (accessed on 11 February 2022).
- Jones, B.; Goodfellow, J.; Yeates, J.; McGreevy, P.D. A Critical Analysis of the British Horseracing Authority’s Review of the Use of the Whip in Horseracing. Animals 2015, 5, 138–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dansk Travsports Centralforbund. Travkalender: Vedtægter. Available online: https://www.trav.dk/media/2121/travkalender_1_2022_webversion-3.pdf (accessed on 22 May 2022).
- Dansk Galop. Skandinavisk Reglement for Galopløb SRG. Available online: https://danskgalop.dk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Skandinavisk-reglement-SRG-18.04.2022.pdf (accessed on 16 May 2022).
- British Horseracing Authority. The Whip. Available online: https://www.britishhorseracing.com/regulation/the-whip-2/ (accessed on 27 July 2022).
- Congress.gov. H.R.693—PAST Act. Available online: https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/693?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22tennessee+walker+past+soring%22%2C%22tennessee%22%2C%22walker%22%2C%22past%22%2C%22soring%22%5D%7D&s=3&r=1 (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- Furtado, T.; Preshaw, L.; Hockenhull, J.; Wathan, J.; Douglas, J.; Horseman, S.; Smith, R.; Pollard, D.; Pinchbeck, G.; Rogers, J.; et al. How Happy Are Equine Athletes? Stakeholder Perceptions of Equine Welfare Issues Associated with Equestrian Sport. Animals 2021, 11, 3228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Owers, R. Equestrian Sport and the Concept of a Social License. Presentation to the 2017 FEI General Assembly. Available online: https://inside.fei.org/system/files/GA17_World_Horse_Welfare_PPT.pdf (accessed on 23 February 2022).
- Sinclair, G.; Hall, J. Future of Eventing—Social Licence. Available online: https://inside.fei.org/system/files/Annex%20VIII%20-%20Future%20of%20Eventing-Social%20licence.pdf (accessed on 23 February 2022).
- Arnot, C.; Vizzier-Thaxton, Y.; Scanes, C.G. Values, trust and science–building trust in today’s food system in an era of radical transparency. Poult. Sci. 2016, 95, 2219–2224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alhaddad, A. Perceived Quality, Brand Image and Brand Trust as Determinants of Brand Loyalty. J. Res. Bus. Manag. 2015, 3, 1–8. [Google Scholar]
- Gray, S.G.; Sütterlin, B.; Siegrist, M.; Árvai, J. The benefit of virtue signaling: Corporate sleight-of-hand positively influences consumers’ judgments about “social license to operate”. J. Environ. Manag. 2020, 260, 110047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coombs, T.W.; Holladay, S.J. Unpacking the halo effect: Reputation and crisis management. J. Commun. Manag. 2006, 10, 123–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilburn, K.M.; Wilburn, R. Achieving social license to operate using stakeholder theory. J. Int. Bus. Ethics 2011, 4, 3–16. [Google Scholar]
- Health & Safety Executive. Promoting Health and Safety as a Key Goal of the Corporate Social Responsibility Agenda. Research report 339. Available online: https://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr339.pdf (accessed on 24 February 2022).
- Coleman, G. Public animal welfare discussions and outlooks in Australia. Anim. Front. 2018, 8, 14–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Urbanek, R.E.; Nielsen, C.K.; Davenport, M.A.; Woodson, B.D. Perceived and desired outcomes of suburban deer management methods. J. Wildl. Manag. 2015, 79, 647–661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bergmann, I.M. Interspecies Sustainability to Ensure Animal Protection: Lessons from the Thoroughbred Racing Industry. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Butler, D.; Valenchon, M.; Annan, R.; Whay, H.R.; Mullan, S. Stakeholder Perceptions of the Challenges to Racehorse Welfare. Animals 2019, 9, 363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McGrath, C. This Side Up: Faults on All Sides Require Fairness All Round. Available online: https://www.thoroughbreddailynews.com/this-side-up-faults-on-all-sides-require-fairness-all-round/ (accessed on 17 May 2022).
- One Welfare. One Welfare. Available online: https://www.onewelfareworld.org/ (accessed on 16 March 2022).
- World Horse Welfare. The Horse-Human Partnership—What’s in It for the Horse? Annual Conference. 12 November 2020. Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7kO497wTgU (accessed on 26 August 2021).
- Rollin, B. Equine Welfare; Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester, UK, 2011; p. 7. [Google Scholar]
- Fraser, D. Assessing animal welfare at the farm and group level: The interplay of science and values. Anim. Welf. 2003, 12, 433–444. [Google Scholar]
- Campbell, M.L.H. An Ethical Framework for the Use of Horses in Competitive Sport: Theory and Function. Animals 2021, 11, 1725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bergmann, I.M. Naturalness and the Legitimacy of Thoroughbred Racing: A Photo-Elicitation Study with Industry and Animal Advocacy Informants. Animals 2020, 10, 1513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hausberger, M.; Lesimple, C.; Henry, S. Detecting welfare in a non-verbal species: Social/cultural biases and difficulties in horse welfare assessment. Animals 2021, 11, 2249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dyson, S.; Pollard, D. Application of a Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram and Its Relationship with Gait in a Convenience Sample of 60 Riding Horses. Animals 2020, 10, 1044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Farm Animal Welfare Council. Farm Animal Welfare in Great Britain: Past, Present and Future. Available online: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/319292/Farm_Animal_Welfare_in_Great_Britain_-_Past__Present_and_Future.pdf (accessed on 8 March 2022).
- Luke, K.L.; Rawluk, A.; McAdie, T. A new approach to horse welfare based on systems thinking. Anim. Welf. 2022, 31, 37–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- British Veterinary Association. Vets Speaking up for Animal Welfare. BVA Animal Welfare Strategy. Available online: https://www.bva.co.uk/media/3124/bva-animal-welfare-strategy-final-version.pdf (accessed on 13 April 2022).
- Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. Declaration on Professional Registration. Available online: https://www.rcvs.org.uk/setting-standards/advice-and-guidance/code-of-professional-conduct-for-veterinary-surgeons/#declaration (accessed on 13 April 2022).
- American Association of Equine Practitioners. Position on Stewardship of the Horse. Available online: https://aaep.org/guidelines/aaep-ethical-and-professional-guidelines/aaep-position-statements/equine-welfare (accessed on 14 April 2022).
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Douglas, J.; Owers, R.; Campbell, M.L.H. Social Licence to Operate: What Can Equestrian Sports Learn from Other Industries? Animals 2022, 12, 1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12151987
Douglas J, Owers R, Campbell MLH. Social Licence to Operate: What Can Equestrian Sports Learn from Other Industries? Animals. 2022; 12(15):1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12151987
Chicago/Turabian StyleDouglas, Janet, Roly Owers, and Madeleine L. H. Campbell. 2022. "Social Licence to Operate: What Can Equestrian Sports Learn from Other Industries?" Animals 12, no. 15: 1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12151987